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M4: Diseases & Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Communicable Disease

What are Communicable Diseases?

A

Diseases caused by another organism that infects another

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2
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Communicable Disease

What’s a Pathogen?

A

Microorganisms that cause disease

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3
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Communicable Disease

Name the 4 Pathogens

A
  • Bacteria
  • Virus
  • Fungi
  • Protoctista
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4
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Communicable Disease

What are Communicable Disease often categorised as?

A

Infectious
↳ can be passed from organism to organism

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5
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Pathogens & Disease

What’s an Infectous Disease?

A

Disease resulting from infection of a host organism by a pathogen

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6
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Bacteria

What’s Bacteria?

A

Prokaryote

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7
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Bacteria

What’s Bacteria often classified into?

A
  • Basic Shape
  • Cell Wall
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8
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:

What are the different shapes of Bacteria?

A
  • Rod shaped
  • Spherical shaped
  • Comma shaped
  • Spiralled shaped
  • Corkscrew shaped
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9
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Bacteria by Cell Wall

What’s Gram Positive Bacteria?

A

Appears blue-purple under microscope after gram staining

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10
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Bacteria by Cell Wall

What’s an Example of Gram Positive Bacteria?

A

MRSA

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11
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Bacteria by Cell Wall

What’s Gram Negative Bacteria?

A

Appears red under microscope after gram staining

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12
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Bacteria by Cell Wall

What’s an example of Gram Negative Bacteria?

A

E. coli

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13
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Bacteria by Cell Wall

What affects how Bacteria reponds to Antibiotics?

A

Type of membrane

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14
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Viruses

What are Viruses?

A

Non-living infectious agents
↳ short section of RNA sorrounded by protein

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15
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Viruses

How do Viruses infect cells?

A

Inserting its own RNA into the DNA of a cell

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16
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Viruses

What happens when that Cell has been infected by a Virus?

A

It will begin to produce more viruses

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17
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Viruses

What can Viruses infect?

A

All types of Organisms

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18
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Bacteriophagos

What’s Bacteriophagos?

A

When a virus affects Bacteria

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19
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Protoctista

What are Protoctista?

A

Eukaryotic cells
↳ single & multi cellular

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20
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Protoctista

What’s required for the spread of a Protista?

A

A vector

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21
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Fungi

What are Fungi?

A

Eukaryotes that mainly affect plants
↳ unicellular & multicellular

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22
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Fungi

Why are many Fungi described as ‘Saprophytes’?

A

Made of dead decaying matter

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23
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Fungi

Why do Fungi mainly affect Plants?

A

They infect the leaves
↳ preventing photosynthesis

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24
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Fungi

How do Fungi affect Animals?

