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Anatomy II > M6: Blood > Flashcards

M6: Blood Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of blood

A
  • TRANSPORT
    • gases, nutrients and waste
    • processed molecules (e.g. vitamin D)
    • regulatory molecules (e.g. hormones)
  • REGULATION OF pH
  • BODY TEMPERATURE MAINTENANCE
  • PROTECTION AGAINST FOREIGN SUBSTANCES
  • CLOT FORMATION
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2
Q

total volume of blood in average adult

A

4-6L
(8% of total body weight)

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3
Q

composition of blood

A

PLASMA (55%)
- 7% proteins
- 91% water
- 2% other solutes (ions, nutrients, waste, gases, hormones)
FORMED ELEMENTS (45%)
- platelets
- white blood cells
- red blood cells

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4
Q

buffy coat

A
  • coat between red blood cells and plasma in a blood sample
  • contains platelets and white blood cells
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5
Q

plasma components

A
  • COLLOID (fluid with suspended substances)
  • 91% water
  • 9% proteins/other solutes

Proteins
- 58% ALBUMINS (osmotic pressure, transports fatty acids, bilirubin and thyroid hormones)
- 38% GLOBULIN (antibodies, transports lipids, iron and sex hormones)
- 4% FIBRINOGEN (blood clotting)

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6
Q

plasma vs serum

A

plasma: inside body
serum: plasma in a clot

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7
Q

components of formed elements

A

95% RED BLOOD CELLS
- biconcave disks, no nucleus or mitochondria
- hemoglobin, transports O2 and C02
- converts C02 and water to carbonic acid (carbonic anhydrase)

5% WHITE BLOOD CELLS
- GRANULOCYTES (large granules, multi-lobed nuclei)
- NEUTROPHILS, EOSINOPHILS, BASOPHILS
- AGRANULOCYTES (small granules, non-lobed nuclei)
- LYMPHOCYTES and MONOCYTES

PLATELETS (thrombocytes)
- cell fragment
- form platelet plugs and release chemicals for blood clotting

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8
Q

process of blood cell production is called

A

Hematopoiesis or hemopoiesis

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9
Q

stem cell in red bone marrow

A

hemocytoblast

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10
Q

initial cells that create formed elements

A

PROERYTHROBLASTS -> RBC
MYELOBLASTS -> granulocytes (basophils, neutrophils, eosinophils)
LYMPHOBLASTS -> lymphocytes
MONOBLASTS -> monocytes
MEGAKARYOBLASTS -> platelets

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11
Q

components and transport functions of red blood cells

A
  • 1/3 hemoblobin
  • 2/3 lipids, ATP, carbonic anhydrase

transport functions
- O2: 98.5% bound to hemoglobin (rest is dissolved in plasma)
- C02: 23% bound to hemoglobin (70% as bicarbonate, rest is dissolved in plasma)
- H+: generated from carbonic anhydrase reaction

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12
Q

structure of hemoglobin

A
  • 4 globin molecules (polypeptide chains)
  • 4 heme molecules, each with 1 iron atom

Called OXYHEMOGLOBIN when transporting oxygen
Called DEOXYHEMOGLOBIN when no oxygen bound
Called CARBAMINOHEMOGLOBIN when transporting C02

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13
Q

formation of red blood cells called

A

erythropoiesis

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14
Q

explain erythropoisis

A

Formation of red blood cells
- takes about 4 days
- cells last for about 120 days in circulation

Process
- decreased oxygen in blood triggers kidneys to release ERYTHROPOIETIN
- travels to red bone marrow, stimulates proerythroblast production (takes a few days)
- RBCs formed

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15
Q

process of RBC recycling

A
  1. natural degeneration of RBCs
  2. separation of components
    - globin -> amino acids
    - heme -> iron removed via TRANSFERRIN, carried to liver to store in FERATIN or recycled into more heme
    - iron free heme -> bilirubin, to liver and SI, creates pigment for urine and feces
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16
Q

WBC structure and function

A
  • protect body against microorganisms
  • remove dead cells and debris
  • nucleated, no hemoglobin

Movement
- AMEBOID movement (arm-like extensions)
- DIAPEDESIS (cells become thin and move between/through endothelial cells of capillaries)
- CHEMOTAXIS (attraction to and movement towards foreign materials or damaged cells)

17
Q

Nuetrophil structure/function

A

WBC, granulocyte
first line of defense

  • 60-70% of WBCs
  • nuclei lobed (2-5 lobes)
  • 10/12 hours in circulation
  • phagocytize foreign matter
  • secrete LYSOZYME (enzyme that metabolizes bacteria)
18
Q

Eosinophil structure/function

A

WBC, granulocyte
allergic reaction helpers, worm destroyers

  • 2-4% WBCs
  • usually 2-4 lobes on nuclei
  • active in allergic reactions
  • destroy inflammatory chemicals
  • release chemicals that help destroy worm invasions! tapeworms, hookworms etc
19
Q

Basophil structure/function

A

WBC, granulocyte
attacks the invaders by letting more WBC in!

  • 0.5-1% of WBC
  • inflammation and allergic response
  • produces HISATIME (vasodilation and bronchial constriction)
  • produces HERAPIN (inhibits blood clotting
20
Q

Lymphocyte structure/function

A

WBC, agranular
fights bad guys: bacteria, bacteria, tumors

  • 20-25% WBC
  • smallest
  • produced in red bone marrow, proliferates in lymphatic tissue
  • produces ANTIBODIES (pr- that destroy bacteria viruses, tumors)
21
Q

Monocyte structure/function

A

WBC, agranular
eats the bad guys

  • 3-8% of WBCs
  • become macrophages after 3 days
  • phagocytic cells
  • increases with chronic inflammation
22
Q

Platelet structure/function

A
  • aka thrombocytes
  • cell fragments pinched off from megakaryocytes
  • surface pr- can form PLATELET ADHESIONS and stick to other molecules (i.e. collagen on blood vessel lining)
  • prevent blood loss via PLATELET PLUGS (clots)
23
Q

Breakdown of Heme

A
  • biliverdin
  • bilirubin in blood
  • ” in liver
  • “in bile
  • ” in small intestine
  • urobilinogen in large intesine
    to urine
  • urobilin
  • urine
    to feces
  • stercobilin
  • feces
24
Q
A

Anatomy II (34 decks)

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