Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology > M4: Diseases & Immunity > Flashcards

M4: Diseases & Immunity Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Communicable Disease

What are Communicable Diseases?

A

Diseases caused by another organism that infects another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Communicable Disease

What’s a Pathogen?

A

Microorganisms that cause disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Communicable Disease

Name the 4 Pathogens

A
  • Bacteria
  • Virus
  • Fungi
  • Protoctista
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Communicable Disease

What are Communicable Disease often categorised as?

A

Infectious
↳ can be passed from organism to organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Pathogens & Disease

What’s an Infectous Disease?

A

Disease resulting from infection of a host organism by a pathogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Bacteria

What’s Bacteria?

A

Prokaryote

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Bacteria

What’s Bacteria often classified into?

A
  • Basic Shape
  • Cell Wall
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity:

What are the different shapes of Bacteria?

A
  • Rod shaped
  • Spherical shaped
  • Comma shaped
  • Spiralled shaped
  • Corkscrew shaped
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Bacteria by Cell Wall

What’s Gram Positive Bacteria?

A

Appears blue-purple under microscope after gram staining

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Bacteria by Cell Wall

What’s an Example of Gram Positive Bacteria?

A

MRSA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Bacteria by Cell Wall

What’s Gram Negative Bacteria?

A

Appears red under microscope after gram staining

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Bacteria by Cell Wall

What’s an example of Gram Negative Bacteria?

A

E. coli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Bacteria by Cell Wall

What affects how Bacteria reponds to Antibiotics?

A

Type of membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Viruses

What are Viruses?

A

Non-living infectious agents
↳ short section of RNA sorrounded by protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Viruses

How do Viruses infect cells?

A

Inserting its own RNA into the DNA of a cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Viruses

What happens when that Cell has been infected by a Virus?

A

It will begin to produce more viruses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Viruses

What can Viruses infect?

A

All types of Organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Bacteriophagos

What’s Bacteriophagos?

A

When a virus affects Bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Protoctista

What are Protoctista?

A

Eukaryotic cells
↳ single & multi cellular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Protoctista

What’s required for the spread of a Protista?

A

A vector

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Fungi

What are Fungi?

A

Eukaryotes that mainly affect plants
↳ unicellular & multicellular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Fungi

Why are many Fungi described as ‘Saprophytes’?

A

Made of dead decaying matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Fungi

Why do Fungi mainly affect Plants?

A

They infect the leaves
↳ preventing photosynthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Fungi

How do Fungi affect Animals?

A

Produce millions of spores
↳ rapidly infect other organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Affect of Pathogens

How do Pathogens affect Organisms?

A
  • Damage tissue
  • Produce Toxins
    ↳ combines to immune response
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Damage to Tissues

How do Viruses damage Tissues?

A
  • Takes over cellular metabolism
    ↳ viral genetic material is inserted into genetic material of host cell
    ↳ host cell makes more viruses
    ↳ burst out of cell → destroying it
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Damage to Tissues

How do Protoctista damage Tissues?

A
  • Take over cell
    ↳ digests insides
    ↳ used as medium to reproduce before bursting out
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Damage to Tissues

How do Fungi damage Tissues?

A

Digest & destroy living cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Producing Toxins

Which Pathogen is most likely to produce toxins?

A

Pathogenic bacteria → (poison)
* Some fungi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Producing Toxins

What’s the affect of Toxins on an organism?

A

Damages cells of host organism
↳ breaking down plasma membrane or inactivating enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Animal Diseases: Tuberculosis

What is Tuberulosis caused by?

A

Airbone bacteria
↳ Mycobacterium tuberculosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Animal Diseases: Tuberculosis

What’s the affect of Tuberculosis on an organism?

A

Affects respiratory system
↳ damages & destroys lung tissue
↳ suppresses immune system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Animal Diseases: Tuberculosis

What’s the Cure of Tuberculosis?

A

Treated using a course of antibiotics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Animal Diseases: Tuberculosis

Why is this Cure unsustainble for Tuberculosis?

A

Antibiotic resistant strains of TB have emerged

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Animal Diseases: HIV/AIDS

What causes AIDS?

A

Virus of HIV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Animal Diseases: HIV/AIDS

What’s the affect of HIV/AIDS on an organism?

