Mass Transport Flashcards

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1
Q

What are arteries?

A

• Carry blood away
from the heart
• Thick muscular and
elastic wall made of
connective tissue
• Blood is under
higher pressure than
in veins

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2
Q

What are veins?

A

•Transport blood into
the heart
•Large Lumen
•Valves prevent blood
flowing backwards
•Lower pressure

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3
Q

What are capillaries?

A

Single cell thick –short diffusion distance
Permeable –substances can be
exchanged with tissues

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4
Q

What is epithelium?

A

a type of body tissue which covers surfaces and lines body cavities and hollow organs

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5
Q

What is the basic structure of a blood vessel?

A

• Wall- Made of muscle, elastic
tissue and a fibrous outer layer - vary in
thickness depending on the vessel
• lumen- gap in the middle of the blood vessel, what the blood travels through
• endothelium

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6
Q

What is the lining layer for?

A

Smooth to prevent friction

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7
Q

What is the elastic layer for?

A

Maintains blood pressure, stretches and springs back

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8
Q

What is the muscle layer for?

A

Contracts to control flow of blood

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9
Q

What is the tough outer layer for?

A

Resists pressure within and outside

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10
Q

What is the function of the arteriole?

A

Can control blood flow through
constriction/dilation

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11
Q

How is the arteriole adapted?

A

Thick muscle layer to control
blood flow
Elastic layer is thinner than
arteries as blood is at a lower
pressure

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12
Q

What is the function of the capillary?

A

Allows substances to be exchanged between blood and exchange surface (e.g. ileum, alveoli)

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13
Q

What is the function of the vein?

A

Transports blood into the heart

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14
Q

Model answer artery

A

• Thick muscle layer – can control blood flow through
constriction/dilation (only in smaller arteries/arterioles)
• Thick elastic layer – for elastic recoil/smooths blood flow
• Overall thick wall – to withstand high pressure from the
heart
• No valves – not needed as pressure is high
• Lumen is relatively narrow

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15
Q

Model answer arteriole

A

• Similar to arteries but:
• Muscle layer is proportionally thick so blood flow can be controlled.
• Can control blood flow through constriction/dilation
• Elastic layer is thinner than arteries as blood is at a

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16
Q

Modem answer veins

A

• Thin muscle layer – blood flows away from tissues,
doesn’t need to constrict
• Thin elastic layer – low pressure so no recoil
• Overall thin wall – blood is at low pressure
• Valves – to ensure no back flow of blood as pressure is
low. Muscle contraction pushes blood through the valves.

17
Q

Model answer capillaries

A

• Thin/Endothelium only – short diffusion distance
• Very branched – large surface area
• Narrow lumen – red blood cells squeezed against
endothelium short diffusion pathway
• Narrow diameter – permeate tissues
• Gaps between endothelium (fenestrations) –
substances can move in and out

18
Q

What is loading/associating?

A

– haemoglobin binds with
oxygen

19
Q

What is unloading/dissociating?

A
  • haemoglobin releases
    oxygen
20
Q

What is high and low affinity?

A

Tendency to bind to oxygen
High- oxygen binds easily and is difficult to release
Low- opposite

21
Q

What is saturation?

A

How much oxygen is bound to haemoglobin

22
Q

How many oxygen molecules can 1 haemoglobin carry?

A

4 (8 atoms)

23
Q

What is cooperative binding?

A

When the first Oxygen binds, it makes it
easier for the second and third oxygen.
This is because Haemoglobin undergoes a
conformational change in shape.
However, it is harder for the fourth oxygen as haemoglobin has become
saturated.

24
Q

How does partial pressure affect oxygen binding?

A

At a low partial pressure p(O2) e.g. respiring tissues
- little oxygen binds haemoglobin
At a high partial pressure p(O2) e.g. the lungs
- lots of oxygen binds haemoglobin

25
Q

Explain how oxygen is loaded, transported and unloaded in the blood
[6]

A
  1. Haemoglobin carries oxygen / has a high affinity for
    oxygen/oxyhaemoglobin;
  2. In red blood cells;
  3. Loading / uptake/association in lungs;
  4. at high p.O2;
  5. Unloads / dissociates / releases to respiring cells / tissues;
  6. at low p.O2;
  7. Unloading linked to higher carbon dioxide (concentration);
26
Q

How is foetal haemoglobin different?

A

• Mammal foetuses do not
have functioning lungs
• Foetal Hb must have a
higher O2 affinity than
maternal Hb
• The foetus has to be able
to load/associate with O2 in an area when the mother will unload/dissociate with O2
• This happens in the
placenta

27
Q

What is the bohr effect?

A

• At any oxygen partial
pressure, oxyhaemoglobin
releases more oxygen
when the carbon dioxide is
of a higher concentration.
• When more carbon dioxide
is present, haemoglobin is
less oxygen saturated,
causing the
oxyhaemoglobin
dissociation curve to shift
downwards and to the
right – the Bohr shift.

28
Q

Oxygen dissociation curves- left

A

• Usually in low oxygen
environments e.g. womb, high
altitude, under water
• At a lower partial pressure
1. Higher affinity for oxygen
2. Oxygen associates/binds more
readily
3. More oxygen can bind where
little oxygen is available e.g
foetus

29
Q

Oxygen dissociation curves- right

A

• Usually in metabolically active
organisms e.g. mice or runners
• At a higher partial pressure
1. Lower affinity of oxygen
2. Oxygen disassociates/releases
more readily
3. More oxygen available in tissues
for
4. More respiration
Could be Bohr shift – increase in CO2
causes increase in acidity, this
reduces haemoglobin affinity in
rapidly respiring organisms

30
Q

What is the advantage of a left shift?

A

– higher affinity loads
oxygen more readily

31
Q

What is the advantage of a right shift?

A

Lower affinity
unloads more oxygen to respiring cells

32
Q

What type of molecule is haemoglobin?

A

Globular protein

33
Q

Structure of haemoglobin

A

Two alpha and two beta chains as part of quaternary structure.
Each chain associated with a haem group which contains iron

34
Q

Importance of Fe2+ ions in haemoglobin?

A

This is what oxygen binds to

35
Q

Whats a prosthetic group?

A

A non-amino acid group associated with the polypeptide chains

36
Q

Describe the roles of iron ions, sodium ions and phosphate ions in cells (5)

A

Iron- haemoglobin binds with oxygen
Sodium- co transport of glucose/amino acids into cells because sodium moved out by active transport
Phosphate- joins nucleotides and used to produce atp