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Anatomy II > M32: Endocrine System - Pituitary & Hypothalamus > Flashcards

M32: Endocrine System - Pituitary & Hypothalamus Flashcards

1
Q

Which structure connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland?

A

infundibulum
(hypothalamus superior to pituitary)

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2
Q

general role of hypothalamus

A
  • receives input from cortex, thalamus & internal organs
  • regulates homeostasis via ANS - temp, thirst, hunger, sex, fight/flight
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3
Q

how many different hormones does the hypothalamus produce?

A

9 total

  • 7 control anterior pituitary gland secretions (5 releasing and 2 inhibitory)
  • 2 are shuttled to posterior pituitary for storage
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4
Q

how many different hormones does the pituitary gland produce?

A
  • produces 7
  • secretes 9 (2 are stored in posterior pituitary)
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5
Q

sella turcica

A

indentation in spehenoid bone that provides extra protection for pituitary gland

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6
Q

2 lobes of pituitary gland

A

ANTERIOR (aka adenohypophysis)
- 75% of pituitary weight
- releases 7 hormones
POSTERIOR (aka neurohypophysis)
- partially made of nervous tissue
- releases 2 hormones from hypothalamus

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7
Q

name the cells that make hormones in hypothalamus and pituitary glands

A

neurosecretatory cells

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8
Q

how do hormones secreted from hypothalamus reach the anterior pituitary?

A

HYPOPHYSEAL PORTAL SYSTEM
- neurosecretatory cells in hyporthalamus make the hormones and package into vessicles
- axonal transport
- hormones released into PRIMARY PLEXUS (first capillary bed of portal system, in infundibulum)
- hormones travel through HYPOPHYSEAL PORTAL VEIN to SECONDARY PLEXUS (more capillary beds!) in anterior pituitary
- hormones leave pituitary via HYPOPHYSEAL VEIN

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9
Q

does every hormone produced in the hypothalamus trigger release of pituitary hormones?

A

NO
- only 7/9 are releasing/inhibiting hormones that affect the pituitary
- other 2 are stored in pituitary

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10
Q

“three hormone system”

A

-> hormone produced by gland
-> hormone reaches target tissue
-> target tissue releases hormone that effects first hormone

cycle produces negative or positive feedback

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11
Q

tropic hormones

A

hormones that work on other endocrine glands or target tissues in the body that can secrete their own hormones
- hormones from pituitary gland are tropic hormones

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12
Q

Cells of anterior pituitary and hormones they secrete

A

SOMATOTROPHS: secrete human growth hormone (hGH)
THYROTROPHS: secrete thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
GONADOTROPHS: secrete follice stimulating hormone (FSH) and lutenizing hormone (LH)
LACTOTROPHS: secrete prolactin
CORTICOTROPHS: secrete adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

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13
Q

hGH functions

A

Human growth hormone
- released in bursts every few hours (especially during sleep) by somatotrophs
- most plentiful hormone in AP

Direct Actions: changes to metabolism
- stimulates lipolysis
- slows glucose uptake into cells
- slows glucose use in ATP production when blood glucose levels drop

Indirect Actions: tissue growth
- increases synthesis of INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTORS (IGF) -> increases cell growth and repair
- common target cells are liver, skeletal muscle, cartilage and bone

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14
Q

TSH

A

thyroid stimulating hormone

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15
Q

FSH and LH

A

follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone

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16
Q

ACTH

A

adrenocorticotropic hormone

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17
Q

MSH

A

melanocyte-stimulating hormone
- don’t really know what it does
- in excess, can cause darkening of the skin

18
Q

lipolysis

A

breakdown of triglycerides into free fatty acids as fuel for body

19
Q

Function of Insulin-like growth factors (IGF)

A

Increases cell growth and repair
e.g. increase pr- synthesis, stimulation of osteoblasts

20
Q

What side effects result from takign hGH as a muscle building suppliment?

