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History- reformation of the church > mary’s reign 1553-1558 > Flashcards

mary’s reign 1553-1558 Flashcards

1
Q

who were 4 prominent political figures Mary held in her privy council?

A

Gardiner, Paget, Paulet and Petre

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2
Q

which 3 powerful reformers were arrested when Mary became queen?

A

Latimer, Hooper and Cranmer

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3
Q

what gender dominated Mary’s privy council?

A

women

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4
Q

who was Mary’s most influential advisor and what position did he hold?

A

•Imperial Ambassador
•Simon Renard

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5
Q

how old was Mary when she came to the throne?

A

37

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6
Q

why was the presence of Matilda important for Mary’s subjects in 1553?

A

she was the only previous queen and her reign ended in a civil war and being usurped

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7
Q

in what way was Mary like Henry VIII?

A

she would not do anything without parliamentary support and intended that all reversal of policy should be secured by parliamentary legislation

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8
Q

who were the two men in line to marry Mary?

A

Edward Courtenay and Philip of Spain

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9
Q

why were Edward and Philip considered as potential husbands?

A

•Philip was Catholic and Spanish, he also already had an heir to his continental territories
•Edward was catholic, had a claim and was English

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10
Q

how much of Edward’s legislation did Mary repeal?

A

she repealed all religions legislation with the exception of the Chantries act

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11
Q

in what way did the Marriage treaty (1554) restrict Philip’s role?

A

•he was king only in name, he had no independent sovereign authority
•england would not be involved in his wars against its will and if there were no heirs neither philip or his heirs would have a claim to the english throne

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12
Q

how many parliaments were called during Mary’s reign?

A

5

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13
Q

who made the official proposal of Mary’s marriage to Philip?

A

Simon Renard

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14
Q

what problems did Mary face in her ascension?

A

•bringing back Catholicism (it had been 20 years since the break with Rome)
•the privy council/ northumberland
•she needs to marry and get an heir
•worried about her authority as a woman
•worried about rebellions

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15
Q

what 4 things enabled Mary’s establishment as queen?

A

•the privy council
•parliament
•mary herself
•powerful individuals

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16
Q

how did the privy council help establish Mary as queen?

A

•built a privy council of catholics and protestants, also with lots of women
•a number of her council members sat in the house of lords
•she had allies to overturn parliament legislation, gave the illusion of widespread support

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17
Q

how did parliament help establish Mary as Queen?

A

•five parliaments were called
•used them to reverse Edward’s policies, did all apart from the Chantries act
•did not re instate old heresy laws

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18
Q

how did powerful individuals help mary establish herself?

A

•arrested cranmer for making LJG queen
•kept some of edwards advisors like William Paget, William Paulet and Lord Petre
•released the Duke of Norfolk
•imperial ambassador Simon Renard, arranged and set up the marriage proposal
•Philip made her position very secure across Europe (most powerful Catholic)

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19
Q

how did Mary establish her own power?

A

•the request from the privy council to reconsider her marriage was dismissed by Mary
•had a large say in her marriage to philip of spain
•used important members outside of the privy council because she did not trust them after the devyse betrayal

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20
Q

what was the reaction to Mary from the people?

A

•she had a following of 15,000 men as she travelled
• bells were rung
•no shots fired, no violence
•england and europe welcomed her in

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21
Q

who was John Knox?

A

a radical protestant

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22
Q

what month was cranmer arrested?

A

september 1553

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23
Q

what happens in january 1554?

A

Wyatt’s rebellion, protestant rebellion against the marriage to philip

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24
Q

what was the military like in mary’s reign?

A

•the responsibility of the nobles
•less sophisticated than europe
•attempts modernisation and reorganisation

25
Q

what was the economy like during mary’s reign?

A

•Henry VIII overspent on wars which created problems for Edward and then Mary
•inherited financial problems from Edward by the sale of crown lands
•plans for a re-coinage we’re limited due to a harvest failure
•she had issues of inflation which were linked to the debasement of the coinage (1553), people felt poorer

26
Q

between what dates were there many harvest failures?

A

1554-1556

27
Q

what rebellion makes it evident that catholicism was still followed and supported?

A

the prayer book rebellion 1549- 7,000 rebels

28
Q

how many protestants did Mary execute?

A

284 protestants

29
Q

why did tudor monarchies execute heretics?

A

to secure uniformity of beliefs

30
Q

why did the Marian regime see the threat of burning as a public duty necessary to ‘enhance awareness’

A

•bringing awareness to the fact that the fires they experienced on Earth would be nothing in comparison to those in hell if they refused to accept the catholic beliefs

31
Q

what did priests attempt to do infront of the crowds at the burnings?

A

•they attempted to convert them with descriptions of the fires awaiting them

32
Q

why did Mary hate Cranmer so much?

