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M4: Biodiversity Flashcards

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1
Q

4.2.1 Biodiversity: Key Terms

What’s meant by Biodiversity?

A

Variety of living organisms in an area

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2
Q

4.2.1 Biodiversity: Key Terms

What’s meant by Species?

A

Group of organisms that can interbreed to give fertile offspring

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3
Q

4.2.1 Biodiversity: Key Terms

What’s meant by Habitat?

A

Area inhibited by species

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4
Q

4.2.1 Biodiversity: Key Terms

Which factors are included in Habitats?

A
  • Biotic (living)
  • Abiotic (non-living)
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5
Q

4.2.1 Biodiversity: Key Terms

What’s meant by Habitat Biodiversity?

A

Number of different habitats within an area

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6
Q

4.2.1 Biodiversity: Key Terms

What’s the relationship between Habitat Biodiversity & Species?

A

More habitats means more species supported

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7
Q

4.2.1 Biodiversity: Key Terms

What’s meant by Species Richness?

(Species Diversity)

A

Number of different species living in a habitat

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8
Q

4.2.1 Biodiversity: Key Terms

What’s meant by Species Evenness?

A

Comparison of the number of individuals of each species living in a community

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9
Q

4.2.1 Biodiversity: Key Terms

What’s meant by Genetic Diversity?

A

Variation of alleles within a species

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10
Q

4.2.1 Biodiversity: Key Terms

What’s meany by Community?

A

All the populations of living organisms in a specific habitat

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11
Q

4.2.1 Biodiversity: Habitat Biodiversity

What’s the Habitat & Species Diversity in Sand Dunes?

A
  • Low
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12
Q

4.2.1 Biodiversity: Diversity & Climate

What’s the relationship between Distance from Equator & Biodiversity?

A

The closer the region is to the Equator, the greater the biodiversity

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13
Q

4.2.1 Biodiversity: Sampling a Habitat

What’s a key?

A

Equipment used to identify different species

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14
Q

4.2.1 Biodiversity: Sampling a Habitat

What’s the use of a Camera?

A

Record specimens & locations

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15
Q

4.2.1 Biodiversity: Sampling a Habitat

How would u measure the Species Richness & Evenness in a Habitat for Plants?

(Plants)

A
  • Count the density number of plants per m2
  • Count the freq estimate of no. of species
  • Count the number of each species
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16
Q

4.2.1 Biodiversity: Sampling a Habitat

How would u measure the Species Richness & Evenness in a Habitat for Ground Insects?

A
  • Use a pitfall trap or pooter
    ↳ insects fall in & can’t get out
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17
Q

4.2.1 Biodiversity: Sampling a Habitat

How would u measure the Species Richness & Evenness in a Habitat for Flying Insects?

A
  • Use a sweep net & sweeping method
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18
Q

4.2.1 Biodiversity: Sampling a Habitat

How would u measure the Species Richness & Evenness in a Habitat for Aquatic Animals?

A
  • Use a net
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19
Q

4.2.1 Biodiversity: CMRRC

What does CMRRC stand for?

A
  • Capture as many animals as u can in a given amount of time
  • Count them & mark them in a way that causes no harm
  • Release them to mix in the population
  • After some day recapture the same species over the same period of time
  • Count how many are marked & how many are not marked
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20
Q

4.2.1 Biodiversity: CMRRC

What are the Limitations w CMRRC?

A

Assumptions made:
* No death, immigration or emigration
* Identical samping methods
* marking doesn’t affect the survival rate of the animals

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21
Q

4.2.1 Biodiversity: CMMRC

How would u estimate Population Size?

A
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22
Q

4.2.1 Biodiversity: Random Samping

What’s the purpose of Random Sampling?

A

Enables each individual to have an equal change of being chosen

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23
Q

4.2.1 Biodiversity: Random Sampling

How can sampling be done Random?

A
  • Use a random number generator to select coordinates for quadrats
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24
Q

4.2.1 Biodiversity: Random Sampling

What are the Advantages of Random Sampling?

A
  • Data not biased by selective sampling
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25
Q

4.2.1 Biodiversity: Random Sampling

What are Disadvantages of Random Sampling?

A
  • May not cover all areas equally
  • Species w low presence may be missed
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26
Q

4.2.1 Biodiversity: Non-random Samping

What’s the purpose of Non-random Sampling?

