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HSC CHEM 2024 > 7.2 Hydrocarbons > Flashcards

7.2 Hydrocarbons Flashcards

How can hydrocarbons be classified based on their structure and reactivity?

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1
Q

haloalkanes are…

A

alkanes where H atoms are replaced by a halogen

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2
Q

naming haloalkanes

A

(1) place halo functional group at the front, alphabetically
(2) add “o” to the stem e.g. bromine = bromo

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3
Q

highest and lowest priority functional groups

A

highest = carboxyl group
lowest = halo group

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4
Q

alcohols contain what functional group

A

-OH

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5
Q

naming alcohols

A

ending e –> ending ol

methane –> methanol
but-1-ene –> but-1-ol

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6
Q

explain primary, secondary, tertiary alcohols

A

depends on how many other Carbon atoms the -COH has bonded with

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7
Q

primary amines contain what functional group

A

amino functional group -NH2

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8
Q

naming primary amines

A

ending e –> amine

ethane –> ethanamine

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9
Q

secondary and tertiary amines

A

N-methyl…
N,N-dimethyl…

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10
Q

amines produce … in dissolution

A

alkylammonium and hydroxide ions

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11
Q

amines + acid –>

A

alkylammonium salts + nonmetal ion

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12
Q

amines are weak/strong bases

A

WEAK, due to the lone pair of electrons on their N atoms… and somewhat polar

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13
Q

amides are … [acidity]

A

neutral

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14
Q

carboxyl functional group is

A

-CO

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15
Q

aldehyde vs ketone

A

aldehyde has carboxyl group AT THE END of the hydrocarbon chain

ketone has carboxyl group IN THE MIDDLE

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16
Q

naming aldehydes

A

ending e –> ending al or using -dehyde

propane –> propanal

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17
Q

naming ketones

A

ending e –> one

butane –> butanone

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18
Q

what is the simplest ketone?

A

propanone CH3 COCH3
aka acetone

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19
Q

carboxylic acids contain functional group…

A

-COOH
(at end of the chain)

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20
Q

naming carboxylic acids

A

ending E –> OIC acid

ethane –> ethanoic acid

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21
Q

primary amides contain…

A

carboxyl functional group connected to amino functional group

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22
Q

naming amides

A

ending E –> ending AMIDE

methane –> methanamide

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23
Q

what are esters

A

product of alcohol and carboxylic acid

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24
Q

naming esters

A

-COO- (C)
(in middle of chain)

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25
Q

ester equation

A

alcohol + carboxylic acid ⇌ ester + water

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26
Q

naming esters

A

ending E –> OATE

alcohol + carboxylic acid

ethanol + propanoic acid ⇌
ethyl propanoate (pineapple)

27
Q

order of 9 priority functional groups

A

carboxyl
amide
carbonyl (aldehyde)
carbonyl (ketone)
hydroxyl
amine
alkene
alkyne
halo

28
Q

force between, polarity, and boiling pt of alkanes

A

dispersion forces (weak)
non-polar
low boiling point

29
Q

boiling and melting point of hydrocarbons depends on…

A

number of carbon atoms (chain length)

30
Q

melting point for odd number carbons vs even number carbons

A

even number carbons pack more efficiently in solid state
= stronger dispersion forces
= requires more energy to melt
= steeper increase in melting point increment on a MP graph

31
Q

alkene BP is lower/higher than alkanes

A

LOWER

32
Q

the more branching, the __ the BP

A

LOWER

smaller dispersion forces for less compact hydrocarbons

33
Q

order of highest BP of hydrocarbons

A

alkene < alkane < alkyne

34
Q

why alkyne BP is highest

A

electrons making up bonds are more polarisable
= stronger London dispersion forces
= higher BP

35
Q

hydrocarbon density >/< water

A

LESS than water

36
Q

solute can dissolve in solvent if…

A

solute-solvent intermolecular forces are similar to solute-solute and solvent-solvent

37
Q

what happens when you introduce halogen to hydrocarbon

A

larger electronegativity difference = more polar = more soluble

38
Q

the longer the hydrocarbon chain =

A

greater dispersion forces = less soluble

39
Q

what is volatility

A

ease which substance enters gaseous state (boiling pt)

40
Q

what is flash point

A

minimum temp. which small flame causes the vapour above a liquid in enclosed area to ignite

41
Q

the higher molecular mass, the higher BP, the … flash pt

A

higher

42
Q

ignition temperature is…

A

temp. substance needs to be heated before spontaneous combustion occurs (of fuel-oxidiser mixture)

43
Q

hydrocarbon fuels are stored and transported as … because…

A

as LIQUIDS because they occupy smaller volumes than gaseous state

  • under pressure to keep liquefied
44
Q

haloalkanes have higher/lower? BP than hydrocarbons because …

A

HIGHER BP because dipole-dipole attraction > just dispersion forces

45
Q

are hydrocarbons miscible with water and why

A

NO because hydrocarbons are less dense than water

large difference in attraction of solute-solute and solvent-solvent intermolecular forces

46
Q

when will organic-organic be miscible?

A

NP+NP or P+P are miscible (similar forces of attraction)

47
Q

difference between haloalkanes and CFCs

A

haloalkanes = one or more H is replaced by halogen

chlorofluorocarbons = haloalkanes that only contain carbon, Cl, F

48
Q

halons

A

only contains carbon, bromine + other halogens

49
Q

why CFC depletes ozone layer

A

decomposition of CFC releases Cl atoms which catalyse ozone depletion

50
Q

why HCFCs are banned

A

hydrochlorofluorocarbons mostly break down in atmosphere

BUT small portion decomposes in stratosphere and can still release Cl atoms

51
Q

why HFCs are banned

A

hydrofluorocarbons = no Cl means ozone-destroying capacity is 0

BUT got banned bc it’s a strong greenhouse gas

52
Q

why CFC effect on ozone layer is seasonal (Antarctica’s ozone hole)

A

winter is dark and cold, no heat or light energy to decompose Cl2 gas

spring sunlight splits Cl2 gas into 2 Cl atoms (destroys ozone at greater rate)

53
Q

how to test for C=C double bonds

differentiate from C-C single bond

A

use bromine water (Br2 + water)
OR bromine dissolved in organic solvent e.g. hexane

WITHOUT THE PRESENCE OF UV LIGHT bc that’ll decolourise both alkenes and alkanes

54
Q

what colour is bromine

A

orange-red

55
Q

how to test for carboxyl functional group

A

carbonates, indicators, and alcohols

56
Q

carbonate + carboxylic acid test reaction

A

NaHCO3 carbonate salt + acid –> organic salt + CO2 + water

FIZZING, effervescence via limewater test

57
Q

organic acid + alcohol produces…

A

fruity ester

58
Q

how to test for hydroxyl functional group i.e. alcohol

A

dry sample + metallic sodium –> product + H2(g)

slow BUBBLES

59
Q

why alcohol mustn’t contain water when testing it with metallic sodium

A

sodium metal reacts violently with water

60
Q

1st and 2nd alcohols can be oxidised by…

A

acidified potassium dichromate (K₂Cr₂O₇) or potassium permanganate (KMnO₄)

61
Q

primary alcohol oxidises to…

A

aldehyde, then carboxylic acid

62
Q

primary/secondary alcohol w/ K2Cr2O7 colour change on heating

A

orange to green

63
Q

primary/secondary alcohol w/ KMnO4 colour change on heating

A

purple to colourless

64
Q

how to test for tertiary alcohol

A

fast reaction with ZnCl2/HCl mixture

secondary is slow reaction
primary has no reaction

HSC CHEM 2024 (30 decks)

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