Mammals

Question 1

2 extant subclasses of Mammalia

Answer 1

Prototheria and Theria

Question 2

2 infraclasses contained within subclass Theria

Answer 2

Metatheria and Eutheria

Question 3

two key extinct Mammalian groups

Answer 3

Therapsids and Cynodonts

Question 4

characters of Therapsids

Answer 4

first group to evolve limbs underneath body

Question 5

characters of Cynodonts

Answer 5

heterodont teeth and secondary palate, dominant lineage of Therapsids

Question 6

extinct Mammalian group that gave rise to all extant mammals

Answer 6

Cynodonts

Question 7

common characters of mammals

Answer 7

integument with hair and mammary glands, three ear bones, heterodont teeth, diphyodont tooth replacement, secondary palate, viviparity (except in Monotremes), negative pressure ventilation

Question 8

mammalian hair

Answer 8

unique to mammals, consists of hollow cuticle filled with keratin

Question 9

milk production in Monotremes

Answer 9

secrete milk from mammary patch on belly

Question 10

3 ear bones in mammals

Answer 10

incus, malleus, and stapes

Question 11

modifications to the amniotic egg in mammals

Answer 11

amnion stays the same, and chorion, allantois, and yolk sac fuse to form the umbilical cord

Question 12

reproduction in mammals

Answer 12

internal fertilization via male penis, all have live birth but Monotremes

Question 13

order within subclass Prototheria containing platypuses and echidnas

Answer 13

order Monotremata

Question 14

characters of Monotremes

Answer 14

only mammals without mammary glands who lay eggs

Question 15

infraclass of subclass Theria known as marsupials

Answer 15

infraclass Metatheria

Question 16

characters of Metatheria

Answer 16

live mostly in Australia, rudimentary placenta, embryo develops in marsupium following birth

Question 17

infraclass of subclass Theria containing rodents, carnivores, and primates

Answer 17

infraclass Eutheria

Question 18

general characters of infraclass Eutheria

Answer 18

long gestation period, offspring born relatively precocial, shorter nursing period than other mammals

Question 19

order within infraclass Eutheria containing rats, mice, and hamsters

Answer 19

order Rodentia

Question 20

general characters of order Rodentia

Answer 20

large gap between incisors and cheek teeth for gnawing, mostly herbivorous

Question 21

order within infraclass Eutheria containing bats

Answer 21

order Chiroptera

Question 22

general characters of Chiropterans

Answer 22

nocturnal or crepuscular, mostly insectivores, many echolocate, only mammals with true flight

Question 23

differences between Chiropteran flight and Avian flight

Answer 23

Chiropteran wings are homologous to animal hands, can’t soar like birds (can only flap), wing membrane less adjustable than feathers, weight distributed across body –> less stability but more maneuverability

Question 24

order within infraclass Eutheria containing seals, bears, cats, etc.

Answer 24

order Carnivora

Question 25

general characters of Carnivores

Answer 25

most diverse range of sizes in Mammalia, many are omnivores/herbivores, teeth evolved for tearing and cutting

Question 26

superorder within infraclass Eutheria containing horses, pigs, and cetaceans

Answer 26

superorder Ungulata

Question 27

orders within superorder Ungulata

Answer 27

order Perissodactyla and order Artiodactyla

Question 28

order within Ungulata containing “odd-toed” mammals

Answer 28

order Perissodactyla

Question 29

order within Ungulata containing “even-toed” mammals

Answer 29

order Artiodactyla

Question 30

characters of Perissodactylans

Answer 30

some have one toe, some have three, contains horses, rhinos, and tapirs

Question 31

characters of Artiodactylans

Answer 31

many have antlers or horns, contains horses, pigs, and cetaceans

Question 32

“order” of infraclass Eutheria evolved from Ungulata containing whales, dolphins, and orcas

Answer 32

order Cetacea

Question 33

characters of Cetaceans

Answer 33

can be baleen (made from keratin) or toothed, forelimbs modified into flippers, hindlimbs don’t fully develop

Question 34

order of infraclass Eutheria containing lemurs, tamarins, baboons, and humans

Answer 34

order Primates

Question 35

general characters of Primates

Answer 35

mostly arboreal with group living, large brains, great vision, complex social systems, hands and feet specialized for gripping

Question 36

infraclasses within order Primates

Answer 36

infraclass Strepsirrhini and infraclass Haplorhini

Question 37

infraclass of order Primates known for being “wet-nosed”

Answer 37

infraclass Strepsirrhini

Question 38

animals contained within infraclass Strepsirrhini

Answer 38

lemurs!

Question 39

infraclass of order Primates known as “dry-nosed”

Answer 39

infraclass Haplorhini

Question 40

different Primates contained within infraclass Haplorhini

Answer 40

“new-world” monkeys, “old-world” monkeys, and apes

Question 41

characters of “new-world” monkeys

Answer 41

lack opposable thumbs

Question 42

characters of “old-world” monkeys

Answer 42

long tail, mostly omnivorous, opposable thumbs

Question 43

characters of apes

Answer 43

no tail, larger and stronger than monkeys, increased sociality, opposable thumbs

Question 44

estimated time when first humans arose

Answer 44

200,000 years ago