change and reaction 1536-1547 (textbook) Flashcards
who were the leaders of the conservative faction?
•the duke of norfolk
•stephen gardiner
who were the leaders of the reformist faction?
•thomas cranmer
•catherine parr
•edward seymour
•william paget
what year did jane seymour die?
1537
what did the 1539 six articles reinforce?
they reinforced the seven sacraments and the importance of mass
what was the religious state of the place ‘cleves’?
•celeves had broken with rome, but retained an essentially catholic doctrine
when did henry marry anne of cleves?
january 1540
when was cromwell executed?
1540
what was the impact of cromwell’s execution?
it brought an end of government by a single minister and a return to a form of government which was dependent on the interplay of faction
what were henry’s foreign policy aims?
•to establish himself as equal to francis I and charles V
•to regain control of french territories
•to maintain links with the netherlands
•to secure the tudor dynasty
what did the papal bull (henry’s excommunication) mean for england?
•french and imperial ambassadors from london were removed
•cromwell believed that the pope was encouraging francis and charles to support a crusade against england
how did cromwell respond to henry’s excommunication?
he began to seek protestant alliances in germany (shmalkaldic league)
what was the main uprising in response to the dissolution of the monasteries?
the pilgrimage of grace
when was the pilgrimage of grace?
1536
how many separate risings were in the pilgrimage of grace?
9, they were known as the hosts
who was the leader of the pilgrimage of grace?
robert asake
how many people were involved in the pilgrimage of grace?
over 30,000
which influential leaders had the pilgrimage of grace secured?
•lord Darcy
•the archbishop of york
•40 knights and gentlemen
how was the pilgrimage of grace resolved?
•the duke of norfolk said that he would take the rebels demands to the king in return for a truce
social and economic factors for the pilgrimage of grace
•there had been poor harvests in 1535 and 1536
•resistance to enclosure
•rack renting
•a request for the repeal of the statute of uses- which made henry the owner of all the land in the country
how were the rebels in the pilgrimage of grace treated eventually?
144 were executed including asake and other influential members of the rebellion
when was the trial of john lambert?
1536
how did cranmers interference in the trial of john lambert illustrate how quickly beliefs were changing?
•john lambert was put on trial for denying the real presence of christ- the doctrine of transubstantiation
•cranmer condemned these views, even though he was later to adopt them himself
how did john lamberts trial show that henry was catholic?
•henry stated his own belief in the importance of the eucharist and transubstantiation
•he issued a royal proclamation upholding transubstantiation and clerical celibacy
when was an english bible introduced to every parish church?
1538
how did the conservatives seek to undermine cranmer and catherine parr?
by linking them with known radical reformers such as anne askew
how did henry demonstrate that cranmer had his full support?
he gave cranmer his own personal ring, which was symbolic of his support, and he could also send it to henry if he was ever under threat
why was there a dispute between england and scotland in 1542?
due to henry’s personal feelings that james V did not respect him
who was edward going to marry?
mary queen of scots (did not end up happening as the alliance between scotland and france came back)
when did henry launch an invasion of france?
1544
how many men did he bring to france?
48,000
what mistake did henry make in his invasion of france?
he made his troops occupy Boulogne, outraging charles V and eventually led to him being allowed to control Boulogne for 8 years while paying the french
what showed that factions did have a large say in the years leading up to henry’s death?
•whichever faction possessed the dry stamp could determine what received royal approval
what was a regent?
a person who governs the country until the monarch reaches 18 years of age
