Henry VIII foreign policy Flashcards
Relationships with Scotland and other foreign powers; securing the succession; marriage alliances
When was the Treaty of Etaples renewed
1510
what was the Holy league
joined England, Spain, the Holy Roman Empire, Venice and the Papacy in an anti-French alliance
When was the first invasion of France
and what happened
1512
Henry sent 10,000 men to Southwest France commanded by the Marquis of Dorset
achieved nothing
diversion allowed Ferdinand of Aragon to conquer Navarre
When was the second invasion of France and what happened
1513
Henry led a force to North-Eastern France
won the battle of the Spurs - propaganda
capture Therouanne and Tournai
When was the battle of Flodden and what happened
September 1513
James IV crossed the English border with a substantial force but was defeated by the English army led by the earl of Surrey
Why was the battle of Flodden beneficial
James IV was killed leaving Scotland to the infant James V
many of the Scottish nobility were killed
but Henry did little to build on the advantage which Flodden had given him as he had run out of money
Why was Henry’s early military ventures not good
had to liquidate assets inherited from H7 to pay for it
Yorkshire had issues with the taxation and nearly turned into a full-scale revolt
renegotiated French pension was lost
Tournai was eventually sold back to the French for less than England had paid to repair its defences after the siege
When did Mary marry Louis XII
October 1514
but Louis died in 1515 and Mary quickly remarried to the Duke of Suffolk
When was the Treaty of London
1518 non-aggression pact agreed to by England France, Spain, The Holy Roman Empire and numerous smaller states
why did Wolsey need to negotiate the Treaty of London
Treaty of Cambrai emperor Maximilian Charles and the French allied leaving England isolated
Duke of Albany (French nobility) was appointed regent to the Scottish throne
when was Wolsey appointed Papal legate
1518
How did relations with France improve after the Treaty of London
Return of Tournai
French agreed to pay the English a pension
French agreed to keep Albany out of Scotland
When was the field of the cloth of gold and what was it
June 1520
meeting between Henry VIII and Francis I (King of France)
reinforced good relations between England and France
When was the Treaty of Bruges and what did it do
August 1521
marriage alliance between Charles V (Holy Roman Emperor) and Mary
Alliance between England and the Holy Roman Empire
made plans for an Anglo-Hapsburg attack on France
Why did Henry ally with Charles in the Treaty of Bruges
thought he could improve his relations with the pope who wanted to reduce French control over Northern Italy
Believed he might gain more territory within France
what happened to the marriage between Charles V and Mary
Charles repudiated the marriage contract
When was the treaty of Amiens and what did it do
1527
Anti-imperial alliance with the French
How did Wolsey try to pressure Charles into allowing the papal dispensation and why didn’t it work
imposed a trade embargo with the Burgundian lands but Charles’s retaliation created widespread unemployment and social issues in England so Wolsey was forced to back down
Why was Henry’s position weak in the late 1520s
The Peace of Cambrai in 1529 required the French to give up their ambitions in Italy, reinforced the papacy’s dependence on Charles
Charles held international political dominance
Break with Rome made Henry a suspicion to all of Catholic Europe
Why did the pressure upon Henry’s position reduce in 1536
CoA’s death opened up the possibility of an alliance with Charles
the renewal of fighting between Francis and Charles reduced the danger of England’s isolation
why did Henry’s position weaken again in 1538
Charles and Francis agreed to sever connections with England in the Treaty of Nice
The pope published a bull deposing Henry - absolved English Catholics from their need to obey Henry
The pope sent envoys to France and Scotland to rouse support for a Catholic crusade against Henry
Who was the Earl of Kildare and why was he good initially
Gerald Fitzgerald
dominant Irish nobleman and most powerful of the Gaelic chiefs but was also an English courtier and servant of the crown
why did relations with Kildare breakdown
revival of the Geraldine-Butler feud
What happened in Ireland in 1534
Kildare’s dismissal led to a major rebellion which was supressed with difficulty and at a large expense
How was Irish government refashioned and when
1534
government through an English born deputy supported by a military presence to bring Ireland more directly under English control
but became a drain on the crowns resources
when was the Pale invaded
1539
how did the government try to pacify Ireland after the invasion of the Pale
Established Ireland as a separate kingdom in 1541
imposed English law and created counties out of the Gaelic lordships
In return some of the Gaelic lords received peerage titles and the Irish were entitles to the same legal protections as their English counterparts
why did the attempt to reform Ireland in 1541 fail
the government lacked the resources to follow through the reform
their was not residual Irish loyalty to the English crown
religious differences made the relationship between England and Ireland more complex
What was Henry’s foreign policy aim in the 1530s
to minimise the response of foreign powers to the break from Rome
what was Henry’s foreign policy aim in the 1540s
return to an aggressive foreign policy
When did England invade Scotland and what happened
1542
Scots were force into military actions after they could not meet the demands
Scots defeated at the battle of Solway Moss
Why was Scotland left in a weak position after the 1542 invasion
James V died shortly after the defeat at the Battle of Solway Moss leaving one-week old Mary as heir
Henry failed to exploit this as he sought military glory in France
What was rough wooing
Policy used in Scotland to attempt to marry Prince Edward to Mary Queen of Scots
When was the Treaty of Greenwich and what was it
1543
formally betrothed Mary queen of Scots and Edward
Scottish parliament refused to ratify the treaty
How can Henry be criticised for the failure of Scottish policy
failed to exploit the death of James V in 1542
Sir Ralph Sadler warned Henry of Scottish hostility towards rough wooing but Henry did not listen
Hertford’s invasion had no strategic objective just antagonised the Scots
what did Henry do in retaliation to the Scottish parliaments refusal to ratify the Treaty of Greenwich
Ordered the Earl of Hertford to raid Edinburgh, Leith and St Andrews
When did Henry invade France in the 1540s and what happened
1544
headed the army himself but did not think of strategic objectives
unsuccessfully besieged Montreuil
Captured Boulogne
When was the battle of Ancrum Moor and what happened
1545
fought as part of the rough wooing
English were defeated
when was the final peace with France
1546
When was the first succession act and what did it do
1534
declared Mary illegitimate
made Elizabeth heir presumptive
What did the 1536 succession act do
declared Elizabeth illegitimate (leaving no legitimate heir)
laid down that in the absences of a legitimate heir the king could determine the succession by will or letters patent
What did the 1544 succession act do
re-legitimised Mary and Elizabeth as Henry’s health was declining and it became likely that Edward would still be a minor when he succeeded the throne so Henry was anxious about what the succession might entail
What did Henry’s will lay down
the right of succession to the heirs of Henry’s sisters Mary duchess of Suffolk if Edward Mary and Elizabeth died without issue
set up a regency council to act of Edwards behalf