A

Ensure all different areas are samples when there’s a lot of variety in distribution of species in the habitat

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27
Q

4.2.1 Biodiversity: Non-random Sampling

What are the 3 types of Non-random Sampling?

A
  • Systematic
  • Stratified
  • Opportunistic
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28
Q

4.2.1 Biodiversity: Non-random Sampling; Systematic

What’s meant by Systematic Sampling?

A

Samples taken from fixed intervals across habitat

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29
Q

4.2.1 Biodiversity: Non-random Sampling; Systematic

What are the Advantages of Systematic Sampling?

A

Useful when habitat shows a clear gradient in environmental factors

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30
Q

4.2.1 Biodiversity: Non-random Sampling; Systematic

What are the Disadvantages of Systematic Sampling?

A
  • Only species on the line
  • Belt are recorded leading to an underestimate
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31
Q

4.2.1 Biodiversity: Non-random Sampling; Stratified

What’s meant by Stratified Sampling?

A

Divide habitat into area which appear to be different & sample each section separately

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32
Q

4.2.1 Biodiversity: Non-random Sampling; Stratified

What are the Advantages of Stratified Sampling?

A

Enables all area of habitat are sampled
↳ species are not under represented

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33
Q

4.2.1 Biodiversity: Non-random Sampling; Stratified

What are the Disadvantages of Stratified Sampling?

A
  • May lead to over representation
  • Could have a disproportionate number of samples taken in smaller areas that look different
34
Q

4.2.1 Biodiversity: Non-random Sampling; Opportunistic

What’s meant by Opportunistic Sampling?

A

Researcher takes samples based on prior knowledge or during the process of collecting data
↳ May sample an area that they know contains a particular species

35
Q

4.2.1 Biodiversity: Non-random Sampling; Opportunistic

What are the Advatanges of Opportunistic Sampling?

A
  • Easier & faster than Random Samping
36
Q

4.2.1 Biodiversity: Non-random Sampling; Opportunistic

What are the Disadvatanges of Opportunistic Sampling?

A
  • Data may be biased
  • Overestimate of biodiversity
37
Q

4.2.1 Biodiversity: Compare Species richness & Species Evenness

Habitat X & Y contain 2 Different species & Total of 30 Individual Organisms

A
  • Same species richness (2)
  • Habitat Y has a greater species eveness
38
Q

4.2.1 Biodiversity: Compare Species richness & Species Evenness

Which Habitat is more Diverse?

A
  • B is more diverse
    ↳ B has the greatest species eveness but they bot have the same richness (6)
39
Q

4.2.1 Biodiversity: Simpsons Index of Diversity

What’s Simpsons’ Index of Diversity?

A

A way to measure species diversity that takes in account species richness & species eveness

40
Q

4.2.1 Biodiversity: Simpsons Index of Diversity

What’s the Simpsons Index of Diversity’s Formula?

A
41
Q

4.2.1 Biodiversity: Simpsons Index of Diversity

How would u Interpret your results?

(always get a value between 0 & 1)

A
  • High Value (closer to 1) = more diverse & can usually cope w change
  • Low Value (close to 0) = less stable & easily damaged by change
42
Q

4.2.1 Biodiversity: Genetic Biodiversity

What’s meant by Genetic Biodiversity?

A

Variaton of alleles within a species

43
Q

4.2.1 Biodiversity: Genetic Biodiversity

Why’s Genetic Diversity Important?

A

If its low then species may be more susceptible to changes in environment
↳ whole population could be wiped out by a single event or disease

44
Q

4.2.1 Biodiversity: Genetic Biodiversity

What’s meant by Polymorphism?

(hair colour, eye colour & blood type)

A

When a gene has more than 1 allele

45
Q

4.2.1 Biodiversity: Genetic Biodiversity

What’s meant by Monomorphism?

A

When a gene has only 1 allele
↳ ensures that basic structure of a species is similar

46
Q

4.2.1 Biodiversity: Genetic Biodiversity

What’s meant by Locus?

A

Where on the chromosome the alleles are

47
Q

4.2.1 Biodiversity: Genetic Biodiversity

How would u Calculate Genetic Diversity?

A
48
Q

4.2.1 Biodiversity: Factors effecting Genetic Biodiversity

How does a Mutation effect Genetic Biodiversity?