A

Targets T-helper cells in immune system
↳ destroys immune system : affected people are optn to other infections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Animal Diseases: HIV/AIDS

What’s the Cure for HIV/AIDS?

A

No cure
↳ anti-retoviral drug slows process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Animal Diseases: Malaria

What causes Malaria?

A

Protocista Plasmodium spread by bites of infected Anopheles mosquitoes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Animal Diseases: Malaria

What’s the affect of Malaria on an organism?

A

Invades red blood cells,liver & brain
* Disease recurs
↳ making people weak & vulnerable to other infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Animal Diseases: Malaria

What’s the Cure for Malaria?

A
  • No vaccine available
  • Limited cures
    ↳ controlling vectors
    ↳ use of insecticides or removing standing water where they breed or use of mosquito nets
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Animal Diseases: Influenza

What causes Influenza?

A

Viral infection by Orthomyxoviridae spp.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Animal Diseases: Influenza

What’s the affect of Influenza on an organism?

A

Affected ciliated epithelial cells in gas exchange
↳ kills them : airways are left open to secondary infections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Animal Diseases: Influenza

What’s the Cure for Influenza?

A

No cure
↳ flue viruses mutate regularly : no antibiotics available

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Animal Diseases: Bacterial Meningitis

What causes Bacterial Meningitis?

A

Bacteria Syreptococuus Pneumonial or Neisseria Meningitidis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Animal Diseases: Bacterial Meningitis

What’s the affect of Bacterial Meningitis on an organism?

A

Infects brain’s meninges
↳ spreads to rest of body causing septicaemia & rapid death

  • Red/purple rash
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Animal Diseases: Bacterial Meningitis

What’s the Cure for Bacterial Meningitis?

A
  • Early delivered antibiotics
  • Vaccines protects against some forms
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Animal Diseases: Ring Worm

What causes Ring Worm?

A

Fungal disease by Trichophyton Verrucosum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Animal Diseases: Ring Worm

What’s the affect of Ring Worm on an organism?

A
  • Crusty, infectious, circular areas of skin
    ↳ not damaging but looks itchy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Animal Diseases: Ring Worm

What’s the Cure for Ring Worm?

A

Antifungal Cream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Animal Diseases: Athlete’s Foot

What causes Athelete’s Foot?

A

Fungal disease by Tinia Pedia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Animal Diseases: Athlete’s Foot

What’s the affect of Athlete’s Foot on an organism?

A

Cracking/scailing of skin
↳ may become itchy & sore

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Animal Diseases: Athlete’s Foot

What’s the Cure for Athlete’s Foot?

A

Antifungal Cream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Plant Diseases: Ring Rot

What causes Ring Rot?

A

Gram Positive Bacterium, Clavinacter Michiganensis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Plant Diseases: Ring Rot

What’s the affect of Ring Rot on an organism?

A

Damaged leaves, tubers & fruit
↳ destroys up to 80% of crop

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Plant Diseases: Ring Rot

What’s the Cure for Ring Rot?

A

No cure
↳ once infected, it can’t be used to grow tubers again for at least 2 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Plant Diseases: TMV

What causes TMV?

A

Virus infecting Tabacco plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Plant Diseases: TMV

What’s the affect of TMV on an organism?

A
  • Damages leaves, flowers & fruit
  • Stuns growth & reduces yield
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Plant Diseases: TMV

What’s the Cure for TMV?

A

No cure
↳ resistant crop stains available

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Plant Diseases: Potato Blight

What causes Potato Blight?

A

Fungus lik protocist oomycete, Phytophtlora Infestons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Plant Diseases: Potato Blight

What’s the affect of Potato Blight on an organism?

A

Hyphae penetrates host cells
↳ destroying leaves, tubers & fruits : crop damaged

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Plant Diseases: Potato Blight

What’s the Cure for Potato Blight?

A

No cure
↳ resistant stains or careful management & chemical treatments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Plant Diseases: Black Sigatoka

What causes Black Sigatoka?

A

Fungus, Mycospharella Fijiensis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Plant Diseases: Black Sigatoka

What’s the affect of Black Sigatoka on an organism?

A

Hyphae penetrates & digests cells
↳ destroying leaves : turn black
↳ infection = 50% reduction in yield

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Plant Diseases: Black Sigatoka

What’s the Cure for Black Sigatoka?

