M10: Respiratory System - Anatomy Flashcards
3 processes required for ventilation to occur
- VENTILATION (movement of air into and out of lungs)
- EXTERNAL RESPIRATION (gas exchange between air in lungs and blood)
- INTERNAL RESPIRATION (gas exchange between blood and tissues
secondary respiratory system functions
- pH regulation
- production of chemical mediators (e.g. ACE, angiotensin converting enzyme)
- voice production
- olfaction
- protection (from microorganisms)
pharynx vs larynx
pharynx = throat
larynx = voicebox
upper vs lower respiratory system
UPPER
- external nose
- nasal cavity
- pharynx
- larynx
LOWER
- trachea
- lungs
conducting vs respiratory zones
CONDUCTING: movement of air but no gas exchange
RESPIRATORY: gas exchange
nostrils are called
external nares
nasal vestibule structure + function
- space just inside external nares, in nasal cavity
- stratified squamous epithelial cells lined with hairs - provide protection from large external particles
hard palate structure + function
Structure
- palatine and maxillary bones
- bottom of nasal cavity
Function
- separate oral from nasal cavity
nasal conchae structure + function
Structure
- superior, middle and inferior ridges on both sides of nasal cavity
Function
- helps create turbulent airflow for air entering nasal cavity
- large surface area for mucous membranes (produce mucous, help to heat the air because they’re highly vascular)
nasal meatus structure + function
Structure
- canals between nasal conchae
- superior, middle and inferior
Function
- creates passageway for air to move through nasal cavity
sinuses structure + function
Structure
- small cavities within bone
- 2 PARANASAL SINUSES:
- frontal bone: FRONTAL SINUS
- sphenoid bone: SPHENOIDAL SINUS
- lined with mucous membrane
Function
- secrete mucous
- lighten skull
- speech production, resonate sounds
choanae (internal nares) structure + function
Structure + function
- opening into pharynx
what separates the R and L nasal cavities?
nasal septum
where does the lacrimal duct drain into? why?
- drains into inferior meatus
- provides additional moisture in nasal canal
general functions of nasal structures
-FINISH CARD
olfactory epithelium structure + function
structure
- roof of nasal cavity
function
- sense of smell
nasal vestibule vs nasal cavity epithelium
VESTIBULE: stratified squamous cells
- protection
CAVITY: pseudo-stratified ciliated columnar with goblet cells
- high vascularity, warms air
- mucous moistens air and traps dust
- cilia move mucous towards pharynx
pharynx structure + function
Structure
- 13cm
- skeletal muscle and mucous membrane
- extends from choanae to esophagus
- 3 regions: NASOPHARYNX, OROPHARYNX and LARYNGOPHARYNX
Functions
- passage for food and air
- resonating chamber for speech production
- lymphatic tissue (tonsils) for immune functions
nasopharynx structure + function
Structure
- runs from choanae to soft palate
- pseodostratified ciliated columnar cells (like nasal cavity)
- contains OPENING OF AUDITORY TUBE (equalizes pressure in middle ear)
- contains PHARYNGEAL TONSILS (aka adenoids), a mass of lymphatic tissue
Function
- carries air to pharynx
soft pallate structure + function
Structure
- continuation of hard palate
- muscle + mucous membrane
- contains UVULA (little dangly tissue)
Function
- closes off nasal cavity when we swallow so food and fluids don’t move up
- UVULA helps with this
oropharynx structure + function
Structure
- runs from soft palate to epiglottis
- stratified squamous epithelium
- FAUCES: name of opening to pharynx from oral cavity
- contains 2 tonsils: PALATINE TONSIL and LINGUAL TONSIL (immune function)
Function
- opens oral cavity to pharynx
- carries food and air
laryngopharynx structure + function
Structure
- runs from epiglottis to beginning of esophagus
- stratified squamous epithelium
Function
- carries food, fluids air
How many pieces of cartilage is the larynx made of?
9 total
- 3 unpaired (epiglottis, thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage)
- 6 in pairs (arytenoid cartilage, corniculate cartilages, cuneiform cartilages)
epiglottis structure + function
Structure
- unpaired cartilage in larynx
- flap of ELASTIC cartilage
Function
- covers opening to pharynx when we swallow
thyroid cartilage (adam’s apple) structure + function
vestibular vs vocal folds structure + function
Structure
- pairs of ligaments in larynx covered by mucous membranes
- lined with stratified squamous epithelium
- vestibular: more superior, FALSE VOCAL CHORDS
- vocal: inferior, TRUE VOCAL CHORDS
Functions:
- make noise!
glottis
name of opening to larynx
membrane that attaches thyroid cartilage to hyoid bone
thyrohyoid membrane
arytenoid cartilage
- paired cartilage
- articulates with posterior superior cricoid cartilage
- attaches to vestibular and vocal folds
corniculate cartilages
- paired cartilage
- articulates with top of arytenoid cartilages
cuneiform cartilages
- embedded in mucous membrane anterior to corniculate cartilages
- support lateral aspects of epiglottis and vocal folds
How do vocal folds produce sound?
- attached anteriorly to thyroid cartilage, posteriorly to arytenoid cartilage
- arytenoid cartilage moved by muscles to open and close vocal folds
- OPEN: breathing
- CLOSED: produce sound
- PITCH change by moving arytenoid cartilages anteriorly or posteriorly via muscles to create tension
trachea structure + function
Structure
- 12 cm long
- extends form larynx to T5
- pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium, contains goblet cells
- 16-20 C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage
- open part accommodates esophagus, made of elastic membrane and TRACHEALIS MUSCLE
- CARINA: bifurcation at base of trachea to split into lung lobes
Function
- air to lungs
- C shaped cartilage prevents trachea collapse
- CARINA: stimulates cough reflex
larynx epithelium
- pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium, contains goblet cells
- EXCEPTION: vestibular and vocal folds (strat squamous)