A

Because hGH stimulates growth and repair -> cancer growth

Becasue hGH slows glucose intake into cells -> diabetes

21
Q

regulation of hGH

A
  • Controlled by growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) and growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH)
  • released during deep sleep, SNS arousal, when blood fatty acids low or amino acids high
  • decreases with aging and obesity

GHRH
- stimulates hGH secretion
- hGH stimulates glycogen breakdown
- blood-glucose rises to normal
- hyperglycaemia inhibits GHRH release

GHIH
- inhibits hGH secretion
- decreased glycogen breakdown
- blood-glucose falls to normal
- hypoglycaemia inhibits GHIH release

22
Q

gigantism and acromegaly

A

gigantism: presence of excess human growth hormone throughout childhood into adulthood (andre the giant)

acromegaly: larger features of hands and feet because growth plates fuse later due to excess hGH

23
Q

somatotrophs secrete…

A

hGH

24
Q

Thyrotrophs secrete…

A

TSH

25
Q

gonadotrophs secrete…

A

FSH and LH

26
Q

lactotrophs secrete…

A

prolactin

27
Q

corticotrophs secrete…

A

ACTH MSH

28
Q

TSH functions

A
  • produced by thyrotroph cells in AP (when stimulated by TRH from hypothalamus)
  • stimulates synthesis and release of T3 and T4 from thyroid
  • blood concentrations of T3 and T4 control TRH release (negative feedback)
  • thyroid regulates basal metabolic rate
29
Q

What stimulates FSH and LH release?

A
  • release stimulated via gonadotropin
    releasing hormone (GnRH) from hypothalamus
29
Q

FSH function and regulation

A

Function:
- formation of follicles in ovary
- stimulates follicles to secrete estrogen
- stimulates sperm production in testes

Regulation:
- release stimulated via gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) from hypothalamus
- released by gonadotrophs in AP
- inhibited by estrogen in females and testosterone in males

30
Q

LH function and regulation

A

In females it stimulates:
- ovulation of 2nd oocyte from ovary
- formation of corpus luteum
- secretion of estrogen and progesterone
In males it stimulates:
- interstitial cells to secrete testosterone

Regulation:
- release stimulated via gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) from hypothalamus
- released by gonadotrophs in AP
- inhibited by estrogen in females and testosterone in males

31
Q

PRL function and regulation

A

Regulation
- Prolactin inhibiting hormones (PIH) and prolactin releasing hormones (PRH) from hypothalamus regulate lactotrophs
- PIH released most of the time
- prgenancy increases PRH and suckling reduces PIH

Functions:
- females: under right condition, causes milk production
PRL only a mild stimulant for milk production, there are a lot of other factors involved
- males: too much may cause erectile dysfunction

32
Q

ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) function and regulation

A

Functions:
- targets adrenal cortex
- produces/secretes cortisol and other glucocorticoids

Regulation:
- corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) from hypothalamus stimulates corticotrophs in AP to release ACTH
- glucocorticoids inhibit CRH and ACTH (negative feedback)

33
Q

Posterior pituitary gland function

A

does not synthesize hormones!
- stores/releases OXYTOCIN and ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE (ADH)

34
Q

hypothalamus to posterior pituitary gland pipeline

A
  • oxytocin and ADH produced in hypothalamus neurosecretatory cells
  • travel through axons in HYPOTHALAMIC-HYPOPHYSEAL TRACT in infundibulum
  • released at PP in CAPILLARY PLEXUS OF INFUNDIBULAR PROCESS
  • supplied by INFERIOR HYPOPHYSEAL ARTERY, exits via POSTERIOR HYPOPHYSEAL VEIN
35
Q

Oxytocin function and regulation

A

affects uterus and mammary glands

During delivery:
- stretching of cervix stimulates release
- stimulates smooth muscle contraction in uterus
- positive feedback loop

After delivery:
- released during suckling & hearing baby’s cry - stimulates milk ejection

36
Q

3 functions of ADH (antidiuretic hormone)

A

aka VASOPRESSIN

  • increase water reabsorbtion in kidneys
  • sudoriferous (sweat) glands - decrease sweating
  • increase blood pressure-vasoconstriction
37
Q

ADH regulation

A

2 pathways

ADH released:
- dehydration (high blood osmotic pressure) stimulates hypothalamic osmoreceptors
- osmoreceptors activate neurosecretatory cells that synthesize ADH
- ADH liberated from PP axon terminal, goes into bloodstream
- Effects: kidneys retain water, sweat glands decreases water loss, vasoconstriction

ADH inhibited
- overhydration (low osmotic pressure) inhibits hypothalamic osmoreceptors
- inhibition of osmoreceptors reduces or stops ADH secretion

38
Q

How does alcohol consumption effect ADH

A

inhibits ADH secretion
- lose too many fluid because not able to reabsorb water
- causes a hangover/thirst next day

39
Q

what vessel provides blood supply to the primary plexus?

A

superior hypophyseal artery

Anatomy II (34 decks)

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