A

No cure but treatmeants
* Good Husbandry
* Fungicide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Mechanisms of Disease

In what 2 ways can Pathogens cause disease?

A
  • Damaging cells
  • Producing toxins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Disease Transmission

What factors affect the Transmission of Diseases?

A
  • Human demographics & behavious
  • Economic development & land use
  • Microbial adaptation & change
  • Breakdown of public health measures
  • Climate change
  • International travel
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Methods of Transmitting Disease

What are examples of Direct Transmission in Animals?

A
  • Direct Contact
  • Inoculation
  • Ingestion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Methods of Transmitting Diseases

What are examples of Indirect Transmission in Animals?

A
  • Formites
  • Droplet infection
  • Vectors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Transmission of Disease

Which factors affect Transmission of Disease in Animals?

A
  • Overcrowding
  • Poor Nutrition
  • Compromised Immune System
  • Disposal of waste
  • Climate change
  • Culture
  • Socioeconomic factors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Transmission of Disease

What are measure used to Prevent the Transmission of Disease in Animals?

A
  • Hand-washing
  • Improvements in living & working conditions
  • Disposal of bodily & household waste
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Methods of Transmitting Diseases

What are examples of Direct Transmissions in Plants?

A
  • Contact with leaves
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Methods of Trasmitting Diseases

What are examples of Indirect Transmissions in Plants?

A
  • Soil contamination
  • Wind
  • Water
  • Animals
  • Humans
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Transmission of Disease

What are Factors affecting the Transmission of Disease in Plants?

A
  • Susceptibility of disease
  • Overcrowding
  • Resistance
  • Climatic conditions
  • Climate change
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Transmission of Disease

What are measure used to Prevent the Transmission of Diseases in Plants?

A
  • Leave plenty of space between plants
  • Clear fields
  • Rotate crops
  • Follow strict hygiene practices
  • Control insect vectors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Primary Defence in Plants

What are Physical barries used to Prevent the entry of Disease in Plants

A
  • Waxy cuticle
  • Bark of tree trunks
  • Cellulose cell walls
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Primary Defence in Plants

How do Plants react to a damaged Tissue?

A

They sacrifice it instead of attempting to heal it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Physical Defenses

What happens when a Pathogen is detected?

A

Produces rapid high levels of callose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Physical Defenses

What’s Callose?

A

Polysaccharide made of beta glucose monomers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Physical Defences

What are the Roles of Callose in Plan Defence?

A
  • Deposited between cell walls & cell membranes next to infected cells
    ↳ barrier prevents further spread
  • Ligning added to callose
    ↳ strengthens barrier
  • Blocks sieve cells of phloem
    ↳ prevents further spreading
  • Deposited in plasmodesmate of connecting cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Chemical Defences

What are Chemical Defences used to Prevent insects in Plants?

A
  • Insect repellents
    e.g pine resin & citronella
    ↳ from lemon grass
  • Insecticides
    e.g pyrethrines acts as a neurotoxin to insects & caffeine (toxin to insects & fungi)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Chemical Defenses

How do Plants deal with Pathogens?

A

Antibacterial compounds containg antibiotics are produces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Chemical Defenses

What are examples of ways Plants deal with Pathogens?

A
  • Phenols
    ↳ an antiseptic produced by cotton plants
  • Defensins
    ↳ plant proteins that disrupt membranes of bacteria & fungi
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Chemical Defences

How do Plants deal with Fungi?

A

Produce antifungal compounds

84
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Chemical Defences

What are examples of Antifungal compounds?

A
  • Gossypol
    ↳ produced by cotton
  • Caffeine
    ↳ toxic to fungi & insects
  • Saponins
    ↳ chemicals in plant cell membranes that interfere w fungal cells membranes
85
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Chemical Defences

How do Plants use Enzymes to deal w Toxins?

A
  • Chitinases
    ↳ break down of fungal cell walls
  • Glucanase
    ↳ enzyme used to break down glucans found in oomycetes
  • Cyanide
    ↳ toxin in most living organisms
86
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Immune System

What’s the Immune System?

A

Mechanism used to defend an organism against pathogens & foreign substances

87
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Immune System

What’s an Immune Response?

A

Complex series of specifc & non-specific processes involving a range of cells & chemicals

88
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Physical Barriers

How does the Skin act as a Physical Barrier?

