Henry VIII foreign policy

Question 1

When was the Treaty of Etaples renewed

Answer 1

1510

Question 2

what was the Holy league

Answer 2

joined England, Spain, the Holy Roman Empire, Venice and the Papacy in an anti-French alliance

Question 3

When was the first invasion of France
and what happened

Answer 3

1512
Henry sent 10,000 men to Southwest France commanded by the Marquis of Dorset
achieved nothing
diversion allowed Ferdinand of Aragon to conquer Navarre

Question 4

When was the second invasion of France and what happened

Answer 4

1513
Henry led a force to North-Eastern France
won the battle of the Spurs - propaganda
capture Therouanne and Tournai

Question 5

When was the battle of Flodden and what happened

Answer 5

September 1513
James IV crossed the English border with a substantial force but was defeated by the English army led by the earl of Surrey

Question 6

Why was the battle of Flodden beneficial

Answer 6

James IV was killed leaving Scotland to the infant James V
many of the Scottish nobility were killed
but Henry did little to build on the advantage which Flodden had given him as he had run out of money

Question 7

Why was Henry’s early military ventures not good

Answer 7

had to liquidate assets inherited from H7 to pay for it
Yorkshire had issues with the taxation and nearly turned into a full-scale revolt
renegotiated French pension was lost
Tournai was eventually sold back to the French for less than England had paid to repair its defences after the siege

Question 8

When did Mary marry Louis XII

Answer 8

October 1514
but Louis died in 1515 and Mary quickly remarried to the Duke of Suffolk

Question 9

When was the Treaty of London

Answer 9

1518 non-aggression pact agreed to by England France, Spain, The Holy Roman Empire and numerous smaller states

Question 10

why did Wolsey need to negotiate the Treaty of London

Answer 10

1517 Treaty of Cambrai emperor Maximilian Charles and the French allied leaving England isolated
Duke of Albany (French nobility) was appointed regent to the Scottish throne

Question 11

when was Wolsey appointed Papal legate

Answer 11

1518

Question 12

How did relations with France improve after the Treaty of London

Answer 12

Return of Tournai
French agreed to pay the English a pension
French agreed to keep Albany out of Scotland

Question 13

When was the field of the cloth of gold and what was it

Answer 13

June 1520
meeting between Henry VIII and Francis I (King of France)
reinforced good relations between England and France

Question 14

When was the Treaty of Bruges and what did it do

Answer 14

August 1521
marriage alliance between Charles V (Holy Roman Emperor) and Mary
Alliance between England and the Holy Roman Empire
made plans for an Anglo-Hapsburg attack on France

Question 15

Why did Henry ally with Charles in the Treaty of Bruges

Answer 15

thought he could improve his relations with the pope who wanted to reduce French control over Northern Italy
Believed he might gain more territory within France

Question 16

what happened to the marriage between Charles V and Mary

Answer 16

Charles repudiated the marriage contract

Question 17

When was the treaty of Amiens and what did it do

Answer 17

1527
Anti-imperial alliance with the French

Question 18

How did Wolsey try to pressure Charles into allowing the papal dispensation and why didn’t it work

Answer 18

imposed a trade embargo with the Burgundian lands but Charles’s retaliation created widespread unemployment and social issues in England so Wolsey was forced to back down

Question 19

Why was Henry’s position weak in the late 1520s

Answer 19

The Peace of Cambrai in 1529 required the French to give up their ambitions in Italy, reinforced the papacy’s dependence on Charles
Charles held international political dominance
Break with Rome made Henry a suspicion to all of Catholic Europe

Question 20

Why did the pressure upon Henry’s position reduce in 1536

Answer 20

CoA’s death opened up the possibility of an alliance with Charles
the renewal of fighting between Francis and Charles reduced the danger of England’s isolation

Question 21

why did Henry’s position weaken again in 1538

Answer 21

Charles and Francis agreed to sever connections with England in the Treaty of Nice
The pope published a bull deposing Henry - absolved English Catholics from their need to obey Henry
The pope sent envoys to France and Scotland to rouse support for a Catholic crusade against Henry