A

Creates new allele
↳ increases genetic biodiversity

49
Q

4.2.1 Biodiversity: Factors effecting Genetic Biodiversity

How does Interbreeding between Populations from diff regions effect Genetic Biodiversity?

A

Variety of alleles are istributed between populations (gene flow)
↳ increases genetic biodiversity

50
Q

4.2.1 Biodiversity: Factors effecting Genetic Biodiversity

How does Meiosis effect Genetic Biodiversity?

A
  • Independent asortment
  • Crossing over
  • Random fertilisation
51
Q

4.2.1 Biodiversity: Factors effecting Genetic Biodiversity

How does Selective Breeding effect Genetic Biodiversity?

A

Minority is picked for desired characteristics
↳ higher proportion of organisms within a species share same allele
↳ reduces genetic biodiversity

52
Q

4.2.1 Biodiversity: Factors effecting Genetic Biodiversity

How do Captive Breeding Programmes effect Genetic Biodiversity?

A

There’s a small gene pool
↳ reducing genetic diversity

53
Q

4.2.1 Biodiversity: Factors effecting Genetic Biodiversity

How does Cloning/Asexual Reproduction effect Genetic Biodiversity?

A

New organism is genetically identical to its parent
↳ no variation in genes across generations
↳ reducing genetic biodiversity

54
Q

4.2.1 Biodiversity: Factors effecting Genetic Biodiversity

How does Natural Selection effect Genetic Biodiversity?

A

Only organisms w characteristics beneficial to survival survive to reproduces & pass on their genes
↳ higher proportion of organisms within a species
↳ reducing genetic biodiversity

55
Q

4.2.1 Biodiversity: Factors effecting Genetic Biodiversity

How does Genetic Bottleneck effect Genetic Biodiversity?

A

Few individuals in population survive a sudden change or event
↳ leaves species w small gene pool
↳ reduces genetic biodiversity

56
Q

4.2.1 Biodiversity: Factors effecting Genetic Biodiversity

How does the Founder Effect effect Genetic Biodiversity?

A

Small number of individuals start a new colono geographically isolated from the other w gene pool for this population being v small
↳ subsequent generations have high change of having a previously uncommon allele

57
Q

4.2.1 Biodiversity: Factors effecting Genetic Biodiversity

How does Genetic Drift effect Genetic Biodiversity?

A

Due to randomisation of alleles being passed from parent to offspring, freq of ccurence varies
↳ sometimes causing a gene to disappear

58
Q

4.2.1 Biodiversity: Human Factors effecting Genetic Biodiversity

How does Agriculture effect Genetic Biodiversity?

A

Habitat loss
↳ land used for housing/agriculture

59
Q

4.2.1 Biodiversity: Human Factors effecting Genetic Biodiversity

How does Over-exploitation effect Genetic Biodiversity?

A

Greater demand for resources so they’re used faster than they can be replenished

60
Q

4.2.1 Biodiversity: Human Factors effecting Genetic Biodiversity

How does Urbanisation effect Genetic Biodiversity?

A

Expanding cities & roads means some populations are no longer able to interbreed

61
Q

4.2.1 Biodiversity: Human Factors effecting Genetic Biodiversity

How does Pollution effect Genetic Biodiversity?

A

More waste produced by increasing population
* Pollutants kill species/destroy habitats

62
Q

4.2.1 Biodiversity: Human Factors effecting Genetic Biodiversity

How does Loss of Traditional Species effect Genetic Biodiversity?

A

Don’t make enough money to be grown

63
Q

4.2.1 Biodiversity: Human Factors effecting Genetic Biodiversity

How does Monoculture effect Genetic Biodiversity?

A

Growing a single crop year after year

64
Q

4.2.1 Biodiversity: Human Factors effecting Genetic Biodiversity

How do Herbicides & Pesticudes effect Genetic Biodiversity?

A

Kill naturally occurring species

65
Q

4.2.1 Biodiversity: Human Factors effecting Genetic Biodiversity

How does Deforestation effect Genetic Biodiversity?

(caused by forest fires, land clearing & acid rain)

A

If only 1 type of tree is felled then species diversity is decreased
* Habitats = destroyed
* Animals = forced to migrate

66
Q

4.2.1 Biodiversity: Human Factors effecting Genetic Biodiversity

How does Agriculture effect Genetic Biodiversity?

