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Anatomy II > M26: Lymphatic System > Flashcards

M26: Lymphatic System Flashcards

1
Q

4 main components of lymphatic system

A
  • lymphatic tissue
  • red bone marrow
  • lymph
  • lymphatic vessels
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2
Q

what is the main purpose of the lymphatic system?

A

the body system that carries out immune responses

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3
Q

lymphatic tissue

A
  • reticular CT with lymphocytes: B cells and T cells
  • found in many structures and organs
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4
Q

primary vs secondary lymphatic organs/tissues

A

PRIMARY:
where stem cells divide to create the immuno-response cells
- RED BONE MARROW
- THYMUS

SECONDARY
where immune responses happen
- SPLEEN
- LYMPH NODES
- TONSILS

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5
Q

difference between tonsils and lymph nodes

A
  • tonsils don’t have a capsule surrounding them
  • not a lymphatic organ, just a mass of lymphatic cells
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6
Q

when lymphatic cells aren’t surrounded by a capsule it’s not considered an organ but…

A

lymphatic tissue

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7
Q

what makes lymphatic vessels different from small veins?

A

they’re very similar other than
thinner walls
more valves

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7
Q

what structures do lymphatic vessels follow in the body?

A
  • superficial vessels tend to follow superficial veins
  • deep vessels tend to follow arteries
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8
Q

cisterna chyli

A
  • dilation in lymphatic vessels
  • caused by merge in lumbar and intestinal trunks
  • start of the thoracic duct
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9
Q

where does the thoracic duct attach to the vascular system

A

left subclavian vein

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10
Q

where is lymph drained from R side of body?

A

right lymphatic duct
right subclavian vein

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11
Q

functions of lymphatic system

A
  1. drains excess interstitial fluid
  2. transports dietary fats and lipid-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K)
  3. carry out immune responses (targets microbes and abnormal cells)
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12
Q

lymphatic capillaries

A
  • located between cells of many tissues
  • larger and more permeable than blood capillaries
  • endothelial cells organized for one-way flow of lymph
  • merge to form lymphatic vessels
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13
Q

anchoring filaments

A

extensions of lymphatic capillary endothelial cells that attach it to neighbouring cells

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14
Q

special features of endothelial cells in lymphatic capillary to prevent backflow

A

overlapping endothelial cells
- when lymphatic capillary gets to full, openings will close off

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15
Q

name the 2 primary lymphatic organs

A
  • thymus
  • red bone marrow
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16
Q

difference between lymphatic capillary and blood capillary

A

lymphatic are larger in diameter and more permeable

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17
Q

flow of lymph

A

interstitial fluid
lymphatic capillaries
lymphatic vessels
lymph nodes
lymph trunks
lymph ducts (thoracic duct OR “right lymphatic duct”)
most people have drainage on R side of body go straight to R subclavian vein
subclavian veins

18
Q

5 principle lymph trunks

A

main lymphatic trunks
LUMBAR: drains lower limbs, kidneys, adrenals, portions of pelvic and abdominal walls
INTESTINAL: drains stomach, intestine, pancreas, spleen, part of liver
BRONCHOMEDIASTINAL: drains thoracic walls, lungs, heart
SUBCLAVIAN: drains upper limbs
JUGULAR: drains head and neck

19
Q

routes of lymph drainage

A

MOST OF BODY
- R and L lumbar merge with intestinal trunk at the cisterna chyli to form the thoracic duct
- merges with L jugular trunk and L subclavian trunk
- attaches to L subclavian vein (right at its junction with the L internal jugular vein)
- L bronchiomediastinal trunk attaches independently to L subclavian vein

UPPER RIGHT BODY
- R jugular, R subclavian and R brochiomediastinal trunk join independantly to R subclavian vein
small # of people will have these merge, called the right lymphatic duct

20
Q

what lymphatic vessel does not join thoracic trunk and attaches to L subclavian vein independanty?

