1547-1553 Flashcards
what year did Henry die?
1547
what was the Duke of Somerset’s name?
Edward Seymour
what is some evidence to suggest that the Duke of Somerset was good?
•he sought to to establish a protestant commonwealth
•he proposed a union between england and scotland to end their war
•won the battle of Pinkie against the Scots
•tried to end enclosure, taxes landowners
evidence to suggest that the Duke of Somerset was not a good duke?
•debased the coinage mistakenly which led to poverty
•passed the vagrancy act
•he lost the favour of Edward by effectively kidnapping him and holding him at windsor castle
•did not listen to the Privy council and ruled alone
•tried to change the religion in the face of opposition from the people
how old was Edward when he inherited the throne?
9 years old
who was edwards mother and what happened to her?
jane seymour
she died within a week of the christening
what was the line of succession?
edward, mary, elizabeth
what was the faith of edwards tutors?
protestant
who crowned Edward as the king of England?
Thomas Cranmer
why was Cranmer’s sermon at the coronation so radical?
•it was protestant and laid out the direction of the new church
•it was a sustained attack on the church in Rome
what faith was Edward?
devout protestant
what changes happened in churches in London after Edwards coronation?
•they destroyed catholic aspects of churches, smashed windows, destroyed images
what did Henry put in place for Edwards succession?
•the country would be run by a Privy council
•had an equal number of conservatives and reformists so that politics could remain ‘frozen’ until edward could decide
who were 4 leading members of the reformist faction?
Duke of Somerset
Duke of Northumberland
who were 2 leading members of the reformist faction?
Duke of Somerset
Duke of Northumberland
what were Henry VIII’s 3 key strategies to ensure Edward a successful reign?
•edward would be crowned king shortly after his accession
•the government of the country would be placed in the hands of a balanced privy council
•for edward to be educated in a more protestant way to ensure the break with rome
when did Henry revise the succession?
1546
edward then to his heirs
then mary to her heirs
then elizabeth
evidence that edward was brought up educated
he was taught latin greek and french
he was extremely literate and wrote essays that were critical of catholicism
when did edward die?
1553
what were the three phases of edwards reign?
1547- the destruction of catholic beliefs
1548- a period of limbo
1549- establishing protestantism
protestantism- doctrine and liturgy
transubstantiation is symbolic and not real
no images or relics
salvation through faith alone not good works
scripture is key, not church teachings
removal of superstition and exploitation
sermons in english
protestantism- priests
shouldn’t be the only ones to interpret the bible
can marry, no special clothes
not divine or special people
homilies to help you understand your religion
protestantism- the bible
in english so you can interpret your own faith
everyone should have access to a vernacular bible
should be a direct translation of the original greek scriptures
protestantism- the church
no pope
no canon law
no chantries
no indulgences
no saint worship
protestantism- the church
no pope
no canon law
no chantries
no indulgences
no saint worship
protestantism- churches
no music/ incense
no elaborate or decorated churches
plain, focus on faith
when did the duke of somerset have the most power?
january 1547- october 1549
when did the duke of northumberland have the most power?
january 1550- July 1553
what was Northumberland’s leadership like?
•he brought about the return of the privy council
•he gained the trust of the king
•he ensured conservatives were expelled from the council and made himself president of it
•he did not take the title ‘protector’
what did Northumberland do in terms of war?
•he sent a deputation to France to negotiate peace
•the treaty of Boulgne was signed with required England to withdraw from Boulgne in return for £40,000 marks
•he demanded ransom from the french and the support for the marriage between edward and mary queen of scots
•however mary become betrothed to a french man
what did northumberland do in terms of finance?
•initially he ordered a further debasement of the coinage and borrowed from foreign bankers
•chantry lands, church lands and plates were sold
•a contingency fund was established
•the coinage was called in and the silver content restored to that which it had been in 1527
•he ceased hostilities with france and scotland which saved money
•cut back on expenditure
•raised revenues through duty and sold off church land
what did northumberland do in terms of law and order and the economy?
