Alcoholism And Drug Abuse Flashcards
- abuse recommended limits - 2 or 3 std drinks per day
- results to physical, mental, or social harm
- harmful consequences, control use difficulty, tolerance, and withdrawal symptoms
Alcoholism
Epidemiology of alcoholism
- M:F 3:1
- 20-35 y.o.
- large and smol metropolitan area
What are the commonly abused drugs?
Depressants
Stimulants
Hallucinogens
What are examples of depressants?
Alc
Opium derivatives
Sedative-hypnotics
What are examples of stimulants?
Cocaine
Amphetamines
Solvents/inhalants
What are examples of hallucinogens?
MJ
LSD
What is the toxic/lethal dose of amphetamine?
100mg
What are the s/sx of amphetamine?
Elation Irritability Hyperactivity Rapid speech Anorexia Hyperreflexia Insomnia Dry mouth Chest pain Arrythmia Heart block Poor conc Restlessness Psychotic symptoms
Emesis or lavage can be effective long after ingestion bcs of recycling through gastric mucosa; reduce external stimuli; treat cerebral edema and hyperthermia; peritoneal dialysis; sedate w chlorpromazine 0.5
1mg/kg IM or by mouth every 30 mins as needed; use 1/2 the dose for mixed amphetamine-barbiturate OD
Tx: amphetamine
What has their major effects through the dopaminergic system?
Classic Amphetamine drugs
What are examples of Classic Amphetamine drugs?
Dextroamphetamine
Methamphetamine
Methylphenidate
What are synthesized and have their neurochemical effects on both the serotonergic and the dopaminergic systems and behavioral effects that reflect a combination of amphetamine-like and hallucinogen-like activities?
Designer amphetamines
What are examples of Designer Amphetamines?
MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine)
MDEA (N-ethyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine)
MMDA (5-methoxy-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine)
DM (2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine)
What are the other names of:
MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine)
MDEA (N-ethyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine)
MMDA (5-methoxy-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine)
DM (2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine)
MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine)
- ecstasy, XTC, Adam
MDEA (N-ethyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine)
- Eve
MMDA (5-methoxy-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine)
DM (2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine)
- STP
Between coke and amphetamine, which is less addictive?
Amphetamines
What are the primary effects of classic amphetamines?
By causing the release of catecholamines, particularly dopamine, from presynaptic terminals
The effects are particularly potent for what neurons that project from the ventral tegmental area to cerebral cortex and limbic areas?
Dopaminergic neurons
What has the activation that’s probably the major addicting mechanism for the amphetamines?
Reward pathway
The designer amphetamines cause the release of what?
Cathecolamines and serotonin
What neurotransmitter is implicated as the major neurochemical pathway involved in the effects of the hallucinogens?
Serotonin
The clinical effects of these is a cross between the effects of the classic amphetamine and the effects of hallucinogens
Designer amphetamine
What is taken up in serotogenic neurons by the serotonin transporter responsible for the serotonin reuptake?
MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine)
- ecstasy, XTC, Adam
Once in the neuron, it causes rapid release of bolus of serotonin and inhibits the activity of the serotonin-producing enz
MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine)
- ecstasy, XTC, Adam
Px who r taking SSRI e.g fluoxetine (Prozac) - cannot get high awww when they take MDMA because what?
SSRI prevent the MDMA from being taken up into the serotogenic neurons
Very pleasurable neurotransmitter that is increasing and produces addiction; schizophrenia
Dopamine
Related to depression or mood disorders in low lvls
Norepinephrine and serotonin
Associated w Alzheimer’s; lack memory; concentration and vit D complex, best exercise reading and understanding
AchE
What is the seed of our memory?
Hippocampus
Neurotransmitter release
Second messenger systems
Short term effect
Alterations in gene transcription
Reorganization of neural circuitry
Alteration in synaptic structure
Altered behaviors of indiv
Long term effect
Changes in CHON synthesized
CHON affect the fxn of neurons
Alterations in gene transcription
Changes in neurotransmitter release
The status of neurotransmitter receptors
Receptor-mediated signaling
Number of ion channels
Reorganization of neural circuitry
Increase in number of dendritic spines of the neurons of the nucleus accumbens and the prefrontal cortex
Loss of dentrites in hippocampus
Important in memory (ass w amnesia)
Alteration in synaptic structure
Steeling, irritable
Hallucinations
Psychopathic/antisocial behavior, personality changes
Altered behaviors of individual
Activated by all psychoactive subs
Plays a key role in motivation and learning
Mesolimbic system (behavioral process)
Alcohol end point product
CO2 and water
Increase inhi activity of GABA-A receptors
Decrease excitatory activity of glutamate receptors
Causes mem loss, coordination, anxiolysis (anxiety loss), sedatives
MoA of alcohol
Anxiety, insomnia, anti convulsants, antispasmodic, amnesic
Benzodiazepines
Stimulates dopamine transmission in nucleus accumbens and amygdala
Tobacco
What are appetite suppressants for narcolepsy and ADHD?
Amphetamine
Tx of seizures
Midazolam
Pentobarbital
