Mare Disorders of the Gravid Uterus Flashcards
How many layers make up the equine placenta?
Six
Fetal death in absence of bacterial infection is known as:
mummification
- Loss of fetal fluid
- Uterus contracted around fetus
- Secondary to twins
Fetal death with bacterial contamination is known as:
maceration
- Mare not systemically ill
- Removal of fetus
- Uterine therapy - lavage and antibiotics
Fetal mummification is most commonly associated with this condition in mares:
twins
T/F: Mummification of the fetus is typically due to a bacterial infection
False
Maceration of the fetus is typically due to a bacterial infection
What is the fetal membrane shown in this image?
amnion
What are the most reliable parameters to indicate fetal well-being in the mare?
Fetal heart rate and fetal heart rate reactivity
Recordings of FHR are obtained by M-mode echocardiography
Though rare, hydrops allantois in the mare can be caused by?
- Genetics
- Placentitis
- Torsion of amnion and umbilicus
- All of the above
All of the above
What is the most common hydropic condition in the mare?
hydroallantois
- Rare
- Fast Distension over 10-14 D
-
Causes
- Genetic - breed to different stallion
- Placentitis
- Torsion of amnion and umbilicus
How do you treat hydroallantois in the mare?
induce abortion
- Manually dilate cervix and puncture membranes
- Try to get slow release of fluids (~30 minutes)
- Give oxytocin (10-20 IU) q30m until delivery occurs
This presentation/stance in the equine is very characteristic for:
prepubic tendon rupture
- Most common in heavy draft breeds
- Also those with hydrallantois, large fetus, or twins
- 10 to 20 cm thick plaque on ventral abdomen
- Rupture may occur suddenly
- Present with abdominal pain and reluctance to walk
- Udder looses support – becomes swollen and congested
- Ultrasound to look at muscle/tendon integrity
T/F: Rupture of the prepubic tendon is a maternal cause of dystocia
True
T/F: Fetal oversize is an uncommon cause of dystocia in the mare
True
T/F: Most uterine torsions in mares may not cause pain
True
- Most are limited to 180˚ rotation, which may not show pain.
- >180˚ are painful, creating low grade colic that doesn’t respond well to analgesics
- May lead to uterine rupture or hemorrhage
Which of the following is true of hydrops of the allantois and hydrops of the amnion?
- Distension develops over the course of 10-14 days
- It’s rare in the equid
- Treatment is prostaglandin
- All of the above are true
It’s rare in the equid
Which of the following is true of hydrops of the allantois?
- Presents after the 7th month of gestation
- Distension develops slower than hydrops of the amnion
- It is easier to palpate the fetus than in hydrops of the amnion
- The goal of treatment is to deliver a live foal
Presents after the 7th month of gestation
With a clockwise uterine torsion, which direction would you roll the mare?
clockwise
- To roll the mare, she is anesthetized and placed in lateral recumbency on the side to which the torsion is directed. The mare is then turned quickly in the direction of the twist, with the objective to turn the body around the uterine axis.*
- If a clockwise torsion to the right is diagnosed, the mare is positioned in right lateral recumbency and rotated in a clockwise direction.*
- The complications of rolling include uterine rupture, especially in mares close to term, premature placental separation, death of the fetus, and abortion or premature delivery*
When does uterine rupture most commonly occur in the mare?
Pre-foaling or during parturition
- Usually a result of mutation and fetotomy or possible violent intrapartum movements or hydrops
- May show no signs initially
- Diagnose - palpation, ultrasound, abdominocentesis, exploratory surgery
- Treatment - Surgical or Medical
What is the fetal membrane shown in this image?
- Chorion
- Allantois
- Red bag
- Amnion
Chorion
Which of the following are clinical signs of fescue toxicosis in the mare
- Decreased pregnancy rates
- EED
- Agalactia
- Prolonged gestation
- All of the above
All of the above