A

Acts as physical barrier all around body
↳ prevents entry of bacteria
* Produces Sebum
↳ oily substance that inhibits pathogen growth

89
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Physical Barriers

How does Skin Flora act as a Physical Barrier?

A

Has large population of natural health bacteria
↳ outcompete pathogens for surface space

90
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Physical Barriers

How do Mucous Membranes act as Physical Barriers?

A

Layer of mucus traps pathogens
↳ contains lysozymes which destroys bacteria

91
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Physical Barriers

How does Lysozyme act as a Physical Barrier?

A

In tears, urine & stomach acid
↳ destroys pathogens

92
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Blood Clotting

What happens if the skin is rupted & pathogens enter blood?

A

Stages in blood clotting & wound repair

93
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Blood Clotting

What’s the 1st Stage in Blood Clotting?

A

Platelets rush to site releasing 2 substances:
* Thromboplastin
* Serotonin

94
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Blood Clotting

What’s the function of Thromboplastin?

A

Activates blood clotting system by binding to & activating plasma serine protease, factor Vlla. following vascular injury

95
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Blood Clotting

What’s the function of Serotonin?

A

Causes muscles to contract around wound
↳ reducing gap

96
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Blood Clotting

What’s the 2nd Step in Blood Clotting?

A

Clot dries out
↳ forming a hard scab keeping pathogens from entering

97
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Blood Clotting

What’s the 3rd Step in Blood Clotting?

A

Epidemical (skin) cell grows beneath scab
↳ collagen fibres reinforce skin cells

98
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Inflammatory Response

What’s meant by ‘Inflammation’?

A

Swelling of skin immediately around a rupture
↳ characterised by pain,heat & redness

99
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Inflammatory Response

What happens when Mast cells are activated when skin is rupted?

A

They release Histamines & Cytokines

100
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Inflammatory Response

What’s the function of Histamines?

A
  • Make blood vessels dilate
    ↳ causing localised heat & redness
    ↳ High temps prevent pathogens from reproducing
  • Increases permeability of cell wall
    ↳ more tissue fluid escapes
    ↳ causing swelling & pain
101
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Inflammatory Response

What’s the function of Cytokines?

A

Attracted red blood cells to deal w any pathogens

102
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Fevers

What’s the Normal core body temperature?

A

37°

103
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Fevers

What controls the Core body Temperature?

A

Hypothalamus in brain

104
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Fevers

What happens during an Infection?

A

Large presence of white blood cells causes hypothalamus to reset
↳ increases temp

105
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Fevers

Why does the Hypothalamus react this way during an Infection?

A
  • Pathogens can’t reproduce as quickly in temps over 37°
  • Specific immune system can work faster
106
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Stages of Phagocytosis

What’s the 1st Stage in Phagocytosis?

(1st)

A

Pathogens produce chemicals & other toxins that attract phagocytes

107
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Stages of Phagocytosis

What’s the 2nd Stage in Phagocytosis?

(2nd)

A

Phagocytes recognise foreign antigens on pathogens as not beings of the organism

108
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Stages of Phagocytosis

What’s the 3rd Stage of Phagocytosis?

(3rd)

A

Phagocyte engulfs pathogens putting it into a specialised vacuole
↳ phagosome

109
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Stages of Phagocytosis

What’s the 4th Stage of Phagocytosis?

(4th)

A

Phagosomes combines w a lysosome (contains powerful digestive enzymes) to form a phagolysosome

110
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Stages of Phagocytosis

What’s the 5th Stage of Phagocytosis?

(5th)

A

Enzymes in phagolysosome breakdown pathogens

111
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Stages of Phagocytosis

What’s the 6th Step in Phagocytosis?

(6th)

A

Broken down pathogen is moved out of phagocyte by exocytosis

112
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Phagocytosis in Macrophages

What are Macrophages?

A

Specialised phagocytes
↳ take longer to break pathogens than normal phagocytes

113
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Phagocytosis in Macrophages

What happens once the Pathogen has been broken down?

A

Foreign antigens of pathogen binds w antigens of macrophage
↳ forming a Histocompatibility-complex (MHC)

114
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Phagocytosis in Macrophages

What happens after the MHC has been formed?

A

They display antigens on macrophage’s plasma membrane
↳ forming a Antigen-presenting cell (APC)

115
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Opsonins

How are Opsonins produced?