A

Produce millions of spores
↳ rapidly infect other organisms

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# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Affect of Pathogens How do Pathogens affect Organisms?
* Damage tissue * Produce Toxins ↳ combines to immune response
26
# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Damage to Tissues How do Viruses damage Tissues?
* Takes over cellular metabolism ↳ viral genetic material is inserted into genetic material of host cell ↳ host cell makes more viruses ↳ burst out of cell → destroying it
27
# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Damage to Tissues How do Protoctista damage Tissues?
* Take over cell ↳ digests insides ↳ used as medium to reproduce before bursting out
28
# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Damage to Tissues How do Fungi damage Tissues?
Digest & destroy living cells
29
# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Producing Toxins Which Pathogen is most likely to produce toxins?
Pathogenic bacteria → (poison) * Some fungi
30
# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Producing Toxins What's the affect of Toxins on an organism?
Damages cells of host organism ↳ breaking down plasma membrane or inactivating enzymes
31
# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Animal Diseases: Tuberculosis What is Tuberulosis caused by?
Airbone bacteria ↳ Mycobacterium tuberculosis
32
# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Animal Diseases: Tuberculosis What's the affect of Tuberculosis on an organism?
Affects respiratory system ↳ damages & destroys lung tissue ↳ suppresses immune system
33
# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Animal Diseases: Tuberculosis What's the Cure of Tuberculosis?
Treated using a course of antibiotics
34
# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Animal Diseases: Tuberculosis Why is this Cure unsustainble for Tuberculosis?
Antibiotic resistant strains of TB have emerged
35
# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Animal Diseases: HIV/AIDS What causes AIDS?
Virus of HIV
36
# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Animal Diseases: HIV/AIDS What's the affect of HIV/AIDS on an organism?
Targets T-helper cells in immune system ↳ destroys immune system **:** affected people are optn to other infections
37
# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Animal Diseases: HIV/AIDS What's the Cure for HIV/AIDS?
No cure ↳ anti-retoviral drug slows process
38
# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Animal Diseases: Malaria What causes Malaria?
Protocista Plasmodium spread by bites of infected Anopheles mosquitoes
39
# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Animal Diseases: Malaria What's the affect of Malaria on an organism?
Invades red blood cells,liver & brain * Disease recurs ↳ making people weak & vulnerable to other infection
40
# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Animal Diseases: Malaria What's the Cure for Malaria?
* No vaccine available * Limited cures ↳ controlling vectors ↳ use of insecticides or removing standing water where they breed or use of mosquito nets
41
# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Animal Diseases: Influenza What causes Influenza?
Viral infection by Orthomyxoviridae spp.
42
# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Animal Diseases: Influenza What's the affect of Influenza on an organism?
Affected ciliated epithelial cells in gas exchange ↳ kills them **:** airways are left open to secondary infections
43
# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Animal Diseases: Influenza What's the Cure for Influenza?
No cure ↳ flue viruses mutate regularly **:** no antibiotics available
44
# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Animal Diseases: Bacterial Meningitis What causes Bacterial Meningitis?
Bacteria Syreptococuus Pneumonial or Neisseria Meningitidis
45
# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Animal Diseases: Bacterial Meningitis What's the affect of Bacterial Meningitis on an organism?
Infects brain's meninges ↳ spreads to rest of body causing septicaemia & rapid death * Red/purple rash
46
# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Animal Diseases: Bacterial Meningitis What's the Cure for Bacterial Meningitis?
* Early delivered antibiotics * Vaccines protects against some forms
47
# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Animal Diseases: Ring Worm What causes Ring Worm?
Fungal disease by Trichophyton Verrucosum
48
# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Animal Diseases: Ring Worm What's the affect of Ring Worm on an organism?
* Crusty, infectious, circular areas of skin ↳ not damaging but looks itchy
49
# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Animal Diseases: Ring Worm What's the Cure for Ring Worm?
Antifungal Cream
50
# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Animal Diseases: Athlete's Foot What causes Athelete's Foot?
Fungal disease by Tinia Pedia
51
# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Animal Diseases: Athlete's Foot What's the affect of Athlete's Foot on an organism?
Cracking/scailing of skin ↳ may become itchy & sore
52
# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Animal Diseases: Athlete's Foot What's the Cure for Athlete's Foot?
Antifungal Cream
53
# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Plant Diseases: Ring Rot What causes Ring Rot?
Gram Positive Bacterium, Clavinacter Michiganensis
54
# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Plant Diseases: Ring Rot What's the affect of Ring Rot on an organism?
Damaged leaves, tubers & fruit ↳ destroys up to 80% of crop
55
# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Plant Diseases: Ring Rot What's the Cure for Ring Rot?
No cure ↳ once infected, it can't be used to grow tubers again for at least 2 years
56
# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Plant Diseases: TMV What causes TMV?
Virus infecting Tabacco plants
57
# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Plant Diseases: TMV What's the affect of TMV on an organism?
* Damages leaves, flowers & fruit * Stuns growth & reduces yield
58
# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Plant Diseases: TMV What's the Cure for TMV?
