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M2: Cell Division Flashcards

1
Q

2.1.6 Cell division: Cell Cycle

What’s the Cell Cycle?

A

Process that all body cells use to grow & divide

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2
Q

2.1.6 Cell division: Cell Cycle

When does the Cell Cycle start?

A

When a cell has been produced by cell division

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3
Q

2.1.6 Cell division: Cell Cycle

When does the Cell Cycle end?

A

Cell divides to produce 2 identical cells

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4
Q

2.1.6 Cell division: Cell Cycle

Which Periods are involved in the Cell Cycle?

A
  • Interphase
  • M-Phase
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5
Q

2.1.6 Cell division: Cell Cycle

What occurs during Interphase?

A

Periods of cell growth & DNA replication

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6
Q

2.1.6 Cell division: Cell Cycle

What occurs during the M-Phase?

A

Periods of cell division
* Mitosis: nuclear division
* Cytokinesis: cytoplasmic division

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7
Q

2.1.6 Cell division: Cell Cycle

How’s Interphase divided?

(stages)

A
  • 1st Growth Phase (G1)
  • Synthesis Phase
  • 2nd Growth Phase (G2)
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8
Q

2.1.6 Cell division: Cell Cycle

What’s Interphase described as?

A
  • Cell is ‘at rest’
  • Carries out all functions cell needs to preform
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9
Q

2.1.6 Cell division: Cell Cycle

How’s the Cell Cycle regulated?

A

Checkpoints

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10
Q

2.1.6 Cell division: Cell Cycle

What’s the function of Checkpoints?

A

Occur at key points
↳ verify if processes at each stage have been completed correctly before the cell is allowed to move to the next phase

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11
Q

2.1.6 Cell division: Cell Cycle

Where are the Checkpoints located?

A
  • G1: end of G1 phase & before S phase
  • G2: end of G2 phase & before mitotic phase
  • Spindle Assembly (metaphase): during mitosis
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12
Q

2.1.6 Cell division: Cell Cycle

Which activities occur within Interphase?

A
  • DNA is replicated & checked for errors
  • Protein synthesis
  • Mitochondria & Chloroplasts grow & divide
  • Normal metabolic functions occur
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13
Q

2.1.6 Cell division: Cell Cycle

Mitosis

(PMAT)

A
  • Prophase
  • Metaphase
  • Anaphase
  • Telophase
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14
Q

2.1.6 Cell division: Cell Cycle

What’s G0?

(can be permanent or temporary)

A

Stage where cell moves out of cell cycle

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15
Q

2.1.6 Cell division: Cell Cycle

Why does G0 occur?

A
  • Allow differentiation
  • DNA has become damaged
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16
Q

2.1.6 Cell division: Mitosis

What’s Mitosis?

A

Formation of 2 new identical daughter cells from an orignal cell

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17
Q

2.1.6 Cell division: Mitosis

Why do we need Mitosis?

A

For growth & repair damaged tissues

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18
Q

2.1.6 Cell division: Mitosis

What occurs in Interphase?

(DNA combines w histone protein to form a chromatin)

A
  • DNA is unravelled & replicated
    ↳ doubles genetic content
  • Organelles are also replicated
    ↳ has spares
  • ATP content is increased
    ↳ needed for cell division
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19
Q

2.1.6 Cell division: Mitosis

What occurs in Early Prophase?

A
  • Chromosomes become more distinct
    ↳ coil up, shorten, thicken & take up stain more intensely
  • Centriole divides
  • Nucleolus becomes less prominent
20
Q

2.1.6 Cell division: Mitosis

What occurs in Late Prophase?

A
  • Chromosomes = more distinct & consists of chromatids joined by a centromere
  • Centrioles migrate to opposite poles of cell
  • Nucleolus continues to shrink & disappears
  • Nuclear envelope disintegrates
21
Q

2.1.6 Cell division: Mitosis

What occurs in Metaphase?

A
  • Each centriole is at a pole
  • Centrioles produce spindle fibres
  • Spindle fibres attack to centromere of chromosomes
  • Each centromere is attached to both poles
  • Chromosomes pulled to equator
22
Q

2.1.6 Cell division: Mitosis

What occurs in Anaphase?

A
  • Spindle fibres contract
  • Centromere divides
  • Chromatids pulled to opposite poles of cell
  • Pulled centromere first
  • Each half of cell receives 1 chromatid from each chromosome
23
Q

2.1.6 Cell division: Mitosis

What occurs in Telophase?