A

•he was responsible for the break with Rome and the annulment of her parents marriage

33
Q

what did the burnings create?

A

protestant martyrs

34
Q

what did cardinal pole do in november 1554?

A

he absolved the whole realm of sin and welcomed England back into christendom

35
Q

why couldn’t Mary bring back monasteries?

A

•they had been sold off to the landed elite
•would create enemies and she could not demand church land back from them

36
Q

what did the statute of repeal in the third parliament do?

A

•ended the royal supremacy and through it England was returned to papal authority
•returns England to 1529

37
Q

what is the revisionist view about Marian Catholicism?

A

•suggests that Mary wished to incorporate elements of Henrician and even some Edwardian reform (the ritual calendar was restored in 1554)

38
Q

what clergy behaviours would mary not tolerate?

A

•married clergy, some were faced with either giving up their livings or their families

39
Q

who conducted the survey emphasising the laity acceptance of Marian reform?

A

Archdeacon Nicholas Harpsfield

40
Q

what was Archdeacon Nicholas Harpsfield’s survey about?

A

•the impact of Marian reform at the parish level (Kent)
•it showed that almost every parish church in Kent met the requirements of a Catholic church, and that there was little attempts to challenge the reforms (they were accepted)

41
Q

what evidence is there that there was opposition to the restoration of papal authority?

A

•Wyatt’s rebellion
•there was opposition to the restoration of the Catholic doctrine and practices from those amongst the laity who wished the Edwardian settlement to continue

42
Q

how many protestant gentry, clergy and members of the middle orders fled England for Europe?

A

around 800

43
Q

what abbey was re founded when Mary returned monastic lands which belonged to the crown?

A

Westminster abbey

44
Q

what did Mary reintroduce?

A

Mass and Clerical celibacy

45
Q

how many clergy lost their jobs after being forced to choose the church or their family?

A

800

46
Q

what act did parliament initially refuse to repeal?

A

the act of supremacy

47
Q

when was the second statute of repeal passed and by who?

A

•november 1554
•reginald Pole

48
Q

what did the second statute of repeal do?

A

•it ended the royal supremacy and repealed all religious legislation back to 1529

49
Q

what did Mary disagree with the Pope over?

A

he did not approve of reginald Pole and replaced him in 1555. this disagreement made it harder to gain support for the return to Rome

50
Q

how did the financial situation limit the re-establishment of catholicism?

A

in 1555 the Twelve decrees ordered the establishment of training schools for catholic priests, but due to a lack of funds only one was set up

51
Q

when did Mary die?

A

1558

52
Q

what was the counter- reformation?

A

•European- wide catholic movement
•an attempt to fight back against protestantism by increasing faith amongst the laity, getting rid of some of the abuses and reaffirming some of their beliefs that protestants attempted to undermine
•council of trent (1545-1563 in Italy)
•trained priests to educate people in the traditions of the church
•attempts to reform the church from within

53
Q

what were Jesuits and what did they do?

A

they were priests who were held in high regard and went round Europe educating people on the church and taking out the Protestants

54
Q

what were the successes of the counter- reformation?

A

•1st Act of Repeal (1547)
•2nd Act of Repeal (1529)
•Nicholas Harpsfield survey of Kent
•800 Protestant leaders fled
•insignificance of Wyatt’s rebellion (1554)
•Marriage to philip gives European Catholic support
•all of the burnings attracted big crowds

55
Q

what were the failures of the counter- reformation?

A

•Mary could not reclaim church land from landed elite, did not have the facilities to being back catholic rituals
•burned protestants, creating protestant martyrs- tarnished her reputation
•the cost of creating more catholic priests
•died after 5 years
•Reginald Pole is the new Archbishop of Canterbury, yet he was disliked by the Pope- so there was a delay in bringing back catholicism and establishing him
•they failed to utilise the printing press to educate people on the religion Mary was trying to reinstate

56
Q

when was Wyatt’s rebellion?

A

January 1554

57
Q

what was Wyatt’s rebellion?

A

•regarded as being a protestant reaction to the planned marriage between Mary and Philip of Spain
•they wanted to replace Mary with Philip, who would then go on to marry Edward Courtenay
•scheduled to take place in late March, it would be supported by the french naval supports which would blockade ports on the south to prevent philip landing and marrying
•simon renard caught wind of the rebellion and told mary, so it was set in action in January instead

58
Q

Why does wyatts rebellion fail?

A

•Simon Renard discovers the plot before it began so it started in january instead of March
•in January roads were muddy and impassible
•little widespread support across the country
•local officials prevented people from joining the rebels
•3 places failed to raise an army
•wyatt hesitated and considered mary’s negotiation offers
•3 days were wasted looting the Bishop of Winchester’s place
•one of their carriages broke down
•mary made a speech demonstrating her love for her people, preventing wyatt’s attack on the capital

History- reformation of the church (13 decks)

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