No cure ↳ resistant crop stains available
59
# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Plant Diseases: Potato Blight What causes Potato Blight?
Fungus lik protocist oomycete, Phytophtlora Infestons
60
# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Plant Diseases: Potato Blight What's the affect of Potato Blight on an organism?
Hyphae penetrates host cells ↳ destroying leaves, tubers & fruits **:** crop damaged
61
# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Plant Diseases: Potato Blight What's the Cure for Potato Blight?
No cure ↳ resistant stains or careful management & chemical treatments
62
# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Plant Diseases: Black Sigatoka What causes Black Sigatoka?
Fungus, Mycospharella Fijiensis
63
# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Plant Diseases: Black Sigatoka What's the affect of Black Sigatoka on an organism?
Hyphae penetrates & digests cells ↳ destroying leaves **:** turn black ↳ infection = 50% reduction in yield
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# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Plant Diseases: Black Sigatoka What's the Cure for Black Sigatoka?
No cure but treatmeants * Good Husbandry * Fungicide
65
# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Mechanisms of Disease In what 2 ways can Pathogens cause disease?
* Damaging cells * Producing toxins
66
# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Disease Transmission What factors affect the Transmission of Diseases?
* Human demographics & behavious * Economic development & land use * Microbial adaptation & change * Breakdown of public health measures * Climate change * International travel
67
# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Methods of Transmitting Disease What are examples of Direct Transmission in Animals?
* Direct Contact * Inoculation * Ingestion
68
# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Methods of Transmitting Diseases What are examples of Indirect Transmission in Animals?
* Formites * Droplet infection * Vectors
69
# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Transmission of Disease Which factors affect Transmission of Disease in Animals?
* Overcrowding * Poor Nutrition * Compromised Immune System * Disposal of waste * Climate change * Culture * Socioeconomic factors
70
# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Transmission of Disease What are measure used to Prevent the Transmission of Disease in Animals?
* Hand-washing * Improvements in living & working conditions * Disposal of bodily & household waste
71
# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Methods of Transmitting Diseases What are examples of Direct Transmissions in Plants?
* Contact with leaves
72
# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Methods of Trasmitting Diseases What are examples of Indirect Transmissions in Plants?
* Soil contamination * Wind * Water * Animals * Humans
73
# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Transmission of Disease What are Factors affecting the Transmission of Disease in Plants?
* Susceptibility of disease * Overcrowding * Resistance * Climatic conditions * Climate change
74
# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Transmission of Disease What are measure used to Prevent the Transmission of Diseases in Plants?
* Leave plenty of space between plants * Clear fields * Rotate crops * Follow strict hygiene practices * Control insect vectors
75
# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Primary Defence in Plants What are Physical barries used to Prevent the entry of Disease in Plants
* Waxy cuticle * Bark of tree trunks * Cellulose cell walls
76
# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Primary Defence in Plants How do Plants react to a damaged Tissue?
They sacrifice it instead of attempting to heal it
77
# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Physical Defenses What happens when a Pathogen is detected?
Produces rapid high levels of callose
78
# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Physical Defenses What's Callose?
Polysaccharide made of beta glucose monomers
79
# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Physical Defences What are the Roles of Callose in Plan Defence?
* Deposited between cell walls & cell membranes next to infected cells ↳ barrier prevents further spread * Ligning added to callose ↳ strengthens barrier * Blocks sieve cells of phloem ↳ prevents further spreading * Deposited in plasmodesmate of connecting cells
80
# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Chemical Defences What are Chemical Defences used to Prevent insects in Plants?
* Insect repellents e.g pine resin & citronella ↳ from lemon grass * Insecticides e.g pyrethrines acts as a neurotoxin to insects & caffeine (toxin to insects & fungi)
81
# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Chemical Defenses How do Plants deal with Pathogens?
Antibacterial compounds containg antibiotics are produces
82
# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Chemical Defenses What are examples of ways Plants deal with Pathogens?
* Phenols ↳ an antiseptic produced by cotton plants * Defensins ↳ plant proteins that disrupt membranes of bacteria & fungi
83
# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Chemical Defences How do Plants deal with Fungi?
Produce antifungal compounds
84
# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Chemical Defences What are examples of Antifungal compounds?
* Gossypol ↳ produced by cotton * Caffeine ↳ toxic to fungi & insects * Saponins ↳ chemicals in plant cell membranes that interfere w fungal cells membranes
85
# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Chemical Defences How do Plants use Enzymes to deal w Toxins?
* Chitinases ↳ break down of fungal cell walls * Glucanase ↳ enzyme used to break down glucans found in oomycetes * Cyanide ↳ toxin in most living organisms
86
# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Immune System What's the Immune System?
Mechanism used to defend an organism against pathogens & foreign substances
87
# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Immune System What's an Immune Response?
