M21: Urinary System

Question 1

ureter

Answer 1

tubes to carry products from kidneys to bladder

Question 2

urinary system purpose

Answer 2

filters blood plasma
- pulls out FILTRATE from the blood to keep or get rid of contents
- waste products out as urine
- returns water and solutes to bloodstream

Question 3

renal vasculature

Answer 3

To kidneys:
Abdominal aorta -> R + L RENAL ARTERIES

From Kidneys:
R + L RENAL VEINS

Question 4

What % of cardiac output is being sent to kidneys in resting condition?

Answer 4

20-25%

Question 5

6 general functions of kidneys

Answer 5

• EXCRETION (e.g. ammonia, bilirubin, creatinine, uric acid, toxins)
• REGULATION OF BLOOD VOLUME AND PRESSURE
• REGULATION OF SOLUTE CONCENTRATION IN BLOOD
• REGULATION OF pH (excretion of H+ ions)
• REGULATION OF RBC SYNTHESIS (erythropoietin)
• VITAMIN D SYNTHESIS

Question 6

erythropoietin

Answer 6

• made by kidneys
• stimulates RBC production in red bone marrow

Question 7

anatomical positioning of kineys

Answer 7

• above the waist, retroperitoneal
• protected by 11th and 12th ribs
• R kidney lower to accommodate liver

Question 8

which kidney sits lower?

Answer 8

R kidney
to accommodate liver

Question 9

What waste products are removed by the kidneys?

Answer 9

ammonia
bilirubin, urobilin
creatinine
uric acid
toxins (e.g. drugs)

Question 10

external anatomy of kidney, deep to superficial

Answer 10

RENAL CAPSULE
- dense irregular CT
- protection, retains shape of kidney
ADIPOSE CAPSULE
- layer of fat
RENAL FASCIA
- dense irregular CT
- anchors kidney to abdominal wall, other structures in abdomen
PERITONEUM
- anterior lateral covering

Question 11

renal hilum

Answer 11

where renal blood vessels, nerves and ureters enter kidney

Question 12

internal anatomy of kidney, superficial to deep

Answer 12

RENAL CAPSULE
RENAL CORTEX
RENAL MEDULLA (shaped into RENAL PYRAMIDS)
- each kidney can have 8-18 renal pyramids
- BASE is closest to cortex
- RENAL PAPILLA closest to hilum
RENAL COLUMNS
- between each renal pyramid, extension of renal cortex
RENAL SINUS
- central space in hilum

RENAL LOBE
- section of 1 pyramid, surroundung cortex and column

Question 13

path of urine drainage

Answer 13

• COLLECTING DUCT
• several collecting ducts join to form the PAPILLARY DUCT
• MINOR CALYX connects renal papilla to hilum
• minor calyces join to form MAJOR CALYX (2-3 in each kidney)
• major calyces join to form RENAL PEVLIS
• URETERS

Question 14

collecting ducts

Answer 14

bring filtrate from renal cortex towards centre of kidney

Question 15

segmental arteries

Answer 15

branches of renal artery once it reaches renal pelvis

Question 15

renal bloodflow

Answer 15

• RENAL ARTERY
• SEGMENTAL ARTERIES once at the renal pelvis
• INTERLOBAR ARTERIES surround outside of renal pyramids
• ARCUATE ARTERIES once in cortex
• CORTICAL RADIATE ARTERIES
• AFFERENT ARTERIOLE
• GLOMERULAR CAPPILARIES
• EFFERENT ARTERIOLE
• VASA RECTA (capillary network surrounding nephron loops) + PERITUBULAR CAPPILARIES (capillary network surrounding cortical nephron)
• CORTICAL RADIATE VEIN
• ARCUATE VEINS
• INTERLOBAR VEINS
• RENAL VEIN
• IVC