Fishes :/

Question 1

major advances in the subphylum Vertebrata

Answer 1

flexible and adaptable integument, endoskeleton of cartilage and bone, muscular pharynx

Question 2

integument

Answer 2

outer epidermis derived from ectoderm, inner dermis derived from mesoderm, modifies to become hair/scales/horns/feathers/etc.

Question 3

endoskeleton in basal vertebrates

Answer 3

notochord/vertebrae made from cartilage

Question 4

endoskeleton in bony fishes/tetrapods

Answer 4

true bone

Question 5

function of muscular pharynx in vertebrates

Answer 5

originally for passive filter-feeding, becomes muscular in vertebrates and can be used in respiration

Question 6

3 major “groups” of extant fishes

Answer 6

Superclass Cyclostomata, Class Chondrichthyes, and Superclass Osteichthyes

Question 7

superclass known as “jawless fishes”

Answer 7

Superclass Cyclostomata

Question 8

classes contained within superclass Cyclostomata

Answer 8

class Myxini and class Petromyzontida

Question 9

commonalities of superclass Cyclostomata

Answer 9

lack of a bony jaw, no scales, cartilaginous skeletons, round mouths with rasping teeth

Question 10

class of Cyclostomata known as hagfishes

Answer 10

class Myxini

Question 11

characters of class Myxini

Answer 11

marine scavengers, live on the ocean floor, feed with keratinized teeth on dead animals, produce slime when threatened

Question 12

class of Cyclostomata known as lampreys

Answer 12

class Petromyzontida

Question 13

general characters of class Petromyzontida

Answer 13

38 species, half are parasitic, feed via oral disk with keratinized teeth, no distinct stomach

Question 14

general life cycle of class Petromyzontida

Answer 14

spend majority of life as an ammocoete in freshwater streams, migrate to adult habitat following metamorphosis, die right after breeding

Question 15

key groups of extinct fishes

Answer 15

Ostracoderms and Placoderms

Question 16

characters of Ostracoderms

Answer 16

paraphyletic group, covered with bony dermal armor, jawless, likely filter-feeders

Question 17

major advances seen in Ostracoderms

Answer 17

first group of fishes with pectoral fins and to use their pharynx for respiration

Question 18

characters of Placoderms

Answer 18

paraphyletic group, first jawed fishes, head covered in bony armor

Question 19

major advances seen in Placoderms

Answer 19

first fishes with pelvic fins

Question 20

class of fishes known as cartilaginous fishes

Answer 20

class Chondrichthyes

Question 21

subclasses contained within class Chondrichthyes

Answer 21

subclass Elasmobranchii and subclass Holocephali

Question 22

subclass of Chondrichthyes containing sharks, skates, and rays

Answer 22

subclass Elasmobranchii

Question 23

subclass of Chondrichthyes containing chimaeras

Answer 23

subclass Holocephali

Question 24

general characters of class Chondrichthyes

Answer 24

almost entirely marine, skeleton completely cartilaginous, mostly predatory

Question 25

method for maintaining buoyancy in Chondrichthyans

Answer 25

HUGE oil-filled liver (not as effective as a swim bladder, keeps Chondrichthyans limited to a small range of depth)

Question 26

morphological traits of Chondrichthyans

Answer 26

heterocercal tail (vertebrae extend into upper lobe), placoid scales (homologous to vertebrate teeth), paired pectoral and pelvic fins

Question 27

respiration in Chondrichthyans

Answer 27

spiracle pumps water into gills for breathing; sharks must constantly swim to breathe

Question 28

reproduction in Chondrichthyans

Answer 28

internal fertilization using claspers to transfer sperm, most have oviparity

Question 29

reproduction in sharks specifically

Answer 29

can be oviparous, ovoviviparous, or viviparous

Question 30

sensory systems in Chondrichthyans

Answer 30

olfactory system (long distance), lateral line to detect vibrations (medium distance), vision (close distance), and ampullae of lorenzini (very close distance)

