Henry VIII society Flashcards
elites and commoners; regional issues and the social impact of religious upheaval; rebellion
what happened to the size of the peerage
increased
though by the ed of the reign there were only 9 more peers than at the beginning
how did most of the new peers achieve their rank
successful royal service as courtiers or soldiers
How many non-royal ducal titles did Henry promote and how did they gain their positions
2
Norfolk and Suffolk
Norfolk - restored to the title enjoyed by his father
Suffolk - promoted on account of his closeness with the king
How did Henry sometimes enable nobles to exert royal authority
bestowing property
e.g. Suffolk was endowed with property in Lincolnshire after the rebellion in 1536 and the king ordered him to move there to exert authority in person
what did Henry do following the execution of the Marquess of Exeter
raised John Baron Russell to the peerage and endowed him with land in Devon to Bolster royal authority
How were noble households critical
maintained local influence
recruitment of royal armies
evidence of the nobility being brought under the control of the monarch
1541 Thomas Fiennes Baron Dacre of the South tried for the murder of a neighbours servant and convicted and hanged like a common criminal
how many gentry families were there in 1540
5000
what did knighthoods represent
a sign of royal favour
it was assumed that a knight would possess an income which reflected his status
what did the royal heralds do
certified the status of esquires (gentlemen entitled to bear a coat of arms)
what was the requirements for the royal heralds to confirm a title
wouldn’t confirm to anyone with lands worth less than £10 per annum or goods worth under £300
why did the number of participants in local administration increase
the number of JPs increased
and many other members of the gentry were drawn into unpaid administration of behalf of the crown
what class was increasingly likely to be the Crown’s local administrators
formerly likely to be clergymen
increasingly were laymen - office holding generated income which would bring about land holding and gentry status
how did standard of living change for commoners
very little change at the beginning of the reign
rise in inflation lead to a drop in incomes - contributed to opposition to the amicable grant
How was Wales controlled before 1536
separate territory to England though in practice under English control
comprised of Marcher lordships and the Principality of Wales
did not have a unified administration or formal political link with England
What did the Laws in Wales act do and when was it
1536
divided Wales into shire counties which operated on the same basis a their English counterparts
gave the Welsh shirs direct representation in the House of commons for the first time
brought Wales into the same legal framework as England
Who were the people exercising control over Wales on the crowns behalf
members of the aristocracy e.g. the earls of Pembroke
members of an anglicised Welsh gentry who controlled county politics were elected to parliament and became more prominent within the legal profession
When was the act resuming liberties to the crown and what did it do
1536
reduced the level of independence enjoyed by the bishop of Durham but did not destroy it completely e.g. the palatinate court of chancery continued to operate
what are palatinates
Lancashire, Cheshire and Durham separate jurisdictions from the rest of England
however in Lancashire and Cheshire jurisdiction had fallen into royal hands long ago
what did the Council of Wales and the marches do
governed the lands of the principality of Wales and the 4 bordering English counties
offered relatively cheap and local access to the law as was based in Shropshire
benefitted the area
why was the border with Scotland a problem
much of it was remote and inhospitable in the winter
both sides of the border had a reputation for lawlessness
how was the Scottish border dealt with
border split into 3 marches each under the jurisdiction of a warden
What changed to the council of the North after the pilgrimage of grace
it was re-established as a permanent body with a professional staff
what was the role of the council of the North
both administrative and legal functions
kept the North at peace during the summer of rebellions in 1549
How did the quality of the church improve under Wolsey
dissolved some redundant monasteries and used their endowments for educational purposes
improvement in the quality of the clergy
How did religious change increase the size and wealth of the landholding gentry
the land removed from the church was sold often at knock-down prices to pay for Henry’s foreign policy so people could afford more land
how much of the ex-monastic land was sold off or granted away
almost 2/3 by 1547
How did religious change impact education
many monasteries had been noted for their educational provision
most monastic schools were lost with the dissolution of the monasteries
How were monks and nuns impact by the religious change
many were rendered unemployed
some monks could secure employment as secular priest and many received pensions
nuns did not have the same opportunities
how did the dissolution of the monasteries impact society
their employment and business provisions disappeared
some major monastic churches such as Durham were the cathedral of their dioceses
many monasteries doubled up as their local parish church
example of opposition to the dissolution of the monasteries
Hexham Northumberland royal commissioners were prevented from beginning the process of dissolution by a gathering of armed men
what opposition was their to taxes for the 1513 war in France and what was the reaction to this
complaints in Yorkshire particularly upland areas
taxation demands for some of the areas affected were eventually written off
what opposition was there to the amicable grant
many refused to pay
widespread opposition
Essex - 1000 people gathered at the Essex-Suffolk border determined to resist payment
Dukes of Norfolk and Suffolk faced with around 4000 tax resisters
what were the religious causes of the Pilgrimage of Grace
Dissolution of the monasteries - loss of charitable and education functions, parish churches that were monastic property
fear that the North would be impoverished by monastic lands falling into the hands of southerners
fear for the parish churches and traditional religious practices after the 1536 injunctions
what were the secular causes of the Pilgrimage of Grace
economic grievances including taxation
crowns attempts to impose the Duke of Suffolk upon Lincolnshire as a great magnate
courtly conspiracy prompted by councillors who supported CoA who wanted a restoration of Mary as heir
tenants grievances
Why was the Pilgrimage of Grace significant
most geographically widespread and most popular in terms of participation
rebels occupied York and Hull and captured Pontefract castles
How was the Pilgrimage of Grace suppressed initially
Duke of Norfolk sent with an army- hugely outnumbered
issued pardon and the promise that the dissolved monasteries would be restored and a free parliament established
what happened when the Pilgrimage of Grace renewed in 1937
Henry had the excuse he needed to not deliver on the initial promises from Norfolk
Norfolk supressed the renewed rebellion, declared martial law and hung 74 rebels