A

By phagocytes

116
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Opsonin

What’s the function of an Opsonin?

A

Tag pathogens making them more visible to other phagocytes

117
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Specific Immune Response

What’s meant by Specific or Adaptive Immune Response?

A

Targets specific pathogen but its slower

118
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Specific Immune Response

What are the 2 Types of Reponse to pathogens?

A
  • Cell-mediated
  • Humoral
119
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Specific Immune Response

What’s meant by Cell-mediated Response?

A

Highly specialised cells target pathogens inside cells

120
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Specific Immune Response

What’s meant by Humoral Response?

A

Targets pathogens in body fluids w antigens

121
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Antigens

Which cells have Antigens?

A

All cells

122
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Antigens

What do Body Cells recognise Antigens as?

A
  • Self
  • Foreign
123
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Antigens

How does the Immune System react to this?

A

They carry out a response if a foreign antigen is present

124
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Antibodies

What are Antibodies?

A

Specialised glycoproteins
↳ called immunoglobulins

125
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Antibodies

Describe the shape of Antibodies

A

They have a specific shape
↳ binds to 1 type of antigen

126
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Antibodies

Which Model described the binding between an Antibody & Antigen?

A

Lock & Key Model

127
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Antibodies

What’s a Characteristic of the Variable Regions?

A

They’re different in every antibody
↳ complementary to antigen’s shape

128
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Effector Mechanism

How do antibodies inactivate pathogens?

A
  • Neutralisation
  • Aggutination
129
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Antibodies

How do Antibodies work?

A

Antibody-antigen complex acts similarly to opsonin chemical
↳ stimulating digestion by phagocytosis

130
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Antibodies

Why are antibodies affective?

A

Most pathogens are unable to affect body cells once an antibody-antigen complex is formed

131
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Neutralisation & Agglutination

What occurs in Agglutination?

A

1 Antibody binds to 2 pathogens
↳ causing them to clump together
↳ easier to engulf pathogens by phagocytosis

132
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Neutralisation & Agglutination

What occurs in Neutralisation?

A

Antibodies acting as antitoxins
↳ binding to toxins produced by pathogens
↳ makes them harmless

133
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Lymphocytes

What are Lymphocytes?

( leukocyte )

A

Type of white blood cells

134
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Lymphocytes

Where are Leukocytes found?

A

Blood & Lymph nodes

135
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Lymphocytes

What’s the function of Lymphocytes?

A
  • Recognise antigen molecules on pathogen’s surface
  • Co-ordinate Immune Response against that pathogen
136
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Lymphocytes

What are the 2 types of Lymphocytes?

A
  • B-Lymphocytes
  • T-Lymphobytes
137
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Lymphocytes

What are B-Lymphocytes?

A

Lymphocytes formed in the Bone Marrow

138
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Lymphocytes

What are T-Lymphocytes?

A

Lymphocytes formed in the Thymus

139
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: T-Lymphocytes

What’s the function of the T-helper Cell?

A

Produce interleukins (type of cytokine)
↳ stimulate B-cell & antibody production & attracts other T-cells & antibodies

140
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: T-Lymphocytes

What’s the function of the T-killer Cell?

A

Kill pathogens by producing perforin (chemical)
↳ makes holes in pathogen’s plasma membrane

141
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: T-Lymphocytes

What’s the function of the T-memory Cell?

A

Act as immunological memory
↳ remain in blood for long periods of time

When 2nd infection occurs they divide rapidly to form many killer T-cells

142
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: T-Lymphocytes

What’s the function of T-regulator cells?

A

Prevent an autoimmune response
↳ represses immune system after all pathogens have been destroyed

143
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: B-Lymphocytes

What’s the function of the Plasma Cell?

A

Produce specific antibodies to an invading antigen
↳ live for few days, produce up to 2000 antibodies per second when active

144
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: B-Lymphocytes

What’s the function of the B-effector Cells?

A

Divide to form plasma cell clones

145
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: B-Lymphocytes

What’s the function of the B-memory Cell?

A

Remain in blood for long periods of time
↳ providing immunological memory

Infection occurs they reproduce rapidly & produce the same specific antigen

146
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Humoral Immunity

What’s Humoral Immunity?

A

Response to pathogens found in bloodstream
* Mainly bacteria & fungal infection

147
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Humoral Immunity

What type Antigens are produced?

