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M4: Biodiversity Flashcards

1
Q

4.2.1 Biodiversity: Key Terms

What’s meant by Biodiversity?

A

Variety of living organisms in an area

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2
Q

4.2.1 Biodiversity: Key Terms

What’s meant by Species?

A

Group of organisms that can interbreed to give fertile offspring

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3
Q

4.2.1 Biodiversity: Key Terms

What’s meant by Habitat?

A

Area inhibited by species

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4
Q

4.2.1 Biodiversity: Key Terms

Which factors are included in Habitats?

A
  • Biotic (living)
  • Abiotic (non-living)
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5
Q

4.2.1 Biodiversity: Key Terms

What’s meant by Habitat Biodiversity?

A

Number of different habitats within an area

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6
Q

4.2.1 Biodiversity: Key Terms

What’s the relationship between Habitat Biodiversity & Species?

A

More habitats means more species supported

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7
Q

4.2.1 Biodiversity: Key Terms

What’s meant by Species Richness?

(Species Diversity)

A

Number of different species living in a habitat

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8
Q

4.2.1 Biodiversity: Key Terms

What’s meant by Species Evenness?

A

Comparison of the number of individuals of each species living in a community

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9
Q

4.2.1 Biodiversity: Key Terms

What’s meant by Genetic Diversity?

A

Variation of alleles within a species

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10
Q

4.2.1 Biodiversity: Key Terms

What’s meany by Community?

A

All the populations of living organisms in a specific habitat

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11
Q

4.2.1 Biodiversity: Habitat Biodiversity

What’s the Habitat & Species Diversity in Sand Dunes?

A
  • Low
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12
Q

4.2.1 Biodiversity: Diversity & Climate

What’s the relationship between Distance from Equator & Biodiversity?

A

The closer the region is to the Equator, the greater the biodiversity

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13
Q

4.2.1 Biodiversity: Sampling a Habitat

What’s a key?

A

Equipment used to identify different species

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14
Q

4.2.1 Biodiversity: Sampling a Habitat

What’s the use of a Camera?

A

Record specimens & locations

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15
Q

4.2.1 Biodiversity: Sampling a Habitat

How would u measure the Species Richness & Evenness in a Habitat for Plants?

(Plants)

A
  • Count the density number of plants per m2
  • Count the freq estimate of no. of species
  • Count the number of each species
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16
Q

4.2.1 Biodiversity: Sampling a Habitat

How would u measure the Species Richness & Evenness in a Habitat for Ground Insects?

A
  • Use a pitfall trap or pooter
    ↳ insects fall in & can’t get out
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17
Q

4.2.1 Biodiversity: Sampling a Habitat

How would u measure the Species Richness & Evenness in a Habitat for Flying Insects?

A
  • Use a sweep net & sweeping method
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18
Q

4.2.1 Biodiversity: Sampling a Habitat

How would u measure the Species Richness & Evenness in a Habitat for Aquatic Animals?

A
  • Use a net
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19
Q

4.2.1 Biodiversity: CMRRC

What does CMRRC stand for?

A
  • Capture as many animals as u can in a given amount of time
  • Count them & mark them in a way that causes no harm
  • Release them to mix in the population
  • After some day recapture the same species over the same period of time
  • Count how many are marked & how many are not marked
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20
Q

4.2.1 Biodiversity: CMRRC

What are the Limitations w CMRRC?

A

Assumptions made:
* No death, immigration or emigration
* Identical samping methods
* marking doesn’t affect the survival rate of the animals

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21
Q

4.2.1 Biodiversity: CMMRC

How would u estimate Population Size?

A
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22
Q

4.2.1 Biodiversity: Random Samping

What’s the purpose of Random Sampling?

A

Enables each individual to have an equal change of being chosen

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23
Q

4.2.1 Biodiversity: Random Sampling

How can sampling be done Random?

A
  • Use a random number generator to select coordinates for quadrats
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24
Q

4.2.1 Biodiversity: Random Sampling

What are the Advantages of Random Sampling?