Question 22

Who was the Earl of Kildare and why was he good initially

Answer 22

Gerald Fitzgerald
dominant Irish nobleman and most powerful of the Gaelic chiefs but was also an English courtier and servant of the crown

Question 23

why did relations with Kildare breakdown

Answer 23

revival of the Geraldine-Butler feud

Question 24

What happened in Ireland in 1534

Answer 24

Kildare’s dismissal led to a major rebellion which was supressed with difficulty and at a large expense

Question 25

How was Irish government refashioned and when

Answer 25

1534 government through an English born deputy supported by a military presence to bring Ireland more directly under English control but became a drain on the crowns resources

Question 26

when was the Pale invaded

Answer 26

1539

Question 27

how did the government try to pacify Ireland after the invasion of the Pale

Answer 27

Established Ireland as a separate kingdom in 1541 imposed English law and created counties out of the Gaelic lordships In return some of the Gaelic lords received peerage titles and the Irish were entitles to the same legal protections as their English counterparts

Question 28

why did the attempt to reform Ireland in 1541 fail

Answer 28

the government lacked the resources to follow through the reform their was not residual Irish loyalty to the English crown religious differences made the relationship between England and Ireland more complex

Question 29

What was Henry's foreign policy aim in the 1530s

Answer 29

to minimise the response of foreign powers to the break from Rome

Question 30

what was Henry's foreign policy aim in the 1540s

Answer 30

return to an aggressive foreign policy

Question 31

When did England invade Scotland and what happened

Answer 31

1542 Scots were force into military actions after they could not meet the demands Scots defeated at the battle of Solway Moss

Question 32

Why was Scotland left in a weak position after the 1542 invasion

Answer 32

James V died shortly after the defeat at the Battle of Solway Moss leaving one-week old Mary as heir Henry failed to exploit this as he sought military glory in France

Question 33

What was rough wooing

Answer 33

Policy used in Scotland to attempt to marry Prince Edward to Mary Queen of Scots

Question 34

When was the Treaty of Greenwich and what was it

Answer 34

1543 formally betrothed Mary queen of Scots and Edward Scottish parliament refused to ratify the treaty

Question 35

How can Henry be criticised for the failure of Scottish policy

Answer 35

failed to exploit the death of James V in 1542 Sir Ralph Sadler warned Henry of Scottish hostility towards rough wooing but Henry did not listen Hertford's invasion had no strategic objective just antagonised the Scots

Question 36

what did Henry do in retaliation to the Scottish parliaments refusal to ratify the Treaty of Greenwich

Answer 36

Ordered the Earl of Hertford to raid Edinburgh, Leith and St Andrews

Question 37

When did Henry invade France in the 1540s and what happened

Answer 37

1544 headed the army himself but did not think of strategic objectives unsuccessfully besieged Montreuil Captured Boulogne

Question 38

When was the battle of Ancrum Moor and what happened

Answer 38

1545 fought as part of the rough wooing English were defeated

Question 39

when was the final peace with France

Answer 39

1546

Question 40

When was the first succession act and what did it do

Answer 40

1534 declared Mary illegitimate made Elizabeth heir presumptive

Question 41

What did the 1536 succession act do

Answer 41

declared Elizabeth illegitimate (leaving no legitimate heir) laid down that in the absences of a legitimate heir the king could determine the succession by will or letters patent

Question 42

What did the 1544 succession act do

Answer 42

re-legitimised Mary and Elizabeth as Henry's health was declining and it became likely that Edward would still be a minor when he succeeded the throne so Henry was anxious about what the succession might entail

Question 43

What did Henry's will lay down

Answer 43

the right of succession to the heirs of Henry's sisters Mary duchess of Suffolk if Edward Mary and Elizabeth died without issue set up a regency council to act of Edwards behalf