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Preventive And Social Medicine II > Major Noncommunicable Diseases > Flashcards

Major Noncommunicable Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

NCDs

A
  • Dses of the heart and vascular system (1/3 of deaths in PH) 30.2%

other NCD
- malignant neoplasm
- COPD
- DM

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2
Q

What are the 4 major NCDs in the PH?

A

CVD
Cancers
COPD
DM

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3
Q

NCDs are linked to common preventable risk factors to lifestyle s/a:

A
  • tobacco use
  • unhealthy diet
  • lack of physic activity
  • alcohol use
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4
Q

What are the 6 prevalent risk factors to NCD? FILIPINOS

A
  1. smoking
  2. physical inactivity
  3. hypertension
  4. hypercholesterolemia
  5. overweight
  6. obesity
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5
Q

What is defined as single visit systolic BP of >140mmHg, or diastolic BP of >90mmHg

A

Hypertension

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6
Q

Calculation of BMI

A

Divide wt in kg by ht in meters squared

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7
Q

BMI of 23-24.9

A

Overweight

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8
Q

BMI of >/= 25

A

Obese

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9
Q

BMI (WHO)

A

Underwt: <18.5
Normal: 18.5-24.9
Overwt: 25-29.9
Obese: >/=30

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10
Q

BMI (Asia-Pacific)

A

Underwt: <18.5
Normal: 18.5-22.9
Overwt: 23-24.9
Obese: >/=25

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11
Q

Elevated CHOL in the bld is dt abnormalities in lvls of what?

A

Lipoproteins - particles that carry CHOL in the bloodstream

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12
Q

Hypercholesterolemia may be related to:

A
  • diet
  • genetic factors (LDL receptor mutations in familial hypercholesterolemia)
  • presence of dses (diabetes and underachieved thyroid)
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13
Q

It refers to the body’s inability to produce enough insulin, or bcs cells do not respond to the insulin that is produced

A

DM

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14
Q

Hyperglycemia is based on FBS that is =/>

A

> /= 126mg/dL

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15
Q

It is associated with mental disorders, suicide, cancers, other NCDs s/a cirrhosis, intentional and unintentional injuries.

A

Alcohol intake

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16
Q

Studies shown that mental health is linked with NCDs, example:

A

Depression and heart dse
Stroke
Diabetes
Asthma
Cancer

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17
Q

Tobacco and alcohol use may influence onset, course, and outcomes of

A

Heart dse

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18
Q

Most commonly reported symptoms of mental illness in the PH include 2 important mental health illness closely linked w noncommunicable dse, specifically

A

Excessive sadness and no ctrl over use of cigarettes and alcohol

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19
Q

Globalization, urbanization, and population ageing are global scenarios that leads to common risk factors. What are the common risk factors?

A
  • unhealthy diet
  • physical inactivity
  • tobacco
  • alcohol use
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20
Q

The COMMON risk factors give rise to INTERMEDIATE risk factors such as:

A
  • high blood pressure
  • elevated blood glucose
  • abnormal lipid profiles
  • overweight/obesity
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21
Q

The INTERMEDIATE risk factors predispose individuals to the “fatal four” which are

A

Cardiovascular dse
Cancer
Chronic respiratory disease
Diabetes mellitus

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22
Q

Underlying determinants

A

GUP
Globalization
Urbanization
Population Ageing

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23
Q

Common risk factors

A

PUTAH

Physical inactivity
Unhealthy diet
Tobacco and alcohol use
Age (nonmodifiable)
Hereditary (nonmodifiable)

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24
Q

Intermediate risk factors

A

ROAR

Raised blood sugar
Overweight/obesity
Abnormal blood lipids
Raised BP

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25
Q

Main chronic diseases

A

Heart disease
Cancer
Stroke
Chronic respiratory diseases
Diabetes

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26
Q

Risk factors that lead to the 4 major NCDs namely Cardiovascular dse (coronary arty dse, hypertension, stroke), Diabetes Mellitus, Cancers, and Chronic Respiratory dses (COPD, asthma).

A

Smoking, diet/nutrition, physical inactivity, obesity

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27
Q

Risk factors that lead to the 3 major NCDs namely Cardiovascular dse (coronary arty dse, hypertension, stroke), Diabetes Mellitus, and Cancers.

A

Raised blood sugar and abnormal blood lipids

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28
Q

Risk factors that lead to the 2 major NCDs namely Cardiovascular dse (coronary arty dse, hypertension, stroke) and Cancers

A

Alcohol

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29
Q

Risk factors that lead to the 2 major NCDs namely Cardiovascular dse (coronary arty dse, hypertension, stroke), and Diabetes Mellitus

A

Raised blood pressure

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30
Q

Cardiovascular dses include dses of the heart and blood vessels such as

A

Coronary artery dse
Hypertension
Stroke

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31
Q

What is a heart dse c/b impaired coronary blood flow?

A

Coronary Artery Dse (AKA ischemic heart dse)

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32
Q

This occurs when there is a decreased oxygen supplied to the heart muscle.

A

Chest pain (Angina)

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33
Q

What can cause MI, arrhythmias, heart failure, and sudden death?

A

Coronary artery disease

34
Q

What is the most common cause of CAD - coronary artery disease?

A

Atherosclerosis

35
Q

This is the thickening of the inside walls of arteries d/t deposition of a fat-like substance.

A

Atherosclerosis

36
Q

What happens when there is thickening of the arteries?

A

There will be a narrow space in which blood flows, thereby decreasing or cut-off completely the supply of oxygen and nutrients to the heart.

37
Q

Atherosclerosis usually occurs when a person has high levels of _______ in the blood.