•vagrancy act was repealed as well as the tax on sheep
•stimulated the economy
•protected the excessive charging of interest loans
•did not solve economic problems but checked inflation and restored confidence
what injunction was issued and when?
1547
an injunction was issued to the bishops ordering them to instruct their clergy to conduct services in english and to preach a sermon every sunday
when and what was the act of uniformity?
1549
it meant that everyone had to abide by the new rules of the church:
masses in english, some of the seven sacraments were lost, clerical marriage was permitted, singing of mass for souls of the dead was discouraged
what were the religious causes of the western rebellion?
church land and property had been sold off
the removal of mass in latin
the 1549 and the 1552 prayer books transformed the doctrine and liturgy
the dissolutio of the chantries and undermining of local guilds
gentry being complicit in the reformation by buying church lands
what were the political causes of the western rebellion?
remote areas were used to governing themselves, they were angry at the government for intervening in their beliefs
government agents were sent in (william body)
rejection of the new centralisation of government
privy council in london are making decisions in regions like the west
what were the economic causes of the western rebellion?
the sheep tax
somerset debased the coinage
a desire to end enclosure
anger at the gentry for exploiting the poor and profiting from it
where did the western rebellion take place?
devon and cornwall
when and why was William Body killed?
1547
he angered locals as he attempted to carry out the destruction of all images
when and why was William Body killed?
1547
he angered locals as he attempted to carry out the destruction of all images
how did somerset respond to the western rebellion?
brutally with violence
how did the western rebellion end?
the royal army killed nearly 4000 men and they faced such strong opposition that the rebellion collapsed
what were the causes of kett’s rebellion?
•increased rent, rack renting (extortionate rent)
•problems with enclosure
•government interference
•rebels wanted the government to follow through with the protestant concept of ‘common-wealth’ (land for all)
•it was triggered by a play about thomas becket (a saint) which encouraged people to attack enclosed land and fight for their rights
what happened in kett’s rebellion?
•it was triggered by a play that fuelled people’s anger towards enclosed land
•somerset responded positively and offered pardons to the protestors, these were not accepted
•kett refused negotiations and pardons
•on the 26th of august kett made a fatal mistake and the next day 3,000 of the repents were slaughtered
•robert kett was arrested to be tried and hanged
what percentage of people were literate in the 16th century?
15%
what were some of the demands of the western rebels?
•to have the six articles in use again
•to have the mass in latin as it was before
•they wanted to have the whole bible and all books of scripture in english to be taken away
why was edward getting ill such a big problem?
because the next successor was mary, a catholic woman, and the whole of his family tree only had females who could rule
what did edward get rid of in his time as king?
latin services
what happened in 1549?
the first prayer book issued
the western rebellion
what secret document was hastily produced as edwards illness progressed?
a devyse
a revised version of the succession, which would go to lady jane grey
which foreign rules are people worried about at edward draws close to death?
charles V
king of france
which foreign rules are people worried about at edward draws close to death?
charles V
king of france
how does lady jane grey help northumberland keep power after edward dies?
she is set to marry his son
when was the dissolution of the chantries?
1547, it was a doctrinal change
what were the two acts repealed in 1547?
the act of the six articles and the treason act
what was the first book of common prayer?
•issued in december 1549
•provided a liturgy to be used in parish churches
•the act of uniformity (passed a month later) required this to be accepted by all clergy and laity
•key catholic practices were removed and mass was to be in English
•while it did not outright refer to transubstantiation, the wording implied the laity were being given the blood and body of christ
•still had some catholic ideas
what was the second book of common prayer?
•issued in January 1552
•enforced by the second act of uniformity in april
•through this Cranmer removed all vestiges of catholicism and provided a fully reformed doctrine and liturgy
•it removed any possibility of transubstantiation
•a later addition to the book said that ‘the bread and wine remain still in their very natural substances’
•the second act of uniformity made it an offence for the clergy not to use the new book of common prayer and for the laity to not attend church services