A

Antigens that are soluble in blood, tissue fluid & lymph fluid

148
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Humoral Immunity

Why are B-Cell more important in Humoral Immunity?

A

They have diff antibodies on their surface
↳ will bind to complementary antigens on pathogen membrane

149
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Humoral Immunity

What’s the function of B-Cells in Humoral Immunity?

A

B-Cell will engulf pathogen & present antigen on its surface
↳ becoming an Antigen-presenting cell

150
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Steps in Humoral Immunity

What’s the 1st Step in Humoral Immunity?

(1st)

A

T-helper cells bind to antigens on presenting B cell
↳ clonal selection

151
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Steps in Humoral Immunity

What’s the 2nd Step in Humoral Immunity?

(2nd)

A

Interleukins produced by t-helper cells
activate other B-cells

152
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Steps in Humoral Immunity

What’s the 3rd Step in Humoral Immunity?

(3rd)

A

B-cells rapidly divide (by mitosis) to produce many different B cells (plasma and memory cells)
↳ clonal expansion.

153
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Steps in Humoral Immunity

What’s the 4th Step in Humoral Immunity?

(4th)

A

Cloned plasma cells produce specific complementary antibodies to bind to pathogens antigen, disabling them, or causes agglutination or neutralisation

154
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Secondary Response

What’s meant by Immunological Memory?

A

When some cloned b-cells form memory cells

155
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Secondary Response

What happens if the body is infected w the same Pathogen again?

A

B-memory cells divide rapidly to produce many plasma cells
↳ much faster response as correct antigen doesn’t need to be identified

156
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Autoimmune Diseases

What’s an Autoimmune Disease?

A

When the immune system can sometimes stop recognising ‘self’ antigens & attack healthy body tissues

157
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Autoimmune Diseases

What are some of its Symptoms?

A

Chronic inflammation
↳ completes breakdown of some tissues

158
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Autoimmune Diseases

How is it Treated?

A

There’s no cure & immunosuppresant drugs
↳ prevents immune system from working

159
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Autoimmune Diseases

What’s the affect of Type 1 Diabetes?

A

Pancreas is unable to make insulin

160
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Autoimmune Diseases

What are Treatments for Type 1 Diabetes?

A
  • Insulin injections
  • Pancreas transplants
  • Immunosuppresant drugs
161
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Autoimmune Diseases

What’s the affect of Lupus?

A

Affects skin & joints causing them fatigue
* able to attack any organ in body

162
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Autoimmune Diseases

What are Treatments for Lupus?

A
  • No cure
  • Anti-inflammatory Drugs
  • Steroids
  • Immunosuppresant Drugs
  • Various others
163
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Autoimmune Diseases

What’s the affect of Rheumatoid Arthritis?

A

Affects joints, especially in hands, wrists, ankles & feet

164
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Autoimmune Diseases

What are Treatments of Rheumatoid Arthritis?

A
  • No cure
  • Anti-inflammatory Drugs
  • Steroids
  • Immunosuppresant Drugs
  • Pain relief
165
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Immunity

What’s Immunity?

A

The means by which the body protects itself from infection

166
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Immunity

What’s Immunisation?

A

Process of artificially inducing immunity

167
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Immunity

What are the 2 types of Immunity?

A
  • Natural
  • Artifical
168
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Immunity

What’s Natural Immunity?

A

When the body directly responds to a pathogen infection

169
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Immunity

What’s Natural Active Immunity?

A

Organism own immune system is stimulated by contact w disease

170
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Immunity

What’s Passive Natural Immunity?

A

Antibodies are passed to an individual e.g. breast milk or colostrum

171
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Immunity

What’s Active Artificial Immunity?

A

Organism own immune system is stimulated by a vaccine

172
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Immunity

What’s Passive Artificial Immunity?

A

Antibodies obtained chemically & administered often by a jab

173
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Types of Antigens

What type of Vaccine is used for Whooping Cough?

A

Dead or inactive pathogens

174
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Types of Antigens

What type of Vaccine is used for Rubella & Polio?

A

Attenuated pathogens which live in rubella & polio

175
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Types of Antigens

What type of Vaccine is used for Diptheria?

A

Modified toxins from pathogens

176
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Types of Antigens

What type of Vaccine is used for Influenza?

