Canine Pregnancy & Postpartum Diseases

Question 1

________ neoplasia is the 2^nd most common tumor type in the dog

Answer 1

mammary

Question 2

A definitive diagnosis for pregnancy in bitches is based on:

• Measurement of Progesterone 21 days after mating
• Measurement of Estrone Sulfate 35 ays after fertilization
• Measurement of Relaxin 28 days after fertilization
• Measurement of body temperature 19 days in diestrus

Answer 2

Measurement of Relaxin 28 days after fertilization

Question 3

Placentation in the dog is best classified as:

• Zonary endotheliochorial
• Diffuse endotheliochorial
• Zonary hemochorial
• Diffuse hemochorial
• Cotyledonary

Answer 3

Zonary endotheliochorial

Question 4

Supplementation of calcium during gestation in the dog can predispose the bitch to __________

Answer 4

eclampsia​

Question 5

T/F: OHE is the treatment of choice for both open and closed pyometra

Answer 5

TRUE

Question 6

Passage of placentas occurs in the ____ stage of parturition in the bitch

Answer 6

3^rd

• Retention is rare - consider if purulent discharge occurs postpartum
• Most are passed immediately following fetus within 15 min

Question 7

Gestation length in the bitch is _____ days after onset of diestrus

Answer 7

56-57 days

Question 8

T/F: Uterine prolapse has an increased incidence in bitches who have undergone dystocia

Answer 8

True

Question 9

T/F: The presence of a benign mammary tumor increases the chances of developing a malignant mass

Answer 9

True

Question 10

Intact female dogs have 7x the risk of developing mammary tumors than OHE bitches.

• If spayed before the 1^st estrous cycle, the risk of malignant mammary tumors is _____
• If spayed after the 1^st estrous cycle, the risk is _____
• If spayed after the 2^nd estrous cycle, the risk is _____

Answer 10

• If spayed before the 1^st estrous cycle, the risk of malignant mammary tumors is 0.5%
• If spayed after the 1^st estrous cycle, the risk is 8%
• If spayed after the 2^nd estrous cycle, the risk is 26%
• If cycled more than twice or >2.5 years of age, there is a loss of sparing effect

Question 11

Gestation length in the bitch is _____ days from LH peak

Answer 11

65 days

Question 12

T/F: Dark green or malodorous vaginal discharge prior to whelping is normal and is termed lochia

Answer 12

False

Dark green or malodorous vaginal discharge prior to whelping is a sign of dystocia

Question 13

What is the most common maternal cause of dystocia in the bitch?

Answer 13

primary uterine inertia

Question 14

T/F: Large breed dogs are predisposed to eclampsia

Answer 14

False

Occurs primarily in small nervous breeds

Question 15

This is Type ____ vaginal prolapse

Answer 15

Type 3

entire vaginal circumference (doughnut)

Question 16

What is the treatment of choice for hypocalcemic tetany (eclampsia)?

Answer 16

IV calcium gluconate to effect

Question 17

T/F: Eclampsia in the bitch is a condition that is likely to recur

Answer 17

True

Question 18

T/F: E. coli is the most likely etiological cause of cystic endometrial hyperplasia-pyometra complex in the bitch

Answer 18

False

• E. coli is seen as a secondary bacteria infection.
• CEH is the primary pathology
  
  • ​In the normal bitch, you’ll see increased numbers of P4 receptors. Estrogen receptors down-regulated due to increasing P4 in diestrus
  • In CEH dogs, normal down-regulation of estrogen receptors (due to increasing P4) may be defective, so CEH dogs get prolonged effects of E2 on endometrium**​

Question 19

Normal fetal heart rate in the dog Is approximately:

Answer 19

200-250 bpm

Question 20

What is the drug of choice to induce parturition in the bitch as long as there is no obstruction to the birth canal?

Answer 20

Oxytocin

Diagnose obstruction by digital exam, ultrasound and radiographs

Question 21

T/F: The most accurate estimate of gestation length is the length of time from the breeding date

Answer 21

False

This is the LEAST accurate estimation of gestation length

Question 22

Progesterone levels can be helpful for prediction of whelping date. Serum progesterone levels of 10ng/mL corresponds to approximately _____ hours to whelping

Answer 22

36 hours

Levels decrease to about 4 ng/ml 18 hours prepartum and 2 ng/ml at 9 hours prepartum

Question 23

For pregnancy diagnosis in the bitch, radiography is safe after _____ days and can be used to count the number of fetuses

Answer 23

40 days

Best done one week prior to due date

Question 24

In the case of metritis in the bitch, ______ is used to evacuate the uterus

Answer 24

PGF_2a

If uterine wall <1-2 mm thick, avoid ecbolics so that there is no risk of rupturing uterus

Question 25

T/F: Cystic endometrial hyperplasia-pyometra complex is an acute or chronic post-partum disease with variable clinical signs and pathologic findings in the bitch

Answer 25

False

CEH-Pyometra complex is an acute or chronic post-estrual disease with variable clinical signs and pathologic findings in the bitch

Question 26

T/F: False pregnancy predisposes the bitch to reproductive tract diseases

Answer 26

False

Question 27

When does Relaxin begin to rise during gestation in the bitch?

• 10-20 days
• 20-30 days
• 30-40 days
• 40-50 days
• 50-60 days

Answer 27

20-30 days

Question 28

A drop in body temperature 24 hours prior to whelping in the bitch indicates a drop in ________

Answer 28

progesterone

Progesterone is “thermogenic”

Question 29

When can uterine prolapse occur in a bitch?

• Pre-Partum
• During Parturition
• Post-Partum
• B and C only
• All of the above

Answer 29

B and C only​

Occurs during or following parturition

Question 30

What is the gold standard modality for diagnosis of pyometra?

Answer 30

ultrasound

Question 31

Which of the following are fetal causes of dystocia in the dog?

• Primary Uterine Inertia
• Secondary Uterine Inertia
• Fetal presentation/position
• B and C only
• All of the above

Answer 31

Fetal presentation/position

Question 32

Inflammation of entire uterus (endometrium and myometrium) is termed:

Answer 32

metritis

Question 33

T/F: PGF_2a (Lutalyse® or Estrumate) can be used for medical therapy of open or closed pyometra

Answer 33

False

• PGF_2a (Lutalyse® or Estrumate) is usually only used for medical therapy of open pyometra; may rupture the uterus with closed pyometra*
• Causes smooth muscle (myometrial) contractions for uterine evacuation*

Question 34

Pregnancy in the bitch can be diagnosed via abdominal palpation at ______ days

Answer 34

21-28 days

Feeling for a “string of pearls” - difficult after day 35

Question 35

Spontaneous flow of milk from mammary gland unassociated with pregnancy is termed:

Answer 35

galactorrhea

Question 36

T/F: Ultrasound is an accurate way to diagnose pregnancy but not the number of fetuses present in the bitch

Answer 36

True

Question 37

Which one of the following is not a differential diagnosis for tissue protruding from the vulva?

• Vaginal hyperplasia
• Enlarged clitoris of an intersex
• Subinvoluted placental sites
• Transmissible venereal disease

Answer 37

Subinvoluted placental sites​

Question 38

The type of vaginal prolapse in the bitch that extrudes the floor and walls through the vulva and looks like a pear is Type ____

Answer 38

Type 2

Question 39

Vaginal prolapse should regress after ovulation. What drug(s) can you administer to induce ovulation in this case?

Answer 39

GnRH or hCG

Question 40

T/F: Surgery is always recommended for both benign and malignant mammary tumors

Answer 40

True