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Anatomy II > M10: Respiratory System - Anatomy > Flashcards

M10: Respiratory System - Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

3 processes required for ventilation to occur

A
  1. VENTILATION (movement of air into and out of lungs)
  2. EXTERNAL RESPIRATION (gas exchange between air in lungs and blood)
  3. INTERNAL RESPIRATION (gas exchange between blood and tissues
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2
Q

secondary respiratory system functions

A
  1. pH regulation
  2. production of chemical mediators (e.g. ACE, angiotensin converting enzyme)
  3. voice production
  4. olfaction
  5. protection (from microorganisms)
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3
Q

pharynx vs larynx

A

pharynx = throat
larynx = voicebox

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4
Q

upper vs lower respiratory system

A

UPPER
- external nose
- nasal cavity
- pharynx
- larynx

LOWER
- trachea
- lungs

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5
Q

conducting vs respiratory zones

A

CONDUCTING: movement of air but no gas exchange
RESPIRATORY: gas exchange

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6
Q

nostrils are called

A

external nares

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7
Q

nasal vestibule structure + function

A
  • space just inside external nares, in nasal cavity
  • stratified squamous epithelial cells lined with hairs - provide protection from large external particles
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8
Q

hard palate structure + function

A

Structure
- palatine and maxillary bones
- bottom of nasal cavity

Function
- separate oral from nasal cavity

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9
Q

nasal conchae structure + function

A

Structure
- superior, middle and inferior ridges on both sides of nasal cavity

Function
- helps create turbulent airflow for air entering nasal cavity
- large surface area for mucous membranes (produce mucous, help to heat the air because they’re highly vascular)

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10
Q

nasal meatus structure + function

A

Structure
- canals between nasal conchae
- superior, middle and inferior

Function
- creates passageway for air to move through nasal cavity

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11
Q

sinuses structure + function

A

Structure
- small cavities within bone
- 2 PARANASAL SINUSES:
- frontal bone: FRONTAL SINUS
- sphenoid bone: SPHENOIDAL SINUS
- lined with mucous membrane

Function
- secrete mucous
- lighten skull
- speech production, resonate sounds

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12
Q

choanae (internal nares) structure + function

A

Structure + function
- opening into pharynx

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13
Q

what separates the R and L nasal cavities?

A

nasal septum

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14
Q

where does the lacrimal duct drain into? why?

A
  • drains into inferior meatus
  • provides additional moisture in nasal canal
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15
Q

general functions of nasal structures

A

-FINISH CARD

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16
Q

olfactory epithelium structure + function

A

structure
- roof of nasal cavity

function
- sense of smell

17
Q

nasal vestibule vs nasal cavity epithelium

A

VESTIBULE: stratified squamous cells
- protection
CAVITY: pseudo-stratified ciliated columnar with goblet cells
- high vascularity, warms air
- mucous moistens air and traps dust
- cilia move mucous towards pharynx

18
Q

pharynx structure + function

A

Structure
- 13cm
- skeletal muscle and mucous membrane
- extends from choanae to esophagus
- 3 regions: NASOPHARYNX, OROPHARYNX and LARYNGOPHARYNX

Functions
- passage for food and air
- resonating chamber for speech production
- lymphatic tissue (tonsils) for immune functions

19
Q

nasopharynx structure + function

A

Structure
- runs from choanae to soft palate
- pseodostratified ciliated columnar cells (like nasal cavity)
- contains OPENING OF AUDITORY TUBE (equalizes pressure in middle ear)
- contains PHARYNGEAL TONSILS (aka adenoids), a mass of lymphatic tissue

Function
- carries air to pharynx

20
Q

soft pallate structure + function

A

Structure
- continuation of hard palate
- muscle + mucous membrane
- contains UVULA (little dangly tissue)

Function
- closes off nasal cavity when we swallow so food and fluids don’t move up
- UVULA helps with this

21
Q

oropharynx structure + function

A

Structure
- runs from soft palate to epiglottis
- stratified squamous epithelium
- FAUCES: name of opening to pharynx from oral cavity
- contains 2 tonsils: PALATINE TONSIL and LINGUAL TONSIL (immune function)

Function
- opens oral cavity to pharynx
- carries food and air

22
Q

laryngopharynx structure + function

A

Structure
- runs from epiglottis to beginning of esophagus
- stratified squamous epithelium

Function
- carries food, fluids air

23
Q

How many pieces of cartilage is the larynx made of?

A

9 total
- 3 unpaired (epiglottis, thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage)
- 6 in pairs (arytenoid cartilage, corniculate cartilages, cuneiform cartilages)

24
Q

epiglottis structure + function

A

Structure
- unpaired cartilage in larynx
- flap of ELASTIC cartilage

Function
- covers opening to pharynx when we swallow

25
Q

thyroid cartilage (adam’s apple) structure + function

A
26
Q

vestibular vs vocal folds structure + function

A

Structure
- pairs of ligaments in larynx covered by mucous membranes
- lined with stratified squamous epithelium
- vestibular: more superior, FALSE VOCAL CHORDS
- vocal: inferior, TRUE VOCAL CHORDS

Functions:
- make noise!

27
Q

glottis

A

name of opening to larynx

28
Q

membrane that attaches thyroid cartilage to hyoid bone

A

thyrohyoid membrane

29
Q

arytenoid cartilage

A
  • paired cartilage
  • articulates with posterior superior cricoid cartilage
  • attaches to vestibular and vocal folds
30
Q

corniculate cartilages

A
  • paired cartilage
  • articulates with top of arytenoid cartilages
31
Q

cuneiform cartilages

A
  • embedded in mucous membrane anterior to corniculate cartilages
  • support lateral aspects of epiglottis and vocal folds
32
Q

How do vocal folds produce sound?

A
  • attached anteriorly to thyroid cartilage, posteriorly to arytenoid cartilage
  • arytenoid cartilage moved by muscles to open and close vocal folds
  • OPEN: breathing
  • CLOSED: produce sound
  • PITCH change by moving arytenoid cartilages anteriorly or posteriorly via muscles to create tension
33
Q

trachea structure + function

A

Structure
- 12 cm long
- extends form larynx to T5
- pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium, contains goblet cells
- 16-20 C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage
- open part accommodates esophagus, made of elastic membrane and TRACHEALIS MUSCLE
- CARINA: bifurcation at base of trachea to split into lung lobes

Function
- air to lungs
- C shaped cartilage prevents trachea collapse
- CARINA: stimulates cough reflex

34
Q

larynx epithelium

A
  • pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium, contains goblet cells
  • EXCEPTION: vestibular and vocal folds (strat squamous)

Anatomy II (34 decks)

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