A

Clearing land & hedgerows reduces plan & animal species numbers
* Chemicals (herbicides & pesticides) used
* Monoculture = specialise 1 crop reducing biodiversity in the area

67
Q

4.2.1 Biodiversity: Human Factors effecting Genetic Biodiversity

How does Climate Change effect Genetic Biodiversity?

(places get warmer or colder)

A
  • Species need a particular climate to survive
  • Some areas will become habitable & uninhabitable
  • Places may increase or decrease in biodiversity
  • Species may migrate
    ↳ caushing shift in biodiversity
  • Those unable to migrate may become extinct
68
Q

4.2.1 Biodiversity: Maintaining Biodiversity

What are Ecological reasons to maintain Biodiversity?

A
  • Minimise disruption to food chains
  • Minimise disruption to nutrient cycles (worms are very important)
  • Protect keystone species
    ↳ small populations w huge impact on ecosystem
  • Genetic resource
    ↳ plants & animals = source of food & clothing
69
Q

4.2.1 Biodiversity: Maintaining Biodiversity

What’s meant by In Situ Methods?

A
  • Inside an organism natural habitat
  • Maintains genetic diversity of species
  • Maintains evolutionary adaptations
  • Preserves independent relationships
70
Q

4.2.1 Biodiversity: Maintaining Biodiversity

What are Wildlife Reserves?

A
  • Protected Area
    ↳ restrict urban, industrial & agricultural development
  • Controls grazing
  • Restrict human access
  • Controlling poaching
  • Feeding animals
    ↳ ensure they reach reproductive age
  • Removal of invasive species
71
Q

4.2.1 Biodiversity: Maintaining Biodiversity

What are Marine Conservation Zones?

A

Creates areas of refuge so populations can replenish

  • Lundy Island
    ↳ marine conservation zone off coast of Devon
  • Protects Habitats
    ↳ lots of coral, seaweed & other species
72
Q

4.2.1 Biodiversity: Maintaining Biodiversity

What’s meant by Ex Situ Methods?

(done alongside in sity methods)

A

Removes organisms from their natural habitat

73
Q

4.2.1 Biodiversity: Maintaining Biodiversity

What are Botanic Gardens?

(over 1500 worldwide w 35,000 plant species)

A

Plant species grown successfully w right conditions & care
↳ nutrients, watering & removal of pests

74
Q

4.2.1 Biodiversity: Maintaining Biodiversity

What’s the Millennium Seed Bank at Kew Gardens?

A
  • World’s largest SB
  • 1B seeds
  • 34,000 species
  • Underground vaults
75
Q

4.2.1 Biodiversity: Maintaining Biodiversity

How do Seed Banks help maintain Biodiversity?

A

Seeds = stored under tight contitions : that plants may be grown in future
↳ slows rate they lose ability to germinate & keeps them viable & provides back up in case of extinction

76
Q

4.2.1 Biodiversity: Maintaining Biodiversity

How do Captive Breeding Programmes help maintain Biodiversity?

A
  • Offspring produced in human controlled environment
  • Managed by zoos & aquatic centres
  • Provides animals w shelter, food, no predators, vets & breeding partners
77
Q

4.2.1 Biodiversity: Maintaining Biodiversity

What are Problems w Captive Breeding?

A
  • Maintains genetic diversity
  • Loss of resistance to disease
  • Behaviour & instincts ( not knowing how to hunt)
  • Genetic difference to wild population
    ↳ cannot interbreed
  • Natural habitat may be lost
78
Q

4.2.1 Biodiversity: Maintaining Biodiversity

What’s the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES)?

A

Member countries agreed on:
* Not killing endangered species
* Limit trade by licensing
* Illegal to trade products from endangered species
* Raise awareness of threats to biodiversity

79
Q

4.2.1 Biodiversity: Maintaining Biodiversity

What are the Aims of the Rio Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)?

A
  • Develop internation strategies on conservation of biodiversity
  • Using plant & animal products in a sustainable way
  • International law: Biodiversity is everyone’s responsibility
  • Provide guidance to governments on how to conserve biodiversity
80
Q

4.2.1 Biodiversity: Maintaining Biodiversity

What are the aims of the Countryside Stewardship Scheme CSS?

(introduced in 1991)

A
  • Conseve wildlife & biodiversity
  • Improve & extend wildlife habitats
  • Promote land management techniques to land owners
  • Government grants landowners for doing them
    ↳ improve hedgerows & grassy margins for wildflowers

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