A
  • Data not biased by selective sampling
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25
# **4.2.1 Biodiversity:** Random Sampling What are Disadvantages of Random Sampling?
* May not cover all areas equally * Species w low presence may be missed
26
# **4.2.1 Biodiversity:** Non-random Samping What's the purpose of Non-random Sampling?
Ensure all different areas are samples when there's a lot of variety in distribution of species in the habitat
27
# **4.2.1 Biodiversity:** Non-random Sampling What are the 3 types of Non-random Sampling?
* Systematic * Stratified * Opportunistic
28
# **4.2.1 Biodiversity:** Non-random Sampling; Systematic What's meant by Systematic Sampling?
Samples taken from fixed intervals across habitat
29
# **4.2.1 Biodiversity:** Non-random Sampling; Systematic What are the Advantages of Systematic Sampling?
Useful when habitat shows a clear gradient in environmental factors
30
# **4.2.1 Biodiversity:** Non-random Sampling; Systematic What are the Disadvantages of Systematic Sampling?
* Only species on the line * Belt are recorded leading to an underestimate
31
# **4.2.1 Biodiversity:** Non-random Sampling; Stratified What's meant by Stratified Sampling?
Divide habitat into area which appear to be different & sample each section separately
32
# **4.2.1 Biodiversity:** Non-random Sampling; Stratified What are the Advantages of Stratified Sampling?
Enables all area of habitat are sampled ↳ species are not under represented
33
# **4.2.1 Biodiversity:** Non-random Sampling; Stratified What are the Disadvantages of Stratified Sampling?
* May lead to over representation * Could have a disproportionate number of samples taken in smaller areas that look different
34
# **4.2.1 Biodiversity:** Non-random Sampling; Opportunistic What's meant by Opportunistic Sampling?
Researcher takes samples based on prior knowledge or during the process of collecting data ↳ May sample an area that they know contains a particular species
35
# **4.2.1 Biodiversity:** Non-random Sampling; Opportunistic What are the Advatanges of Opportunistic Sampling?
* Easier & faster than Random Samping
36
# **4.2.1 Biodiversity:** Non-random Sampling; Opportunistic What are the Disadvatanges of Opportunistic Sampling?
* Data may be biased * Overestimate of biodiversity
37
# **4.2.1 Biodiversity:** Compare Species richness & Species Evenness Habitat X & Y contain 2 Different species & Total of 30 Individual Organisms
* Same species richness (2) * Habitat Y has a greater species eveness
38
# **4.2.1 Biodiversity:** Compare Species richness & Species Evenness Which Habitat is more Diverse?
* B is more diverse ↳ B has the greatest species eveness but they bot have the same richness (6)
39
# **4.2.1 Biodiversity:** Simpsons Index of Diversity What's Simpsons' Index of Diversity?
A way to measure species diversity that takes in account species richness & species eveness
40
# **4.2.1 Biodiversity:** Simpsons Index of Diversity What's the Simpsons Index of Diversity's Formula?
41
# **4.2.1 Biodiversity:** Simpsons Index of Diversity How would u Interpret your results? | (always get a value between 0 & 1)
* High Value (closer to 1) = more diverse & can usually cope w change * Low Value (close to 0) = less stable & easily damaged by change
42
# **4.2.1 Biodiversity:** Genetic Biodiversity What's meant by Genetic Biodiversity?
Variaton of alleles within a species
43
# **4.2.1 Biodiversity:** Genetic Biodiversity Why's Genetic Diversity Important?
If its low then species may be more susceptible to changes in environment ↳ whole population could be wiped out by a single event or disease
44
# **4.2.1 Biodiversity:** Genetic Biodiversity What's meant by Polymorphism? | (hair colour, eye colour & blood type)
When a gene has more than 1 allele
45
# **4.2.1 Biodiversity:** Genetic Biodiversity What's meant by Monomorphism?
When a gene has only 1 allele ↳ ensures that basic structure of a species is similar
46
# **4.2.1 Biodiversity:** Genetic Biodiversity What's meant by Locus?
Where on the chromosome the alleles are
47
# **4.2.1 Biodiversity:** Genetic Biodiversity How would u Calculate Genetic Diversity?
48
# **4.2.1 Biodiversity:** Factors effecting Genetic Biodiversity How does a Mutation effect Genetic Biodiversity?
Creates new allele ↳ increases genetic biodiversity
49
# **4.2.1 Biodiversity:** Factors effecting Genetic Biodiversity How does Interbreeding between Populations from diff regions effect Genetic Biodiversity?
Variety of alleles are istributed between populations (**gene flow**) ↳ increases genetic biodiversity
50
# **4.2.1 Biodiversity:** Factors effecting Genetic Biodiversity How does Meiosis effect Genetic Biodiversity?
* Independent asortment * Crossing over * Random fertilisation
51
# **4.2.1 Biodiversity:** Factors effecting Genetic Biodiversity How does Selective Breeding effect Genetic Biodiversity?
Minority is picked for desired characteristics ↳ higher proportion of organisms within a species share same allele ↳ reduces genetic biodiversity
52
