Mary I and her ministers Flashcards
royal authority; problems of succession; relations with foreign powers
What demonstrates Mary’s royal authority
Support for her succession was quick to appear with support from the gentry nobility and normal people
Why did people want the succession of Mary
Northumberland had acted illegally with devyse
Mary was the legitimate heir
What was Mary’s key government priority
Restoration of the catholic faith
What problem did Mary face in government
loyal supporters e.g. Robert Rochester had no experience in government
Had to rely on Edwards councillors who had opposing religious views
Examples of new councillors
Bishop Stephen Gardiner
Lord Paget
How many new councillors did Mary appoint and what was the effect of this
50
inefficient government e.g. didn’t discuss marriage to Philip with council
Why did Mary not fully trust Gardiner and Paget
Gardiner - didn’t support CoA (Mary’s mother) at the time of the break with Rome
Paget - opposed Mary’s religious programme
Who were Mary’s most trusted advisors
Simon Renard (Spanish ambassador of Charles V)
Phillip
What issue did Mary have with parliament
There was a substantial minority of parliament (around 80)which opposed her religious reform and other crown policies
examples of parliament opposing Mary
opposed the return of ex-monastic lands to the church
defeated a 1555 bill which would had allowed the seizure of the property of protestant exiles
succession
marriage to Philip
who was Mary’s successor and why
Elizabeth
Mary’s succession had restored the 1544 succession act that said Mary would be succeeded by Elizabeth if she died childless
why did Mary not want Elizabeth to be her successor
she was protestant and would reverse Mary’s religious reform
how could Mary have stopped Elizabeth’s succession
Treason charge
parliamentary legislation
Why was Mary unsuccessful in changing the succession
Had no proof of her involvement in the Wyatt rebellion so could charge her with treason
Attempts to change the succession through parliament failed
When did Mary name Elizabeth her successor
November 6th 1558
what were Mary’s foreign policy aims
restore England to papal supremacy
Marry Philip of Spain
When did Mary marry Philip
1554
terms of the marriage treaty to Philip
He had the title of king but could not exercise the powers of a king
no foreigners could hold English office
If Mary died first he had no claim to the throne
examples of parliament opposing marriage to Philip
tried to dissuade her before the marriage
prevented his coronation
stopped his inclusion in the 1555 treason act
problems of marriage to Philip
Dragged into war with France
Hostile public opinion (Wyatt rebellion)
Philip was not supported by the Pope (religious tensions)
When did England declare war on France and why
June 1557
The French had supported the invasion attempt of protestant exile Thomas Stafford
What battle did the English help win and how many troops were sent
Battle of St Quentin helped Philip
sent 7,000 troops
When did France attack Calais and why
1558
It was clear the French were going to be defeated in the Hapsburg-Valois war so wanted compensation
Why could England not protect Calais
The troops in Calais had not received winter reinforcements
The French attacked with 27,000 troops
how long did it take for the French to capture Calais
3 weeks
When was the peace of Cateu-Cambresis and what did it do
April 1559
Ended the Hapsburg-Valois war
Philip made no attempt to recover Calais for England
Impact of the loss of Calais
humiliation as England had held Calais for over 200 years
Loss of trade through the port
increased anti-Spanish sentiment
Made it clear that the interests of the English people were not important to Mary
