Elizabethan religious developments Flashcards
change and continuity; the English renaissance and ‘the Golden Age’ of art, literature and music
what was the Queens opinion of religion by 1563
she had achieved the settlement she desired and was largely positive about the state of religion
what did the clergy think about religion by 1563
concerned regarding the apparently unreformed nature of the church
what emerged after the Elizabethan settlement
puritanism as some people believed the religious settlement was incomplete
what is puritanism
the belief amongst protestants that the Church of England needed to be purged of any remaining catholic practices
What was the vestiarian controversy
several figures within the church decided that they could not obey the rules on clerical dress laid down in the Act of Uniformity and royal injunctions as this specified the wearing of Catholic dress
How did the queen react to the Vestiarian controversy
she forced the issue by dismissing the prominent oxford academic Thomas Sampson from his post at Christ Church college for his refusal to wear the required vestments
What was the Advertisements and when was it issues
1566 - issued by Archbishop Parker and 5 bishops
required clergy to follow one uniformity of rites and manners in the administration of the sacraments and one decent behaviour in their outward apparel
how did some clergy respond to the advertisements
37 London clergy men were deprived of their posts after they refused to signify their support
What did the Vestiarian controversy show
the queen determination to enforce the settlement
how reforming bishops were conflicted between obeying the royal supremacy and the desire to remove remaining catholic practices
What are Presbyterians
believed that the Church of England should be further reformed in its structure and forms of worship
what did Presbyterians want
a more Calvinist form of church government
office of bishop abolished
all ministers equal in status
lay elders to have a key administrative role
What were the two Admonitions and what did they do
pamphlets written by John field
first one attacked the book of common prayers and called for the abolition of bishops
the second provided a detailed description of a Presbyterian system of church government
What key individual supported Presbyterianism and what did they do
Earl of Huntingdon
Earl of Leicester
Lord Burghley saw its advantages as defence against Catholicism
all defended clergymen who fell from influence because of their sympathies with the Presbyterian movement
How did the Presbyterian movement grow
in the 1580s ideas for church government through local assemblies and provincial and national synods were developed
attempts to bring change through parliament - failed
Who was the Archbishop of Canterbury
John Whitgift
How did John Whitgift try to destroy Presbyterianism
issued three articles to which the clergy had to subscribe
acknowledgement of the royal supremacy
acceptance of the prayer book as containing nothing contrary to the word of god
acceptance the the Thirty nine Articles conformed to the word of God
Why did John Whitgift back down on his three articles
the second article created a crisis of conscience for many clergy not just Presbyterians who thought some parts of the prayer book lacked scriptural justification
Leicester and Walsingham pressured him into it
what was the second article of John Whitgift reduced to
a simple acceptance of the prayer book
most clergy could justify this
How was Whitgift’s campaign successful
forced Burghley’s protégé George Gifford out of his post
Tomas cartwright (presbyterian Cambridge academic) was refused a licence to preach
by the late 1580s Presbyterianism was in decline
Very few puritan clergy were prepared to break with the church by refusing to accept the Three articles
how was Whitgift’s campaign unsuccessful
caused despair amongst many clergymen
regarded with suspicion by many of Es ministers
what was separatism
the most extreme form of Puritanism - most puritans were disgusted by it
wanted to separate from the Church of England - thought it was incapable of reforming its self to root out popish or superstitious practices
wanted to create independent church congregations
opposed to the queens status as Supreme Governor of the Church of England
who was the leader of the separatist movement
Robert Browne - lead a significant congregation in Norwich
why did the challenge of Robert Browne reduce
he went into exile in the Netherlands with some of his congregation in 1582
returned and made peace with English authorities in 1585
Who led separatists movements in London
Henry Barrow and John Greenwood
what did the activities of John Greenwood and Henry Barrow do
Alarmed the authorities even though involved small numbers
led to the passing of the Act against Seditious Sectaries
What was the act against seditious sectaries and when was it
1593
gave the authorities the power to imprison banish and even execute suspected separatists
result of Act against seditious sectaries
Barrow and Greenwood were tried and executed
Elizabethan separatism was destroyed
Why did puritanism decline and when
late 1580s
