1536-1541 Flashcards
what were the two factions fighting to influence Henry?
the reformists
the conservatives
what were characteristics of the reformists?
lutheran ideas
evangelicals
Cranmer & Cromwell
supporters of humanism
new ideas
want the bible in English
what were characteristics of the conservatives faction?
the old catholic ideas
little change
Duke of Norfolk, Stephen Gardiner
Thomas More
Many still loyal to the pope
believed in the seven sacraments, salvation through good works not faith alone, belief in purgatory
when was the end of the reformation of parliament?
1536
when did Henry VIII die?
1547
when did Jane Seymour die?
1537
what were the key ideas/ aims of the reformists?
•new ideas
•evangelicals
•aimed to bring about changes and move away from catholicism
•wanted an english bible
•to get rid of superstitious catholic beliefs (indulgences/ good works)
when was the Act of the Ten Articles passed and what were they?
•1536
•they set out the beliefs of the new Church of England, they had a definite Lutheran influence to it
•gave the reformists greater influence
what were the Bishop Books and when were they published?
•they were books that directed Bishops on the new religion, it leaves out a lot of key catholic beliefs
•1537
what does Cromwell do in 1538?
he formed an allegiance with the Schmalkaldic league (a group of protestant German Princes)
what was the group called that cromwell formed an allegiance with?
the Schmalkaldic League
When was the English bible introduced and who was it written by?
•1539
•it was written by Myles Coverdale under the instruction of Cromwell and Cranmer , it included much of the language used by William Tyndale
when was the Act of the Six Articles published and what was it?
•1539
•it was essentially catholic in everything but the Pope as leader of the Church
•this would be the new doctrine for England
when does Cromwell arrange for Henry to marriage Anne of Cleves?
1540
What happens to the Marriage of Henry and Anne of Cleves?
it is a disaster and Henry demands an annulment. Cromwell is blamed
What is Cromwell rewarded with in 1540?
Being made Earl of Essex
when is Cromwell made Earl of Essex?
April 1540
Who did the conservatives set Henry up with?
Catherine Howard
why was Cromwell arrested and when?
•he was arrested for treason for failing to remove heretics
•1540
when was Cromwell executed?
july 1540
who was the leader of the conservative faction and who did they get Henry together with?
•the Duke of Norfolk
•Henry was married to Catherine Howard, Duke of Norfolk’s niece
what led to Catherine’s execution?
Cranmer and other reformists passed details of Catherine’s infidelities to Henry in 1541
when was Catherine Howard executed?
1541
who are the two leading conservatives?
•Duke of Norfolk
•Stephen Gardiner
Who did Stephen Gardiner negotiate with?
the Holy Roman Empire to protect against a Catholic invasion
what did the papal bull do in 1538?
he excommunicated Henry from the Church
when does the Pope call for a crusade?
1538
how did the Pope’s calls for a crusade in 1538 influence Henry’s religious policies?
•encouraged Henry to return to Catholicism, leaning towards the conservative faction as to not anger Europe
•Henry could make the country more traditionally Catholic to avoid the crusade
•Passed the 6 Articles in 1539
when was the treaty of Nice and what happened?
•1538
•Spain and France made an alliance
what is excommunication?
to be cast out of the church and the salvation it offered, also to condemn to hell for all eternity after death
How did Cromwell talking to the Schmalkaldic league influence Henry’s religious policies?
•cromwell doesn’t want the country to become more protestant to prevent an invasion
•he looks to protect England by getting protestant alliances (German princes)
what were key ideas and aims of the conservative faction?
•pilgrimages, saints
•bible and services in Latin
•believe in transubstantiation
•rewarded for good works rather than faith alone
•maintain traditional Catholicism
what was the main downfall of the conservatives?
•Failure of the marriage between Henry and Catherine Howard in 1541
what were some of the conservative successes?
•set up a marriage with the Duke of Norfolks Niece- 1540
•Act of Six Articles
•Henry’s Catholic beliefs
•failure of the marriage with Anne of Cleves
•Arrest/ downfall of cromwell in 1540
what were some of the setbacks of the conservative faction?
•Catherine Howard accused of adultery
•Cromwell in charge of government
•Dissolution of the Monasteries
•Act of the Ten Articles
•Bishops book, bible in english
what happened in 1534?
the break with Rome
what was passed in 1535?
the Stature of Uses (taxation), led to growing discontent
what did Henry pass in 1536?
he passed an act to dissolve 400 smaller monasteries
why did Anne Boleyn lose influence over henry?
because she couldn’t give him a male heir and was charged with adultery/ treason
what happened to Cromwell in 1540?
he loses his position and is arrested and executed
what does Henry do as his health deteriorates?
he backtracks on religious reforms and tries to remove people’s rights to the english bible
what were some conservative ideologies?
•services in Latin
•seven sacraments remain
•transubstantiation
•restricted bible reading
•ten articles says that blood and body of christ are really present
•six articles- confessions, mass, transubstantiation, the role of priests
what were some reformist ideologies?
•the english bible
•ten articles removes some sacraments
•the ten articles highlights the importance of faith (over good works)
•ten articles gets rid of ‘superstitious practices’ like images and rituals
•bishops book- written by bishops and influenced by Lutheran ideas
•book of homilies brought out by Cranmer in 1545
•ten articles downplays saints
what was the Bishops book?
it was a book written by bishops who were influenced by Lutheran ideas, so it was heavily protestant. it emphasises salvation by faith and there was no mention of transubstantiation.
when was the kings book published?
1543
what was the kings book?
a revised version of the Bishops book, supposedly written by Henry himself. This book ended up being catholic in doctrine and clearly showed Henry’s conservative faith.
what was the bishops book more formally known as?
Institution of a Christian man
when was the ‘Great Bible’ published?
1539
what was the Great Bible?
a bible created by the reformist faction which depicted Henry VIII as the supreme head of the church on an illustration on the front, appealing to his sense of self importance
when did Henry restrict the reading of the bible?
1543