A

Antigens from pathogens
can be genetically engineered

177
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Immunity from Vaccination

What’s the 1st Step of How Vaccines Work?

A

Small, safe doses are administered either by injection or orally
↳ promotes primary response by clonal selection

178
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Immunity from Vaccination

What’s the 2nd Step of How Vaccines Work?

A

Second injections given to strengthen response
↳ B &T lymphocytes make memory cells
↳ divide rapidly by mitosis clonal expansion if we come in contact w infection

179
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Influenza Vaccines

What causes Antigenic Variation?

A

Antigens displayed on virus changes due to mutation

180
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Influenza Vaccines

What’s the Solution to Antigenic Variation?

A

Developing new jabs each year

181
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Epidemics & Pandemics

What’s an Epidemic?

A

When a communicable disease spreads throughout national level

182
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Epidemics & Pandemics

What’s a Pandemic?

A

When a communicable disease spreads throughout international level

183
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Epidemics & Pandemics

What’s Herd/Mass VAccination?

A

Caccinating a large proportion of the population to reduce spread

184
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Epidemics & Pandemics

What’s Local Vaccination?

A

Vaccinating only the most at risk people
* people most likely to spread the disease
* people most effected by disease

185
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Epidemics & Pandemics

How would u Control a Disease by Vaccination?

A

Successful vaccination programme

186
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Epidemics & Pandemics

What are Important Features of a successful vaccination programme?

A
  • Development of suitable vaccine
  • Few if any side effects
  • Mechanisms to produce, store & transport vaccine
  • Administering vaccine at right time & right group appropiately
  • Vaccinate vast majority (high risk groups) HERD IMMUNITY
187
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Sources of Medicine

What’s the Source of Penicillin?

A

Commercial extraction originally from mould growing on melons

188
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Sources of Medicine

What’s the Function of Penicillin?

A

Antibiotic
* 1st effective tratment against many common bacterial diseases

189
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Sources of Medicine

What’s the Source of Decotaxel/Paciltaxel?

A

Derived originally from yew trees

190
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Sources of Medicine

What’s the Function of Docetaxel/Paciltaxel?

A

Treatment of breast cancer

191
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Sources of Medicine

What’s the Source of Aspirin?

(acetylsalicylic acid)

A

Based on compounds from sallow (willow) bark

192
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Sources of Medicine

What’s the Function of Aspirin?

(acetylsalicyclic acid)

A
  • Painkiller
  • Anti-coagulant
  • Anti-pyretic (reduces fever)
  • Anti-inflammatory
193
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Sources of Medicine

What’s the Source of Prialt?

A

Derived from the venom of a cone snail from the oceans around Australia

194
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Sources of Medicine

What’s the Function of Prialt?

A

New pain-killing drug 1000 times more effective than morphine

195
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Sources of Medicine

What’s the Source Vancomycin?

A

Derived from a soil fungus

196
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Sources of Medicine

What’s the Function of Vancomycin?

A

One of our most powerful antibiotics

197
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Sources of Medicine

What’s the Source of Digoxin?

A

BAsed on digitoxin originally extracted from foxgloves

198
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Sources of Medicine

What’s the Function of Digoxin?

A

Powerful heart drug used to treat atrial fibrillation & heart failure

199
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Antibiotics

What are Antibiotics?

A

Group of drugs used to treat bacterial infections
* effective on prokaryotes
* unharmful towards eukaryotes

200
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Antibiotics

What’s meant by Bactericidal Antibiotics?

A

Kill bacterial cells

201
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Antibiotics

What’s meant by Bacteriostatic Antibiotics?

A

Slows growth or reproduction of bacteria

202
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Antibiotics

What’s Osmoticlysis?

A

Antibiotics that prevent formation of bacterial cell walss

203
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Antibiotics

How is Antibiotic Resistance developed?

A

Genetic mutation on a bacterial cell & constant reproduction

204
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Antibiotics

How’s MRSA relevant to Antibiotic Resistance?

A

Allowed the discovery that:
* Antibiotics should only be prescribed when needed
* Patients should finish complete course of antibiotics
* Introduction of infection controlled in hospitals

205
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Antibiotics

How’s Antibiotic Resistance Solved?

A

No real solution yet
↳ bacteria is becoming resistant to more antibiotics faster than we can make new ones

Biology (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions