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Biology > M2: Cell Division > Flashcards

M2: Cell Division Flashcards

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1
Q

2.1.6 Cell division: Cell Cycle

What’s the Cell Cycle?

A

Process that all body cells use to grow & divide

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2
Q

2.1.6 Cell division: Cell Cycle

When does the Cell Cycle start?

A

When a cell has been produced by cell division

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3
Q

2.1.6 Cell division: Cell Cycle

When does the Cell Cycle end?

A

Cell divides to produce 2 identical cells

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4
Q

2.1.6 Cell division: Cell Cycle

Which Periods are involved in the Cell Cycle?

A
  • Interphase
  • M-Phase
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5
Q

2.1.6 Cell division: Cell Cycle

What occurs during Interphase?

A

Periods of cell growth & DNA replication

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6
Q

2.1.6 Cell division: Cell Cycle

What occurs during the M-Phase?

A

Periods of cell division
* Mitosis: nuclear division
* Cytokinesis: cytoplasmic division

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7
Q

2.1.6 Cell division: Cell Cycle

How’s Interphase divided?

(stages)

A
  • 1st Growth Phase (G1)
  • Synthesis Phase
  • 2nd Growth Phase (G2)
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8
Q

2.1.6 Cell division: Cell Cycle

What’s Interphase described as?

A
  • Cell is ‘at rest’
  • Carries out all functions cell needs to preform
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9
Q

2.1.6 Cell division: Cell Cycle

How’s the Cell Cycle regulated?

A

Checkpoints

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10
Q

2.1.6 Cell division: Cell Cycle

What’s the function of Checkpoints?

A

Occur at key points
↳ verify if processes at each stage have been completed correctly before the cell is allowed to move to the next phase

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11
Q

2.1.6 Cell division: Cell Cycle

Where are the Checkpoints located?

A
  • G1: end of G1 phase & before S phase
  • G2: end of G2 phase & before mitotic phase
  • Spindle Assembly (metaphase): during mitosis
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12
Q

2.1.6 Cell division: Cell Cycle

Which activities occur within Interphase?

A
  • DNA is replicated & checked for errors
  • Protein synthesis
  • Mitochondria & Chloroplasts grow & divide
  • Normal metabolic functions occur
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13
Q

2.1.6 Cell division: Cell Cycle

Mitosis

(PMAT)

A
  • Prophase
  • Metaphase
  • Anaphase
  • Telophase
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14
Q

2.1.6 Cell division: Cell Cycle

What’s G0?

(can be permanent or temporary)

A

Stage where cell moves out of cell cycle

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15
Q

2.1.6 Cell division: Cell Cycle

Why does G0 occur?

A
  • Allow differentiation
  • DNA has become damaged
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16
Q

2.1.6 Cell division: Mitosis

What’s Mitosis?

A

Formation of 2 new identical daughter cells from an orignal cell

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17
Q

2.1.6 Cell division: Mitosis

Why do we need Mitosis?

A

For growth & repair damaged tissues

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18
Q

2.1.6 Cell division: Mitosis

What occurs in Interphase?

(DNA combines w histone protein to form a chromatin)

A
  • DNA is unravelled & replicated
    ↳ doubles genetic content
  • Organelles are also replicated
    ↳ has spares
  • ATP content is increased
    ↳ needed for cell division
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19
Q

2.1.6 Cell division: Mitosis

What occurs in Early Prophase?

A
  • Chromosomes become more distinct
    ↳ coil up, shorten, thicken & take up stain more intensely
  • Centriole divides
  • Nucleolus becomes less prominent
20
Q

2.1.6 Cell division: Mitosis

What occurs in Late Prophase?

A
  • Chromosomes = more distinct & consists of chromatids joined by a centromere
  • Centrioles migrate to opposite poles of cell
  • Nucleolus continues to shrink & disappears
  • Nuclear envelope disintegrates
21
Q

2.1.6 Cell division: Mitosis

What occurs in Metaphase?

A
  • Each centriole is at a pole
  • Centrioles produce spindle fibres
  • Spindle fibres attack to centromere of chromosomes
  • Each centromere is attached to both poles
  • Chromosomes pulled to equator
22
Q

2.1.6 Cell division: Mitosis

What occurs in Anaphase?

A
  • Spindle fibres contract
  • Centromere divides
  • Chromatids pulled to opposite poles of cell
  • Pulled centromere first
  • Each half of cell receives 1 chromatid from each chromosome
23
Q

2.1.6 Cell division: Mitosis

What occurs in Telophase?

A
  • Chromatids reach the poles of the spindle
  • Begin to uncoil
  • Become less dinstinct
  • Nuclear envelope starts to reform
24
Q

2.1.6 Cell division: Mitosis

What occurs during Cytokinesis in Animals?