death of Leicester, Mildmay and Walsingham who suported it at court
defeat of the Spanish armada reduced the perceived threat of Catholicism so puritanism was less attractive
What were the Lambeth articles and when were they released
1595
reaffirmed the Calvinist beliefs of the Church of England
nine point doctrine approved by Whitgift
How did E try and reduce Catholicism
spent a lot pf energy on removing catholic imagery from parish churches and on searching out images that had been hidden away
religious mystery plays were abolished because of there link to the feat of corpus christi - doctrine of transubstantiation
how did most English Catholics survive
as church papists
outwardly conforming and obeying the law by attending Anglican services
How did not church papist follow Catholicism
followed the catholic bishops who had refused to conform to the Oath of Supremacy in 1559
some priests survived as private chaplains to catholic members of the nobility who protected them or conducted secret catholic services
when was Elizabeth Excommunicated and what did this do for English Catholics
1570
placed them in a tricky position between loyalty to their church and loyalty to their monarch as the Pope called on all loyal Catholics to depose her
when were the three penal laws against Catholics
1571
1581
1585
What did the 1571 penal law against Catholics do
made the publication of papal bulls treasonable
what did the 1581 penal law against Catholics do
made it treasonable for priests ordained under the Pope’s authority to enter England
how many Catholic priests were executed after the 1581 penal law
4 in 1581
11 in 1582
What did the 1585 penal law against Catholics do
made it treason to withdraw subjects allegiance to either the queen or the Church of England
saying mass became punishable by fine and imprisonment
fine for non-attendance at church raised to £20 a month
How many priests were executed under the 1585 penal law against Catholics
123 from 1586 to 1603
What are recusants
Those who refused to attend Church of England services
when was the law against recusancy tightened and what did it do
1587
if a recusant defaulted on their payment of fines they could have two thirds of his estates seized by the exchequer
what was the Bond of Association for the Preservation of the Queens Majesty’s Royal person and when was it drafted
1584 by Burghley and Walsingham
anyone who took the oath of association was required to execute anyone who attempted to usurp the crown or make an attempt of Es life
Why was legislation against Catholics tightened
response to the worsening relations with Philip
fear of catholic rebellion
catholic missions of priests intent on upholding and spreading the catholic faith
What institution sent Catholic priests to England
1568 college founded at Douai in the Spanish Netherlands
trained catholic priests to keep Catholicism alive and win new converts
How many Catholic priests were sent from the Spanish Netherlands to England
about 100 by 1580
What did the society of Jesus do
began sending Jesuit priests to England in 1580
attempting to re-catholicise England
Why were the catholic missions unsuccessful
gentry were able to retain their faith but humbler Catholics were often ignored
priests normally associated with their protectors (gentry/nobility) so often became more like household chaplains
Catholicism no longer the popular faith it had been in the 1560s
what form of art remained important
portraiture
who were frequent sitters for portraitures
The Queen
Courtiers - especially the Earl of Leicester
also sitters from the gentry and mercantile classes
What became the most culturally important aspect of Elizabethan painting
portrait miniatures
who painted the portrait miniatures
Nicholas Hilliard
Isaac Oliver
How did architecture improve
courtiers and other wealthy individuals were often able to afford extravagant building projects because of family acquisition of former monastic land at low prices
What did increased literacy do for the golden age
more people were able to read books and plays
what was the most widely read book
Foxe’s book of Martyrs
Why was Shakespeare able to appeal to all
Theatre companies operated within a competitive market environment at theatres such as the globe
these placed emphasis on the ability to produce plays on a regular basis to appeal to audiences drawn from across the social classes
How was Elizabeth responsible for English musical culture
at the time of the religious settlement allowed the music of cathedrals and Oxbridge colleges were allowed to keep music which protestant reformers did not want
Why did music flourish at court
renaissance convention laud down that courtiers should be skilled musically
How did music help to support Elizabeth
1601 Thomas Morley put together a collection of 25 Madrigals “The Triumph of Oriana” which honoured the Queen helping to sustain support for her at a time when her reputation was slipping
How did music flourish in towns
many towns had official bands (waits) who performed on formal occasions
How was music available to all
Broadside ballads - songs which were printed cheaply on a single sheet of paper became popular