Complex series of specifc & non-specific processes involving a range of cells & chemicals
88
# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Physical Barriers How does the Skin act as a Physical Barrier?
Acts as physical barrier all around body ↳ prevents entry of bacteria * Produces Sebum ↳ oily substance that inhibits pathogen growth
89
# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Physical Barriers How does Skin Flora act as a Physical Barrier?
Has large population of natural health bacteria ↳ outcompete pathogens for surface space
90
# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Physical Barriers How do Mucous Membranes act as Physical Barriers?
Layer of mucus traps pathogens ↳ contains lysozymes which destroys bacteria
91
# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Physical Barriers How does Lysozyme act as a Physical Barrier?
In tears, urine & stomach acid ↳ destroys pathogens
92
# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Blood Clotting What happens if the skin is rupted & pathogens enter blood?
Stages in blood clotting & wound repair
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# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Blood Clotting What's the 1st Stage in Blood Clotting?
Platelets rush to site releasing 2 substances: * Thromboplastin * Serotonin
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# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Blood Clotting What's the function of Thromboplastin?
Activates blood clotting system by binding to & activating plasma serine protease, factor Vlla. following vascular injury
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# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Blood Clotting What's the function of Serotonin?
Causes muscles to contract around wound ↳ reducing gap
96
# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Blood Clotting What's the 2nd Step in Blood Clotting?
Clot dries out ↳ forming a hard scab keeping pathogens from entering
97
# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Blood Clotting What's the 3rd Step in Blood Clotting?
Epidemical (skin) cell grows beneath scab ↳ collagen fibres reinforce skin cells
98
# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Inflammatory Response What's meant by 'Inflammation'?
Swelling of skin immediately around a rupture ↳ characterised by pain,heat & redness
99
# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Inflammatory Response What happens when Mast cells are activated when skin is rupted?
They release Histamines & Cytokines
100
# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Inflammatory Response What's the function of Histamines?
* Make blood vessels dilate ↳ causing localised heat & redness ↳ High temps prevent pathogens from reproducing * Increases permeability of cell wall ↳ more tissue fluid escapes ↳ causing swelling & pain
101
# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Inflammatory Response What's the function of Cytokines?
Attracted red blood cells to deal w any pathogens
102
# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Fevers What's the Normal core body temperature?
37°
103
# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Fevers What controls the Core body Temperature?
Hypothalamus in brain
104
# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Fevers What happens during an Infection?
Large presence of white blood cells causes hypothalamus to reset ↳ increases temp
105
# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Fevers Why does the Hypothalamus react this way during an Infection?
* Pathogens can't reproduce as quickly in temps over 37° * Specific immune system can work faster
106
# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Stages of Phagocytosis What's the 1st Stage in Phagocytosis? | (1st)
Pathogens produce chemicals & other toxins that attract phagocytes
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# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Stages of Phagocytosis What's the 2nd Stage in Phagocytosis? | (2nd)
Phagocytes recognise foreign antigens on pathogens as not beings of the organism
108
# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Stages of Phagocytosis What's the 3rd Stage of Phagocytosis? | (3rd)
Phagocyte engulfs pathogens putting it into a specialised vacuole ↳ **phagosome**
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# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Stages of Phagocytosis What's the 4th Stage of Phagocytosis? | (4th)
Phagosomes combines w a lysosome (contains powerful digestive enzymes) to form a phagolysosome
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# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Stages of Phagocytosis What's the 5th Stage of Phagocytosis? | (5th)
Enzymes in phagolysosome breakdown pathogens
111
# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Stages of Phagocytosis What's the 6th Step in Phagocytosis? | (6th)
Broken down pathogen is moved out of phagocyte by exocytosis
112
# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Phagocytosis in Macrophages What are Macrophages?
Specialised phagocytes ↳ take longer to break pathogens than normal phagocytes
113
# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Phagocytosis in Macrophages What happens once the Pathogen has been broken down?
Foreign antigens of pathogen binds w antigens of macrophage ↳ forming a **Histocompatibility-complex** (MHC)
114
# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Phagocytosis in Macrophages What happens after the MHC has been formed?
They display antigens on macrophage's plasma membrane ↳ forming a **Antigen-presenting cell** (APC)
115
# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Opsonins How are Opsonins produced?
By phagocytes
116
# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Opsonin What's the function of an Opsonin?
Tag pathogens making them more visible to other phagocytes
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# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Specific Immune Response What's meant by Specific or Adaptive Immune Response?
Targets specific pathogen but its slower
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# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Specific Immune Response What are the 2 Types of Reponse to pathogens?
