1526-1536 Flashcards
after what War did henry VIII become king
war of the roses, this left people who thought they had a better claim to the throne than henry
how many surviving children did Catherine of Aragon have?
one, Mary
in what year did it become apparent that Catherine of Aragon was not going to have any more children?
1526
around what year did Henry fall in love with Anne Boleyn?
1526- he also wanted to annul his marriage to catherine
what did people use to determine whether the annulment of Henry’s first marriage was legal?
the bible
what were the two aspects of the bible?
•book of leviticus
•book of deutronomy
who had catherine of aragon been married to previously?
Arthur, Henry VIII’s brother
what did the book of leviticus say?
henry used it to argue that his marriage was not valid in the eyes of God as a man should not marry his brothers wife, and if so then the marriage is cursed to be childless (henry interpreted it to mean without male heir)
why did catherine of aragon say her marriage to Henry was valid?
because her marriage to Arthur was not consummated
what did the book of deuteronomy say?
that one should marry their brothers wife if they are widowed
why did the pope not want to grant Henry VIII an annulment of his marriage to catherine?
He said that Henry’s marriage had been allowed by Clement’s predecessor, Pope Julius II
Clement VIII was also under pressure from Emperor Charles V, Catherine’s nephew, who
was holding Clement captive in Rome
who was Catherine of aragons nephew?
Emperor Charles V
who was the pope asked to grant an annulment of Henry VIIIs first marriage?
Pope Clement VII
who supported Anne Boleyn?
the Duke of Norfolk
and Cardinal Wolsey
who opposed Anne Boleyn?
Thomas More and Bishop John Fisher
how did the failure of the annulment lead to the fall of Wolsey?
•As papal legate, Wolsey was given the task by Henry with persuading the pope to annul Henry’s marriage
•At the Court of Blackfriars (1529), Wolsey failed to convince the pope’s representative, Cardinal Campeggio, to grant the annulment
● In 1529, Henry removed Wolsey as Lord Chancellor, replacing him with Thomas More. Wolsey died in disgrace the following year
when was the court of blackfriars?
1529
who was the pope’s representative at the court of blackfriars?
cardinal campeggio
what year did Henry VIII remove wolsey as lord chancellor?
1529
when did wolsey die?
the year following his removal as lord chancellor- 1530
what year did Henry VIII marry Anne Boleyn?
1533
how many love letters did Henry write to Anne Boleyn?
17
after what year was it clear Catherine of Aragon wasn’t going to be having anymore children?
1527
what year did Henry begin to take an interest in Anne Boleyn?
1526
when did the houses of parliament divide into two houses?
1341
the lords and the commons
what was the role of the Parliament before Henry VIII?
it was mainly used to grant taxes, laws were rarely passed and those that were mainly concerned local issues
It was Henry’s need to break with Rome that led to the first major use of Parliament for national legislation
why were MP’s critical of the church?
•excess fines
•payments of mortuary fines
•land owned by the church restricted the capacity for poor peasants to graze their animals
•church was involved in trade
•clergy promoted often had more than one church parish
what things reduced someone’s time in purgatory?
good works
indulgences
When was the reformation of parliament?
1529-1536
when was Blackfriars court?
1529
what was Henry’s first tactic to try and get the Pope to grant his annulment?
to allow MPs to criticise abuses of the church, he hoped that the Pope would grant the annulment if Henry silenced his MPs
what were the two key turning points of the English Reformation in 1536?
•the death of Catherine of Aragon in January 1536
•the execution of Anne Boleyn in May 1536
why was the death of Catherine of Aragon in 1536 important?
it removed the major reason for the rift with Rome and with Charles V, the marriage had ended with Catherine’s death.
Why was Henry’s marriage to Catherine still a problem even after she’d died?
Catherine’s death in itself did not make Henry’s marriage to Anne Boleyn valid in the view of Christendom, nor were any heirs of the marriage recognised as having precedence over Mary. Anne also did not manage to produce a living male heir
What happened to Anne Boleyn?
Anne had a stillborn and miscarriage, she was found guilty of treason on the grounds of adultery and sentenced to death.
How was Henry more powerful as a result of the Reformation?
The independent position of the Church had been removed and the reformation of parliament changed the nature of the Government in England. This secured the kings supremacy and power
why was Henry so concerned about not just having female heirs?
England had only had one previous queen, Matilda, but it led to civil unrest
what threat to the crown did Henry execute? and when?
The Duke of Buckingham in 1521
who did Henry VIII discuss theology with?
Thomas More
who replaced Thomas Moore and when?
Wolsey
1529
what happened at the Court of Blackfriars?
•Catherine states her case and speaks brilliantly
•Evidence is shaky
•Catherine will appeal
no decision is made
why did Thomas Moore lose his position?
He requests to resign from his position as Chancellor as he disapproved of Henry’s divorce request
Who were two of Catherine of Aragon’s avid supporters in England?