A
  • Starts by constriction from the edges of the cell
  • Daughter cell have the same chromosome number & genetic makeup as each other & parent cell
25
Q

2.1.6 Cell division: Mitosis

What occurs during Cytokinesis in Plants?

A
  • Cell wall is laid down
  • Daughter cell have the same chromosome number & genetic makeup as each other & parent cell
26
Q

2.1.6 Cell division: Meiosis

What are gametes?

A

Male or female sex cells

27
Q

2.1.6 Cell division: Meiosis

What’s a Zygote?

A

Diploid cells made through the fusion of gametes

28
Q

2.1.6 Cell division: Meiosis

What are Haploid Cells?

A

Cells w half the number of chromosomes

29
Q

2.1.6 Cell division: Meiosis

What are Diploid Cells?

A

Cells w double the number of chromosomes

30
Q

2.1.6 Cell division: Meiosis

What’s Meiosis?

A

Cell division that occurs in reproductive organs to produce gametes

31
Q

2.1.6 Cell division: Meiosis

Why are the Cells formed by Meiosis Genetically Different?

A

Each new cell ends up w a different combination of chromosomes

32
Q

2.1.6 Cell division: Meiosis

What’s Meiosis 1?

A

Reduction dvision
↳ halves chromosome number

33
Q

2.1.6 Cell division: Meiosis

What occurs during Interphase in Meiosis 1?

A

Each chromosome double & are connected by a centromere

34
Q

2.1.6 Cell division: Meiosis

What occurs during Prophase 1 in Meiosis 1?

A
  • Chromosomes condense
  • Homologous chromosomes pair up into a bivalent pair
  • Crossing over occurs
    ↳ swapping of alleles
  • Centrioles start moving to opposite ends of cell
    ↳ forming spindle fibres
  • Nuclear envelope breaks down
35
Q

2.1.6 Cell division: Meiosis

What’s meant by Crossing over of Chromatids?

(Prophase 1)

A

Each of the 4 daughter cells formed contain chromatids w different alleles

36
Q

2.1.6 Cell division: Meiosis

How many Chromosomes are found in a human body cell?

A
  • 46
  • 23 pairs
37
Q

2.1.6 Cell division: Meiosis

What are Alleles?

A

Different variations of the same gene

38
Q

2.1.6 Cell division: Meiosis

What are Homologous Pairs?

A

Pairs of chromosomes

39
Q

2.1.6 Cell division: Meiosis

What occurs during Metaphase 1 in Meiosis 1?

A
  • Bivalent pair go to equator, pair up, line up & attach to spindle fibres
  • Independent assortment of homologous chromosomes
    ↳ random arrangement
40
Q

2.1.6 Cell division: Meiosis

Whats meant by Independent Assortment of Chromosomes?

(Metaphase 1)

A

The 4 daughter cells produced by meiosis have completely different combinations of maternal & paternal chromosomes

  • This shuffling of chromosomes leads to gentic variation in any offspring
41
Q

2.1.6 Cell division: Meiosis

What occurs during Anaphase 1 in Meiosis 1?

A
  • Spindles contract
    ↳ separating homologous chromosome
  • NO splitting of centromere
    Chiesmete: point of breakage
  • 1 Chromosome goes to each end of cell
42
Q

2.1.6 Cell division: Meiosis

What occurs during Telephase 1 in Meiosis 1?

(Telephase 1)

A
  • Nuclear envelope reforms
  • Cytokinesis occurs
    ↳ producing 2 haploid cells
43
Q

2.1.6 Cell division: Meiosis

What occurs in Meiosis 2?

A

The 2 daughter cells undergo PMAT
↳ stages of mitosis

44
Q

2.1.6 Cell division: Meiosis

What occurs during Prophase 2 in Meiosis 2?

(same as mitosis)

A
  • Nuclear envelope disappears
  • DNA closes & condenses
45
Q

2.1.6 Cell division: Meiosis

What occurs during Metaphase 2 in Meiosis 2?

(same as mitosis)

A
  • Chromosomes line up to equator
  • Independednt assortment of sister chromatids
46
Q

2.1.6 Cell division: Meiosis

What occurs during Anaphase 2 in Meiosis 2?

A
  • Separates sister chromatids
    ↳ each new daughter cell inherits 1 chromatid from each chromosomes
  • Splitting of centromere
  • 4 (genetically different) haploid daughter cells produced
    ↳ gametes
47
Q

2.1.6 Cell division: Meiosis

What occurs during Telophase 2 in Meiosis 2?

(same as mitosis)

A
  • Nuclear envelope reforms
  • In totals 4 haploid cells (gametes)

Biology (14 decks)

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