Question 31

superclass known as bony fishes

Answer 31

superclass Osteichthyes

Question 32

classes included within superclass Osteichthyes

Answer 32

class Sarcopterygii and class Actinopterygii

Question 33

general characters of superclass Osteichthyes

Answer 33

pectoral, pelvic, and caudal fins, lateral line to detect movement, muscular operculum covers gills

Question 34

method of respiration in Osteichthyans

Answer 34

water flows in through mouth and over 4 paired gills, each gill has gill makers, gill arch, and gill filaments, counter-current exchange maximizes oxygen uptake

Question 35

method of regulating buoyancy in Osteichthyans

Answer 35

swim bladder

Question 36

two types of swim bladders in Osteichthyans

Answer 36

physostomes and physoclists

Question 37

swim bladder in physostome fish

Answer 37

esophagus connects directly to swim bladder, which is filled/drained via the mouth –> constrained to shallow waters

Question 38

swim bladder in physoclist fish

Answer 38

swim bladder regulated via bloodstream, gas gland adds oxygen to bladder and ovale removes oxygen –> more common, allows for greater depth range

Question 39

methods for detecting sound waves in Osteichthyans

Answer 39

inner-ear with otolith and weberian ossicles

Question 40

structure of otolith

Answer 40

3 semi-circular ear canals made from dense calcium carbonate to detect vibrations

Question 41

structure of weberian ossicles

Answer 41

only 1/3 of Osteichthyans have this, modified vertebrae that connect to swim bladder

Question 42

vision in Osteichthyans

Answer 42

hard round lens, eyes focus by moving physically closer or farther from retina

Question 43

class of Osteichthyes known as ray-finned fishes

Answer 43

class Actinopterygii

Question 44

subclasses contained within Actinopterygii

Answer 44

subclass Chondrostei and subclass Neopterygii

Question 45

characters of subclass Chondrostei

Answer 45

bony fishes with cartilaginous skeletons, heavy ganoid scales (like armor), can have either heterocercal tails or diphycercal tails, spiral valve intestine

Question 46

intestine in Chondrichthyans

Answer 46

has a spiral valve to maximize surface area

Question 47

characters of early Neopterygians

Answer 47

heterocercal tail, bony skeleton, ganoid or cycloid scales (cycloid scales much lighter), some have remnants of a spiral valve intestine

Question 48

characters of “teleosts” in Neopterygii

Answer 48

contains over half of all vertebrates, incredibly diverse, about half marine and half freshwater (1% live in both)

Question 49

reproduction in teleost Neopterygians

Answer 49

most have external fertilization, and some have parental care (most do not)

Question 50

structure of scales in teleost Neopterygians

Answer 50

scales derive from mesodermal skin (like hair!), overlap for flexibility, thin layer of mucus covers scales to reduce drag, most have ctenoid scales (scales have small bumpy teeth to aid in drag reduction)

Question 51

tails of teleost Neopterygians

Answer 51

homocercal; symmetrical with upper and lower lobes, makes tail the strongest muscle for swimming

Question 52

method of feeding for teleost Neopterygians

Answer 52

use suction feeding where buccal cavity rapidly expands, creating a vacuum to suck in prey

Question 53

class of Osteichthyes known as lobe-finned fishes

Answer 53

class Sarcopterygii

Question 54

common traits of Sarcopterygians

Answer 54

muscular lobed fins, diphycercal tails

Question 55

subclasses of class Sarcopterygii

Answer 55

subclass Sipnoi and subclass Actinistia

Question 56

subclass of Sarcopterygii containing lungfishes

Answer 56

subclass Dipnoi

Question 57

characters of Dipnoids

Answer 57

swim bladder functions as a lung, can live out of water for a while (uses limbs to crawl onto land)

Question 58

subclass of Sarcopterygii containing coelacanths

Answer 58

subclass Actinistia

Question 59

characters of Actinistians

Answer 59

only 2 species, live in deep marine waters, huge, poorly understood