M11: Respiratory System - Anatomy + Lung volumes

Question 1

carina

Answer 1

• first split in trachea that separates it into two branches
• membrane sensitive to irritation: initiates cough reflex if debris too far down trachea

Question 2

branching of bronchial tree

Answer 2

trachea
MAIN (primary) bronchi
LOBAL (secondary bronchi)
- 3 on right
- 2 on left
SEGMENTAL (tertiary) bronchi
- 9-10 branches
brochioles
TERMINAL bronchioles
microscopic airways
- where gas exchange occurs
RESPIRATORY bronchioles
- some smooth muscle, some scattered alveoli
ALVEOLAR DUCTS
ALVEOLAR SACS
ALVEOLI

Question 3

how does cartilage change down bronchial tree? why?

Answer 3

starts as c-rings in trachea
cartilage plates after main bronchi
cartilage replaced by smooth muscle near terminal bronchioles

WHY? allow for vasodilation and constriction

Question 4

superior and inferior portions of the lungs are called

Answer 4

apex and base

Question 5

blood vessels to smooth muscle in bronchioles are called…

Answer 5

bronchial vein, bronchial artery

Question 6

blood vessels that carry blood around alvioli

Answer 6

pulmonary arteries and veins

Question 7

3 main cell types in an alveolus

Answer 7

1. TYPE I PNEUMOCYTE
   - simple squamous epithelial cell
   - thin layer for gas exchange
2. TYPE II PNEUMOCYTE
   - round/cube shaped
   - secrete alveolar fluid that lines lumen of alveoli
   - fluid contains SURFACTANT
3. MACROPHAGE (dust cells)
   - wander around, collect dust and debris

Question 8

what 2 cells types in alveoli make up the alveolar epithelial wall?

Answer 8

Type I and II pneumocytes

Question 9

layers that gas has to move through from alveolus to capillary

Answer 9

• alveolar fluid
• alveolar epithelium (type I pneumocyte)
• basement membrane of alveolar epithelium
  interstitial space
• basement membrane of capillary endothelium
• pulmonary capillary endothelium
• red blood cells

Question 10

hilum

Answer 10

medial surface of the lungs where bronchi and blood vessels enter the lung (ROOT of the lung)

Question 11

numbers of lobes in lungs

Answer 11

R: 3 lobes
L: 2 lobes

Question 12

indentation in left lung

Answer 12

cardiac notch

Question 13

role of plural fluid

Answer 13

• reduce friction
• hold parietal and visceral pleura together

Question 14

fissures and lobes in lungs

Answer 14

RIGHT
- 3 lobes
- horizontal and oblique fissure

LEFT
- 2 lobes
- oblique fissure

Question 15

spirometer

Answer 15

measures air inspired or expired

Question 16

tidal volume

Answer 16

volume of air we breathe per breath

Question 17

inspiratory reserve volume

Answer 17

difference between max inspiration and tidal volume
(amount of extra space in lungs that you could use to breathe in)
avg. 3000mL

Question 18

expiratory reserve volume

Answer 18

difference between tidal volume and max expiration
(amount of extra space in lungs that you could use to breathe out)
avg. 1100mL

Question 19

total lung capacity

Answer 19

total lung volume
avg. 5800mL

Question 20

residual volume

Answer 20

air left over after a max expiration
avg. 2300mL

Question 21

4 lung capacities

Answer 21

1. total lung capacity
   - total lung volume
   - avg. 5800mL
2. vital capacity
   - max expiration to max inspiration
   - avg. 4600mL
3. inspirational capacity
   - total amount you can breathe in
   - avg. 3500mL
4. functional residual capacity
   - volume left in lungs after normal expiration
   - avg. 2300mL

Question 22

minute ventilation

Answer 22

total air moved in and out of respiratory system each minute

tidal volume x respiratory rate

Question 23

anatomic dead space

Answer 23

where gas exchange is not possible
- nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx etc.

Question 24

alveolar ventilation

Answer 24

volume of air available for gas exchange per minute