* Cell-mediated * Humoral
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# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Specific Immune Response What's meant by Cell-mediated Response?
Highly specialised cells target pathogens inside cells
120
# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Specific Immune Response What's meant by Humoral Response?
Targets pathogens in body fluids w antigens
121
# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Antigens Which cells have Antigens?
All cells
122
# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Antigens What do Body Cells recognise Antigens as?
* Self * Foreign
123
# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Antigens How does the Immune System react to this?
They carry out a response if a foreign antigen is present
124
# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Antibodies What are Antibodies?
Specialised glycoproteins ↳ called immunoglobulins
125
# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Antibodies Describe the shape of Antibodies
They have a specific shape ↳ binds to 1 type of antigen
126
# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Antibodies Which Model described the binding between an Antibody & Antigen?
Lock & Key Model
127
# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Antibodies What's a Characteristic of the Variable Regions?
They're different in every antibody ↳ complementary to antigen's shape
128
# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Effector Mechanism How do antibodies inactivate pathogens?
* Neutralisation * Aggutination
129
# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Antibodies How do Antibodies work?
Antibody-antigen complex acts similarly to opsonin chemical ↳ stimulating digestion by phagocytosis
130
# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Antibodies Why are antibodies affective?
Most pathogens are unable to affect body cells once an antibody-antigen complex is formed
131
# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Neutralisation & Agglutination What occurs in Agglutination?
1 Antibody binds to 2 pathogens ↳ causing them to clump together ↳ easier to engulf pathogens by phagocytosis
132
# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Neutralisation & Agglutination What occurs in Neutralisation?
Antibodies acting as antitoxins ↳ binding to toxins produced by pathogens ↳ makes them harmless
133
# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Lymphocytes What are Lymphocytes? | ( leukocyte )
Type of white blood cells
134
# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Lymphocytes Where are Leukocytes found?
Blood & Lymph nodes
135
# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Lymphocytes What's the function of Lymphocytes?
* Recognise antigen molecules on pathogen's surface * Co-ordinate Immune Response against that pathogen
136
# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Lymphocytes What are the 2 types of Lymphocytes?
* B-Lymphocytes * T-Lymphobytes
137
# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Lymphocytes What are B-Lymphocytes?
Lymphocytes formed in the Bone Marrow
138
# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Lymphocytes What are T-Lymphocytes?
Lymphocytes formed in the Thymus
139
# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** T-Lymphocytes What's the function of the T-helper Cell?
Produce interleukins (type of **cytokine**) ↳ stimulate B-cell & antibody production & attracts other T-cells & antibodies
140
# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** T-Lymphocytes What's the function of the T-killer Cell?
Kill pathogens by producing perforin (chemical) ↳ makes holes in pathogen's plasma membrane
141
# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** T-Lymphocytes What's the function of the T-memory Cell?
Act as immunological memory ↳ remain in blood for long periods of time ## Footnote When 2nd infection occurs they divide rapidly to form many killer T-cells
142
# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** T-Lymphocytes What's the function of T-regulator cells?
Prevent an autoimmune response ↳ represses immune system after all pathogens have been destroyed
143
# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** B-Lymphocytes What's the function of the Plasma Cell?
Produce specific antibodies to an invading antigen ↳ live for few days, produce up to 2000 antibodies per second when active
144
# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** B-Lymphocytes What's the function of the B-effector Cells?
Divide to form plasma cell clones
145
# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** B-Lymphocytes What's the function of the B-memory Cell?
Remain in blood for long periods of time ↳ providing immunological memory ## Footnote Infection occurs they reproduce rapidly & produce the same specific antigen
146
# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Humoral Immunity What's Humoral Immunity?
Response to pathogens found in bloodstream * Mainly bacteria & fungal infection
147
# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Humoral Immunity What type Antigens are produced?
Antigens that are soluble in blood, tissue fluid & lymph fluid
148
# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Humoral Immunity Why are B-Cell more important in Humoral Immunity?
They have diff antibodies on their surface ↳ will bind to complementary antigens on pathogen membrane
149
# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Humoral Immunity What's the function of B-Cells in Humoral Immunity?
B-Cell will engulf pathogen & present antigen on its surface ↳ becoming an **Antigen-presenting cell**
150
# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Steps in Humoral Immunity What's the 1st Step in Humoral Immunity? | (1st)
T-helper cells bind to antigens on presenting B cell ↳ clonal selection
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# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Steps in Humoral Immunity What's the 2nd Step in Humoral Immunity? | (2nd)
Interleukins produced by t-helper cells activate other B-cells
