malabsorption 1 W7

Question 1

what is absorbed in just the duodenum?

Answer 1

iron
calcium
monosaccharides

Question 2

what is absorbed in the jejunum and duodenum?

Answer 2

disaccharides
fatty acids
mono and di-glycerides
fat soluble vitamins

Question 3

what is absorbed in just the jejunum?

Answer 3

water soluble vitamins
amino acids
peptides

Question 4

what is absorbed in the whole small bowel?

Answer 4

water
sodium
magnesium

Question 5

what is absorbed in the ileum?

Answer 5

bile acid
vitamin B12

Question 6

what is absorbed in the colon?

Answer 6

water
sodium
potassium
vitamin K

Question 7

what is malabsorption?

Answer 7

the inadequate absorption of fluid, macro or micronutrients to maintain health

Question 8

what can malabsorption be caused by

Answer 8

maldigestion and malabsorption

Question 9

what is maldigestion? what is it normally caused by?

Answer 9

problems in any digestive phase of food or nutrient processing
most commonly relating to digestive enzyme insufficiency or inefficiency

Question 10

what mechanism is malabsorption normally caused by

Answer 10

loss of absorptive surface area

Question 11

7 mechanisms of malabsorption?

Answer 11

reduced absorptive capacity
enzyme deficiencies
enzyme dysfunction
bile acid deficiency
competition for nutrients
dysmotility/dyssynchrony
impaired transport

Question 12

what causes reduced absorptive capacity?

Answer 12

villous atrophy (eg Coeliac disease)
mucosal damage (eg Crohn’s)
small bowel resection or bypass
infiltration (eg amyloidosis)

Question 13

what causes enzyme deficiencies?

Answer 13

disaccharidase deficiency (eg lactase)
lipase or proteolytic enzyme deficiency (eg pancreatic exocrine insufficiency)

Question 14

causes of enzyme dysfunction?

Answer 14

Zollinger Ellison syndrome, Menetriere disease
orlistat

Question 15

causes of bile acid deficiency?

Answer 15

obstructive jaundice/cirrhosis
bile acid malabsorption
deconjugation of bile acids by bacterial colonisation

Question 16

causes of competition for nutrients?

Answer 16

parasites

Question 17

causes of dysmotility/dyssynchrony?

Answer 17

rapid transit (eg resection, loss of ileal brake, gastroenteritis, diabetes, laxatives)
slow transport (eg diabetes, Parkinson’s)
anatomical dyssynchrony

Question 18

causes of impaired transport?

Answer 18

intestinal lymphangiectasia
secondary glucose malabsorption, post surgical, protein-energy undernutrition, gastroenteritis, thiamine deficiency

Question 19

how does malabsorption present - GI symptoms?

Answer 19

diarrhoea (steatorrhea - excess fat)
bloating
abdominal distension
flatulence
borborygmi (rumbling)
abdominal pain

Question 20

nutritional deficiencies causing hair loss?

Answer 20

zinc, iron, protein

Question 21

nutritional deficiencies causing night blindness

Answer 21

vit A

Question 22

nutritional deficiencies causing cheilitis (inflamed lips), glossitis (inflamed tongue), bleeding gums, metallic taste?

Answer 22

riboflavin, niacin, iron, vit C, zinc

Question 23

nutritional deficiencies causing cardiomyopathy, arrhythmias?

Answer 23

thiamine, B12, selenium, electrolytes

Question 24

nutritional deficiencies causing diarrhoea

Answer 24

protein, niacin, folate, B12, zinc

Question 25

nutritional deficiencies causing metabolic bone disease, joint pain, muscle wasting, muscle cramps?

Answer 25

calcium, vit D, vit C, protein, fluid, electrolytes

Question 26

nutritional deficiencies causing peripheral oedema?

Answer 26

protein, thiamine

Question 27

nutritional deficiencies causing confusion?

Answer 27

B12, thiamine niacin

Question 28

nutritional deficiencies causing paraesthesia?

Answer 28

thiamine, electrolytes

Question 29

nutritional deficiencies causing tetany (involuntary muscle contraction)

Answer 29

Ca, Mg

Question 30

nutritional deficiencies causing goitre

Answer 30

idodine

Question 31

nutritional deficiencies causing rashes

Answer 31

niacin, zinc, essential fatty acids

Question 32

nutritional deficiencies causing easy bruising?

Answer 32

vit K, vit C

Question 33

nutritional deficiencies causing impaired healing

Answer 33

zinc, copper, iron, protein

Question 34

nutritional deficiencies causing anaemia?

Answer 34

iron, B12, folate, copper