A
  • Chromatids reach the poles of the spindle
  • Begin to uncoil
  • Become less dinstinct
  • Nuclear envelope starts to reform
24
Q

2.1.6 Cell division: Mitosis

What occurs during Cytokinesis in Animals?

A
  • Starts by constriction from the edges of the cell
  • Daughter cell have the same chromosome number & genetic makeup as each other & parent cell
25
# **2.1.6 Cell division:** Mitosis What occurs during Cytokinesis in Plants?
* Cell wall is laid down * Daughter cell have the same chromosome number & genetic makeup as each other & parent cell
26
# **2.1.6 Cell division:** Meiosis What are gametes?
Male or female sex cells
27
# **2.1.6 Cell division:** Meiosis What's a Zygote?
Diploid cells made through the fusion of gametes
28
# **2.1.6 Cell division:** Meiosis What are Haploid Cells?
Cells w half the number of chromosomes
29
# **2.1.6 Cell division:** Meiosis What are Diploid Cells?
Cells w double the number of chromosomes
30
# **2.1.6 Cell division:** Meiosis What's Meiosis?
Cell division that occurs in reproductive organs to produce gametes
31
# **2.1.6 Cell division:** Meiosis Why are the Cells formed by Meiosis Genetically Different?
Each new cell ends up w a different combination of chromosomes
32
# **2.1.6 Cell division:** Meiosis What's Meiosis 1?
Reduction dvision ↳ halves chromosome number
33
# **2.1.6 Cell division:** Meiosis What occurs during Interphase in Meiosis 1?
Each chromosome double & are connected by a centromere
34
# **2.1.6 Cell division:** Meiosis What occurs during Prophase 1 in Meiosis 1?
* Chromosomes condense * Homologous chromosomes pair up into a bivalent pair * **Crossing over occurs** ↳ swapping of alleles * Centrioles start moving to opposite ends of cell ↳ forming **spindle fibres** * Nuclear envelope breaks down
35
# **2.1.6 Cell division:** Meiosis What's meant by Crossing over of Chromatids? | (Prophase 1)
Each of the 4 daughter cells formed contain chromatids w different alleles
36
# **2.1.6 Cell division:** Meiosis How many Chromosomes are found in a human body cell?
* 46 * 23 pairs
37
# **2.1.6 Cell division:** Meiosis What are Alleles?
Different variations of the same gene
38
# **2.1.6 Cell division:** Meiosis What are Homologous Pairs?
Pairs of chromosomes
39
# **2.1.6 Cell division:** Meiosis What occurs during Metaphase 1 in Meiosis 1?
* Bivalent pair go to equator, pair up, line up & attach to spindle fibres * **Independent assortment of homologous chromosomes** ↳ random arrangement
40
# **2.1.6 Cell division:** Meiosis Whats meant by Independent Assortment of Chromosomes? | (Metaphase 1)
The 4 daughter cells produced by meiosis have completely different combinations of maternal & paternal chromosomes * This shuffling of chromosomes leads to gentic variation in any offspring
41
# **2.1.6 Cell division:** Meiosis What occurs during Anaphase 1 in Meiosis 1?
* Spindles contract ↳ separating homologous chromosome * NO splitting of centromere **Chiesmete:** point of breakage * 1 Chromosome goes to each end of cell
42
# **2.1.6 Cell division:** Meiosis What occurs during Telephase 1 in Meiosis 1? | (Telephase 1)
* Nuclear envelope reforms * Cytokinesis occurs ↳ producing 2 haploid cells
43
# **2.1.6 Cell division:** Meiosis What occurs in Meiosis 2?
The 2 daughter cells undergo PMAT ↳ stages of mitosis
44
# **2.1.6 Cell division:** Meiosis What occurs during Prophase 2 in Meiosis 2? | (same as mitosis)
* Nuclear envelope disappears * DNA closes & condenses
45
# **2.1.6 Cell division:** Meiosis What occurs during Metaphase 2 in Meiosis 2? | (same as mitosis)
* Chromosomes line up to equator * **Independednt assortment of sister chromatids**
46
# **2.1.6 Cell division:** Meiosis What occurs during Anaphase 2 in Meiosis 2?
* Separates sister chromatids ↳ each new daughter cell inherits 1 chromatid from each chromosomes * Splitting of centromere * 4 (genetically different) haploid daughter cells produced ↳ gametes
47
# **2.1.6 Cell division:** Meiosis What occurs during Telophase 2 in Meiosis 2? | (same as mitosis)
* Nuclear envelope reforms * In totals 4 haploid cells (gametes)

Biology (14 decks)

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