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# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Steps in Humoral Immunity What's the 3rd Step in Humoral Immunity? | (3rd)
B-cells rapidly divide (by mitosis) to produce many different B cells (plasma and memory cells) ↳ clonal expansion.
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# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Steps in Humoral Immunity What's the 4th Step in Humoral Immunity? | (4th)
Cloned plasma cells produce specific complementary antibodies to bind to pathogens antigen, disabling them, or causes agglutination or neutralisation
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# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Secondary Response What's meant by Immunological Memory?
When some cloned b-cells form memory cells
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# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Secondary Response What happens if the body is infected w the same Pathogen again?
B-memory cells divide rapidly to produce many plasma cells ↳ much faster response as correct antigen doesn't need to be identified
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# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Autoimmune Diseases What's an Autoimmune Disease?
When the immune system can sometimes stop recognising 'self' antigens & attack healthy body tissues
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# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Autoimmune Diseases What are some of its Symptoms?
Chronic inflammation ↳ completes breakdown of some tissues
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# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Autoimmune Diseases How is it Treated?
There's no cure & immunosuppresant drugs ↳ prevents immune system from working
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# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Autoimmune Diseases What's the affect of Type 1 Diabetes?
Pancreas is unable to make insulin
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# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Autoimmune Diseases What are Treatments for Type 1 Diabetes?
* Insulin injections * Pancreas transplants * Immunosuppresant drugs
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# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Autoimmune Diseases What's the affect of Lupus?
Affects skin & joints causing them fatigue * able to attack any organ in body
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# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Autoimmune Diseases What are Treatments for Lupus?
* No cure * Anti-inflammatory Drugs * Steroids * Immunosuppresant Drugs * Various others
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# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Autoimmune Diseases What's the affect of Rheumatoid Arthritis?
Affects joints, especially in hands, wrists, ankles & feet
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# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Autoimmune Diseases What are Treatments of Rheumatoid Arthritis?
* No cure * Anti-inflammatory Drugs * Steroids * Immunosuppresant Drugs * Pain relief
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# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Immunity What's Immunity?
The means by which the body protects itself from infection
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# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Immunity What's Immunisation?
Process of artificially inducing immunity
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# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Immunity What are the 2 types of Immunity?
* Natural * Artifical
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# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Immunity What's Natural Immunity?
When the body directly responds to a pathogen infection
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# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Immunity What's Natural Active Immunity?
Organism own immune system is stimulated by contact w disease
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# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Immunity What's Passive Natural Immunity?
Antibodies are passed to an individual e.g. breast milk or colostrum
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# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Immunity What's Active Artificial Immunity?
Organism own immune system is stimulated by a vaccine
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# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Immunity What's Passive Artificial Immunity?
Antibodies obtained chemically & administered often by a jab
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# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Types of Antigens What type of Vaccine is used for Whooping Cough?
Dead or inactive pathogens
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# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Types of Antigens What type of Vaccine is used for Rubella & Polio?
Attenuated pathogens which live in rubella & polio
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# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Types of Antigens What type of Vaccine is used for Diptheria?
Modified toxins from pathogens
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# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Types of Antigens What type of Vaccine is used for Influenza?
Antigens from pathogens can be genetically engineered
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# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Immunity from Vaccination What's the 1st Step of How Vaccines Work?
Small, safe doses are administered either by injection or orally ↳ promotes primary response by **clonal selection**
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# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Immunity from Vaccination What's the 2nd Step of How Vaccines Work?
Second injections given to strengthen response ↳ B &T lymphocytes make memory cells ↳ divide rapidly by mitosis **clonal expansion** if we come in contact w infection
