Major Chemistry Laws Flashcards
laws, processes, equations
Avogadro’s law
equal VOLUMES of GASES under identical temperature and pressure will contain equal numbers of particles (atoms, ions, molecules, electrons, etc.)
Avogadro’s constant
6.022 × 10²³
number of units in one mole of any substance (such as atoms, molecules, or ions)
Boyle’s law
volume of a confined gas is inversely proportional to pressure (at constant temperature)
P = k/V
Charles’ law
at a constant pressure, the volume of a confined gas is directly proportional to the absolute temperature in Kelvin
V = kT
1st law of thermodynamics
law of conservation of energy
energy can neither be created nor destroyed; the energy of the universe is constant
2nd law of thermodynamics
entropy increases over time; (heat cannot flow, on its own, from an area of cold to an area of hot)
3rd law of thermodynamics
the THEORETICAL entropy of a perfect crystal (lattice) is zero
conservation of matter
matter can neither be created nor destroyed, though it can be rearranged
Dalton’s law
the pressure of a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the component gases
Gay-Lussac’s law (3rd gas law)
the ratio between the combining volumes of gases and the product (if gaseous) can be expressed in small whole numbers
P1/T1 = P2/T2
ideal gas law
the state of an ideal gas is determined by its pressure, volume, and temperature
PV = nRT
n is moles, R is the ideal gas constant, and T is the absolute temperature in Kelvin
Le Chatelier’s principle
a system responds to counteract a disruption to the system by establishing a new equilibrium
Haber process
N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3
Beer-Lambert law
concentration is proportional to absorption of light
A =