Thomas More
John Fisher
who were Catherine of Aragon’s international supporters?
•Catherine’s nephew, the Holy Roman emperor, Charles V
•Aragonese family
when was the submission of the clergy?
1532
when was the supplication against the ordinaries?
1532
when was the act to remove the annates?
1532
when was the act for the Restraint of Appeals?
1533
when was the Act forbidding papal dispensation and payment of Peters Pence?
1534
when was the Act of Succession?
1534
when was the Act of Supremacy?
1534
what were the 3 most significant pieces of parliamentary legislation?
•Act of Supremacy
•Act of Succession
•Act for Restraint of Appeals
what was the Submission of the Clergy?
henry’s title is changed to ‘Supreme head of the church in england and wales’. The church also had to pay a fine of 100,000 based on the behaviour of Wolsey and the church. This formalised Henry as more important than the Church in England. The pope did not react.
how much was the Church fined under the Submission of the Clergy?i
£100,000
what was the Supplication against the Ordinaries?
A list of grievances drawn up by parliament saying how corrupt the Church was and how it was ripping off the ordinary laity with things like mortuary fees. This ‘petition’ made the church look bad and like it needed to be reformed.
What was the Act to remove the Annates?
Henry sought a direct attack on the finances of Rome. The Annates were a payment made by English Bishops to the Church in Rome. This act removed the chief source of revenue for the church from England. This was of varying significance as it did not have full support.
what was the Act for the Restraint of Appeals?
This forbade all appeals to the Pope in Rome and was carefully crafted to block Catherine’s appeal. This made the king the final legal authority and placed all ecclesiastical jurisdiction in Henry’s control, it also enabled Henry to grant his own annulment
what was the Act of forbidding papal dispensation and payment of Peter’s pence?
This put church powers in the hands of the king rather than the Archbishop of Canterbury. This stopped many things including the church allowing pluralism - where priests could get rich by holding more than one parish. It also stopped an annual tax called Peters pence going to the Church in Rome
what was the Act of Succession?
This declared Henry and Catherine’s marriage as invalid, and said that Mary is illegitimate and that Anne’s children were now the successors to the throne. It was made an act of treason to deny the succession and people were required to swear an oath stating it’s true.
what was the Act of Supremacy?
Henry is made head of the Church in England and can now collect church taxes. The act made it treason to call the monarch a heretic or schismatic
When and what was praemunire?
it came about in 1529
•an offense against the English Crown punishable chiefly by forfeiture and originally committed by asserting papal legal supremacy in England
•Henry charges 15 churchmen
what role did the MP’s uphold?
they were anti-church but not necessarily protestant
mainly educated people, lawyers, merchants ect
who was Thomas Cromwell?
•an evangelical/ protestant
•a lawyer and MP
•he manipulated parliament
•takes over Henry’s government from Wolsey
why is the source from Eustace Chapuys about Anne’s coronation useful?
it says that her greeting was underwhelming and people ridiculed her, he also said the crown did not fit well (she wasn’t meant to be queen)
however it could be bias as Chapuys was a prominent supporter of the Aragonese faction
What song was devised for Henry and Anne’s wedding and what did it symbolise?
•’The White falcon’
•symbolises fertility and purity, hoping Anne will provide with him with his much desired son
what did the rumours of Anne having a ‘fandom pregnancy’ show?
that she had a strong desire and felt immense pressure to give him the male heir he pined for
How many days after Catherine’s death did Henry and Anne’s relationship begin to falter?
17 days
when did Henry suffer the jousting accident in which he fell from his horse?
1536
why was Henry’s jousting accident significant?
Some historians and psychologists believed that the accident could have sparked a change in behaviour from Henry as he suffered a major blow to the head, the fall also opened up an ulcer that never healed
How long after Henry’s jousting accident did Anne miscarry? what was the gender of the foetus?
A week
a boy
What rumours were circulating after Anne’s miscarriage?
that Henry was getting bored and even seeing other women
these were fuelled by Eustace Chapuys, who said that Henry wanted Jane Seymour
After the decline of Anne and Henry’s marriage, what rumours started circulating about her?
that she was having sexual relations with other men (some said as many as 5)
these allegations could not be confirmed nor denied
what was the catalyst that led to Anne’s execution?
a musician confessed to sleeping with Anne 3 times
When was Anne taken to the tower of London?
May 1536
What happened in Anne’s trial?
the jury was led by her own uncle and it was said that Anne ‘seduced the men’ and even had sexual relations with her own brother !
what happened to the men Anne was accused of sleeping with?
all 5 were executed (including her own brother)
when was Anne executed?
May 19th 1536, carried out by a single clean strike
when did Henry VIII marry Jane Seymour?
30th May 1536
what 3 influential figures supported the split with Rome?