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# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Influenza Vaccines What causes Antigenic Variation?
Antigens displayed on virus changes due to mutation
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# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Influenza Vaccines What's the Solution to Antigenic Variation?
Developing new jabs each year
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# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Epidemics & Pandemics What's an Epidemic?
When a communicable disease spreads throughout national level
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# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Epidemics & Pandemics What's a Pandemic?
When a communicable disease spreads throughout international level
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# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Epidemics & Pandemics What's Herd/Mass VAccination?
Caccinating a large proportion of the population to reduce spread
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# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Epidemics & Pandemics What's Local Vaccination?
Vaccinating only the most at risk people * people most likely to spread the disease * people most effected by disease
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# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Epidemics & Pandemics How would u Control a Disease by Vaccination?
Successful vaccination programme
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# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Epidemics & Pandemics What are Important Features of a successful vaccination programme?
- Development of suitable vaccine - Few if any side effects - Mechanisms to produce, store & transport vaccine - Administering vaccine at right time & right group appropiately - Vaccinate vast majority (high risk groups) HERD IMMUNITY
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# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Sources of Medicine What's the Source of Penicillin?
Commercial extraction originally from mould growing on melons
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# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Sources of Medicine What's the Function of Penicillin?
Antibiotic * 1st effective tratment against many common bacterial diseases
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# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Sources of Medicine What's the Source of Decotaxel/Paciltaxel?
Derived originally from yew trees
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# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Sources of Medicine What's the Function of Docetaxel/Paciltaxel?
Treatment of breast cancer
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# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Sources of Medicine What's the Source of Aspirin? | (acetylsalicylic acid)
Based on compounds from sallow (willow) bark
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# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Sources of Medicine What's the Function of Aspirin? | (acetylsalicyclic acid)
* Painkiller * Anti-coagulant * Anti-pyretic (reduces fever) * Anti-inflammatory
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# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Sources of Medicine What's the Source of Prialt?
Derived from the venom of a cone snail from the oceans around Australia
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# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Sources of Medicine What's the Function of Prialt?
New pain-killing drug 1000 times more effective than morphine
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# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Sources of Medicine What's the Source Vancomycin?
Derived from a soil fungus
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# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Sources of Medicine What's the Function of Vancomycin?
One of our most powerful antibiotics
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# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Sources of Medicine What's the Source of Digoxin?
BAsed on digitoxin originally extracted from foxgloves
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# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Sources of Medicine What's the Function of Digoxin?
Powerful heart drug used to treat atrial fibrillation & heart failure
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# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Antibiotics What are Antibiotics?
Group of drugs used to treat bacterial infections * effective on prokaryotes * unharmful towards eukaryotes
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# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Antibiotics What's meant by Bactericidal Antibiotics?
Kill bacterial cells
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# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Antibiotics What's meant by Bacteriostatic Antibiotics?
Slows growth or reproduction of bacteria
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# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Antibiotics What's Osmoticlysis?
Antibiotics that prevent formation of bacterial cell walss
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# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Antibiotics How is Antibiotic Resistance developed?
Genetic mutation on a bacterial cell & constant reproduction
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# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Antibiotics How's MRSA relevant to Antibiotic Resistance?
Allowed the discovery that: * Antibiotics should only be prescribed when needed * Patients should finish complete course of antibiotics * Introduction of infection controlled in hospitals
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# **4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:** Antibiotics How's Antibiotic Resistance Solved?
No real solution yet ↳ bacteria is becoming resistant to more antibiotics faster than we can make new ones

Biology (14 decks)

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