A

Cholesterol - the higher lvl of bld CHOL, he higher the chance for it to be deposited onto the artery walls

38
Q

In this disease, atherosclerosis is accelerated. Often resulting in CAD, MI, and stroke.

A

Diabetes mellitus

39
Q

Risk factors for CAD

A

Elevated blood cholesterol
Smoking
Hypertension
Obesity
Physical inactivity

40
Q

What is the effect of high saturated fat intake, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, smoking, androgens, and certain drugs?

A

Increased LDL

41
Q

What facilitates reverse transport of cholesterol to the liver where it may be excreted and therefore prevent atherosclerosis?

A

HDL - protective factor against CAD

42
Q

HDL is decreased in

A

Smoking
Obesity
Diabetes mellitus

43
Q

What increases HDL levels?

A

Regular exercise
Moderate alcohol consumption

44
Q

HPN and smoking double your chance of developing what?

A

Heart dse if you have high cholesterol

45
Q

Obesity and being overweight increase the chance of developing what?

A

High blood cholesterol
High BP

46
Q

Physical inactivity increases the risk of what?

A

Heart attack

47
Q

Having diabetes even without other risk factors may lead to

A

Heart dse

Because diabetes is an independent risk factor for CAD; diabetes accelerates atherosclerosis development

48
Q

What is a sustained elevation in mean arterial pressure?

A

Hypertension

49
Q

HPN is an intermediate risk factor for the development of what?

A

CVD like coronary heart dse or stroke

50
Q

Primary HPN is attributed to

A

Atherosclerosis

51
Q

Secondary HPN is usually the result of some other primary dses leading to HPN such as

A

Renal disease

52
Q

What are the aging processes that increase BP?

A

Stiffening of arteries
Decreased baroreceptor sensitivity
Increased peripheral resistance
Decreased renal blood flo

53
Q

Inability to talk

A

Aphasia

54
Q

What is the most common cause of stroke?

A

Atherosclerosis

55
Q

This usually occurs in atherosclerotic blood vessels, this is usually seen in older and may occur in a person at rest.

A

Thrombotic stroke

56
Q

What is caused by a moving blood clot usually from a thrombus in the left in the left heart that becomes lodged in a small artery thru which it can’t pass.

A

Embolic stroke - sudden onset

57
Q

Most fatal type of stroke

A

Hemorrhagic stroke

58
Q

What is d/t intracerebral hemorrhage or rupture of intracerebral blood vessels?

A

Hemorrhagic stroke

59
Q

What is the most common predisposing factor of hemorrhagic stroke?

A

Hypertension

60
Q

Other causes of hemorrhage

A

Aneurysms
Trauma
Erosion of vessels by tumors
Arteriovenous malformations
Blood disorders

61
Q

Sudden occurrence, active person

A

Hemorrhagic stroke

62
Q

Diabetes is also an independent risk factor for

A

Stroke, also strongly correlated w high BP

63
Q

What is a rapid, uncoordinated beating of the heart’s upper chambers, that also raises risk for stroke?

A

Atrial fibrillation

64
Q

IV drug abuse carries high risk of stroke from

A

Cerebral emboli

65
Q

What are chemicals found in cigar, industrial agents, or smoked food? Are also produced from animal fat in broiling meats.

A

Polycyclic hydrocarbons

66
Q

Found in peanuts and peanut butter

A

Aflatoxin

67
Q

Chemical produced when meat and fish are charcoal broiled or smoked, tinapa

A

Benzopyrene

68
Q

Produced when food is fried in fat and reused repeatedly

A

Benzopyrene

69
Q

Used as preservatives in food like tocino, longganisa, bacon, and hotdog

A

Nitrosamines

70
Q

Inhibits nitrosamine formation

A

Vitamin C in stomach

71
Q

What is caused by an interaction between 2 factors: genetics and lifestyle/environmental factors (obesity, nutrition, lack of exercise)?

A

DM

72
Q

Characterized by absolute lack of insulin due to damaged pancreas, prone to develop ketosis, and dependent on insulin injections.

A

Type I IDDM

73
Q

What are other causes of IDDM?

A

Genetic, environment, or acquired d/t viruses (e.g. mumps, congenital rubella) and chemical toxins (e.g. nitrosamines)

74
Q

More common, more preventable because it is associated with obesity and diet

A

Type II NIDDM

75
Q

What is characterized by fasting hyperglycemia despite availability of insulin? Possible causes include impaired insulin secretion, peripheral insulin resistance and increased hepatic glucose production.

A

Type II NIDDM

older
overwt

76
Q

Risk factor for diabetes (CHOL & BMI)

A

HDL <35mg/dL (0.90mmol/L)
and/or
TAGs >250mg/dL (2.82 mmol/L)

Overweight (23) and obese (>30kg/m2)

77
Q

Elevated CO2 in blood

A

Hypercapnea

78
Q

This causes an associated increase in airway hyper-responsiveness that leads to recurrent episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness and cough, particularly at night or early morning.

A

Chronic inflammation

79
Q

What is usually d/t chronic bronchitis and emphysema (both are due to smoking)?

A

COPD

80
Q

Key areas for primary prevention of the major NCDs

A
  1. Promote proper nutrition
  2. Encourage more physical activity and exercise
  3. Promote a smoke-free individuals and environment
  4. Discourage excessive alcohol drinking
  5. Manage stress efectively
  6. Regular health check up for early diagnosis and prompt tx
81
Q

West Pacific Regional Plan 8 key principles

A
  1. People-centered health care
  2. Cultur relevance
  3. Focused on reducing inequities
  4. Encompassing entire care continuum
  5. Involving whole society
  6. Integral to health systems strengthening
  7. Consistent with global action plan
  8. Flexibility thru a phased approach

Preventive And Social Medicine II (32 decks)

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