A

L bronchiomediostinal trunk

21
Q

lymph nodes

A

filters for lymph
- remove foreign substances through filtering, phagocytosis and immune reactions

22
Q

immunocompetent

A

cells that are able to create an immune response

23
Q

where is thymus located

A

mediastinum
left side of body

24
Q

anatomy of thymus

A
  • bilobed (each lobe surrounded by a capsule, so its considered an organ)
  • TRABECULAE: extensions that divide lobes into lobules
  • LOBULES
    • CORTEX: pre-T cells begin to mature
    • MEDULLA: mature T cells
25
Q

red bone marrow produces…

A
  • B cells (already immuno-competent)
  • Pre-T cells (need to be matured in thymus to become immuno-competent)
26
Q

secondary lymphatic organs + tissues

A

ORGANS
- lymph nodes
- thymus
- spleen
TISSUES
LYMPHATIC NODULES (FOLLICLES): masses of lymphatic tissue without a capsule
- MUCOSA-ASSOCIATED LYMPHATIC TISSUE (MALT): mucous membranes of GI, urinary, reproductive, respiratory
- TONSILS: pharyngeal, palatine, lingual
- APPENDIX & AGGREGATED LYMPHATIC FOLLICLES (PEYER’S PATCHES, found in ilium of SI)

27
Q

how many lymph nodes in body

A

~600
typically occur in groups

28
Q

structure of a lymph node

A

STROMA: supporting framework
- CAPSULE: outer layer of dense CT
- TRABECULAE extensions divide nodes into compartments
- RETICULAR FIBRES + FIBROBLASTS

PARENCHYMA: functional component
- CORTEX (inner and outer)
- MEDULLA

29
Q

structure of outer cortex in lymph node

A

OUTER:
contains LYMPHATIC NODULES: groupings of B-cells
- when no foreign invaders around, nodule called PRIMARY LYMPHATIC NODULES
- with invader, nodule called SECONDARY LYMPHATIC NODULE.
- centre of this nodule called the GERMINAL CENTER.
- makes up majority of outer cortex.

30
Q

where do afferent lymphatic vessels enetr a lymph node?

A

on the convex side of the node

31
Q

flow of lymph through lymph node

A
  • afferent lymphatic vessel
  • subcapsular sinus
  • trabecular sinus
  • medullary sinus
  • efferent lymphatic vessel (only 1-2/lymph node), leave via hilum
32
Q

antigens

A

foreign substances in the body

33
Q

3 cell types in germinal centre in secondary lymphatic nodule

A

1. B-CELLS
when presented with antigen, proliferate and turn into 2 types of cells
a. PLASMA CELLS: create antibodies
b. MEMORY B-CELLS: remembers antigen for if it comes again!
2. FOLLICULAR DENDRITIC CELLS
- collects antigens, brings them to B-cells
3. MACROPHAGES
- phagocytosis

34
Q

2 types of cells in inner cortex

A

1. T-CELLS
can form 2 types of cells
a. CYTOTOXIC T-CELLS: attack and destroy antigen
b. HELPER T-CELLS: help cytotoxic T-cells and B-cells
2. DENDRITIC CELLS
- present antigens to T-cells

35
Q

types of cells in medulla region of lymph node

A
  1. B-CELLS
  2. PLASMA CELLS
    - produce antibodies
  3. MACROPHAGES
36
Q

B-cells

A
  • lymphocytes that respond to an antigen
    when antigen present, proliferate and turn into 2 types of cells
    a. PLASMA CELLS: create antibodies
    b. MEMORY B-CELLS: remembers antigen
37
Q

T-cells

A

can form 2 types of cells
a. CYTOTOXIC T-CELLS: attack antigens
b. HELPER T-CELLS: help cytotoxic T-cells and B-cells

38
Q

Dendritic cells

A

from monocytes
present antigens to B and T cells

39
Q

Macrophages

A

do phagocytosis

40
Q

where do T-cells mature? Where are they stored?

A

Thymus
- mature in the cortex
- stored in the medulla

41
Q

largest mass of lymphatic tissue

A

spleen

42
Q

spleen structure + function

A

STROMA
- similar to lymph node, has trabeculae
- surrounded by visceral peritoneum
PARYNCHYMA
- WHITE PULP: surround central artery
- B & T cells and macrophages
- RED PULP: venous sinuses and splenic cord
- macrophages remove old RBC/platelets
- stores up to 1/3 supply of platelets

43
Q

bloodflow in spleen

A
  • splenic artery
  • central artery (surrounded by white pulp)
  • splenic veins (surrounded by venous sinuses and red pulp)

Anatomy II (34 decks)

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