Thomas Cranmer
Thomas Cromwell
Anne Boleyn
Why and how did Thomas Cranmer support the split with Rome?
For religious reasons, believed it was the correct path to take. He wrote ‘Collecanea Statis Capiosa’ to provide ‘proof’ that Henry should be head of the Church in 1530.
This support led to him being made the highest religious leader in the land- Archbishop of Canterbury in 1533
When was Thomas Cranmer made Archbishop of Canterbury?
1533
why and how did Thomas Cromwell show support for the split with Rome?
for religious reasons, he was sympathetic to reformist ideas. he manipulated Parliaments criticisms of the Church to ensure they voted for Henry’s reformation laws, this led to him being made Chief Minister in 1534, the highest politician in the land
When was Thomas Cromwell made chief minister?
1534
why and how did Anne Boleyn support the split with Rome?
she introduced Henry to evangelical literature as she wanted to become queen of England and spread evangelical ideologies, so she supported cromwell
what were the 5 people/ groups that opposed the split with Rome?
•Aragonese faction
•Sir Thomas More
•Bishop John Fisher
•Elizabeth Barton
•Carthusian Monks
how did the Aragonese faction oppose Henry?
•Two members of the Kings household spoke out in support of Catherine which began to develop opposition
how did Henry VIII respond to the opposition from the Aragonese Faction?
he passed legislation (the act of succession) which made speaking out against his marriage a treasonable offence, people were shut up or executed
why did Sir Thomas More oppose the split with Rome?
Henry had promised his position would not involve negotiations with the Church, as things escalated More found himself compromised by his position. He was a committed catholic and there was starting to be a conflict of interests
How did Sir Thomas More oppose the split with Rome?
He resigned his position as chancellor on the day after the submission of the clergy, he refused to attend the coronation of Anne Boleyn
How did Henry respond to the opposition shown by Sir Thomas More?
He called More to take the oath (following the act of succession) but More refused.
Swiftly after, Thomas More was executed.
Why did Bishop John Fisher oppose the split with Rome?
He became the chief supporter of Catherine of Aragon and stated that he would rather die than see their marriage dissolved. He was also a devout Catholic so opposed it for religious reasons.
how did Bishop John Fisher oppose the split with Rome?
He spoke openly against the divorce and refused to swear the oath of succession
How did Henry VIII respond to the opposition shown by Bishop John Fisher?
Henry had him arrested for treason after refusing to swear the oath. He was ordered to be hung drawn and quartered.
Bishop John Fished was beheaded in June 1535
when was Bishop John Fisher beheaded?
June 1535
why and how did Elizabeth Barton oppose the split with Rome?
she was a supporter of Catherine and prophesied Henry’s death if he divorced Catherine. She was also a devout Catholic. she spread ideas that if Henry went through with the divorce he would die
what happened to Elizabeth Barton?
Henry tried her for treason (yet she allegedly confessed to making up the prophecies foreshadowing his death)
In 1534 she was hung and died.
Why and how did the Carthusian Monks oppose the split with Rome?
They were strong, faithful catholics and wanted to maintain monastic orders. They refused to swear the oath supporting the succession of Anne’s children. They refused to speak even when subjected to the most extreme torture.
What happened to the Carthusian Monks as a punishment for opposing Henry?
They were subjected to extreme and brutal torture and the 5 monks were duly executed in the most barbaric way
How did the involvement of parliament change the new church and religion itself?
The king was seen as his strongest when ‘in parliament’. Religious laws were now being suggested by the king and passed in parliament. This was known as Statute Law and was seen as the greatest force of Law in the land. This meant the people were now involved in the process of religion.
what did Cromwell issue in 1536 and how did they change the church?
•Injunctions
• These required every church in England to have a bible in English. The translation of the bible by William Tyndale also had a reformist angle on it, moving away from the traditional Catholic church
what was Thomas Cromwell appointed as in 1536?
Vice-gerent in Matters Ecclesiastical. he used this position to steer the church in England in a reformist direction
What two things in the church remained the same after the split with Rome?
•the episcopal (clerical) structure, the country was still divided into dioceses and parishes and there was still the same hierarchy dominating the church
•Thomas Cranmer helped prove that the king of England had no superiors on earth and that he had always had this power, people had just forgotten! so nothing was really changing with the act of supremacy
Why did Cromwells issuing of injunctions in 1536 have limited success?
they didn’t have an approved vernacular bible, so this wasn’t actually put into practice until after 1536. Henry did not want Tyndales bible in churches so they needed an updated translation. This means that for the ordinary laity, nothing had changed and they didn’t have access to an English bible.
what did the book of Leviticus argue?
that because Henry married his brothers wife, his marriage was cursed to be childless as it was impure
what did the book of Deuteromomy argue?
that if a brother died without a son, the wife of the deceased should not be married outside the family- so the husbands brother shall do in to her and take her as his wife