# **4.2.1 Biodiversity:** Factors effecting Genetic Biodiversity How do Captive Breeding Programmes effect Genetic Biodiversity?
There's a small gene pool ↳ reducing genetic diversity
53
# **4.2.1 Biodiversity:** Factors effecting Genetic Biodiversity How does Cloning/Asexual Reproduction effect Genetic Biodiversity?
New organism is genetically identical to its parent ↳ no variation in genes across generations ↳ reducing genetic biodiversity
54
# **4.2.1 Biodiversity:** Factors effecting Genetic Biodiversity How does Natural Selection effect Genetic Biodiversity?
Only organisms w characteristics beneficial to survival survive to reproduces & pass on their genes ↳ higher proportion of organisms within a species ↳ reducing genetic biodiversity
55
# **4.2.1 Biodiversity:** Factors effecting Genetic Biodiversity How does Genetic Bottleneck effect Genetic Biodiversity?
Few individuals in population survive a sudden change or event ↳ leaves species w small gene pool ↳ reduces genetic biodiversity
56
# **4.2.1 Biodiversity:** Factors effecting Genetic Biodiversity How does the Founder Effect effect Genetic Biodiversity?
Small number of individuals start a new colono geographically isolated from the other w gene pool for this population being v small ↳ subsequent generations have high change of having a previously uncommon allele
57
# **4.2.1 Biodiversity:** Factors effecting Genetic Biodiversity How does Genetic Drift effect Genetic Biodiversity?
Due to randomisation of alleles being passed from parent to offspring, freq of ccurence varies ↳ sometimes causing a gene to disappear
58
# **4.2.1 Biodiversity:** Human Factors effecting Genetic Biodiversity How does Agriculture effect Genetic Biodiversity?
Habitat loss ↳ land used for housing/agriculture
59
# **4.2.1 Biodiversity:** Human Factors effecting Genetic Biodiversity How does Over-exploitation effect Genetic Biodiversity?
Greater demand for resources so they're used faster than they can be replenished
60
# **4.2.1 Biodiversity:** Human Factors effecting Genetic Biodiversity How does Urbanisation effect Genetic Biodiversity?
Expanding cities & roads means some populations are no longer able to interbreed
61
# **4.2.1 Biodiversity:** Human Factors effecting Genetic Biodiversity How does Pollution effect Genetic Biodiversity?
More waste produced by increasing population * Pollutants kill species/destroy habitats
62
# **4.2.1 Biodiversity:** Human Factors effecting Genetic Biodiversity How does Loss of Traditional Species effect Genetic Biodiversity?
Don't make enough money to be grown
63
# **4.2.1 Biodiversity:** Human Factors effecting Genetic Biodiversity How does Monoculture effect Genetic Biodiversity?
Growing a single crop year after year
64
# **4.2.1 Biodiversity:** Human Factors effecting Genetic Biodiversity How do Herbicides & Pesticudes effect Genetic Biodiversity?
Kill naturally occurring species
65
# **4.2.1 Biodiversity:** Human Factors effecting Genetic Biodiversity How does Deforestation effect Genetic Biodiversity? | (caused by forest fires, land clearing & acid rain)
If only 1 type of tree is felled then species diversity is decreased * Habitats = destroyed * Animals = forced to migrate
66
# **4.2.1 Biodiversity:** Human Factors effecting Genetic Biodiversity How does Agriculture effect Genetic Biodiversity?
Clearing land & hedgerows reduces plan & animal species numbers * Chemicals (herbicides & pesticides) used * Monoculture = specialise 1 crop reducing biodiversity in the area
67
# **4.2.1 Biodiversity:** Human Factors effecting Genetic Biodiversity How does Climate Change effect Genetic Biodiversity? | (places get warmer or colder)
* Species need a particular climate to survive * Some areas will become habitable & uninhabitable * Places may increase or decrease in biodiversity * Species may migrate ↳ caushing shift in biodiversity * Those unable to migrate may become extinct
68
# **4.2.1 Biodiversity:** Maintaining Biodiversity What are Ecological reasons to maintain Biodiversity?
* Minimise disruption to **food chains** * Minimise disruption to **nutrient cycles** (worms are very important) * Protect **keystone** species ↳ small populations w huge impact on ecosystem * Genetic resource ↳ plants & animals = source of food & clothing
69
# **4.2.1 Biodiversity:** Maintaining Biodiversity What's meant by In Situ Methods?
* Inside an organism natural habitat * Maintains genetic diversity of species * Maintains evolutionary adaptations * Preserves independent relationships
70
# **4.2.1 Biodiversity:** Maintaining Biodiversity What are Wildlife Reserves?
* Protected Area ↳ restrict urban, industrial & agricultural development * Controls grazing * Restrict human access * Controlling poaching * Feeding animals ↳ ensure they reach reproductive age * Removal of invasive species
71
# **4.2.1 Biodiversity:** Maintaining Biodiversity What are Marine Conservation Zones?
Creates areas of refuge so populations can replenish * Lundy Island ↳ marine conservation zone off coast of Devon * Protects Habitats ↳ lots of coral, seaweed & other species
72
# **4.2.1 Biodiversity:** Maintaining Biodiversity What's meant by Ex Situ Methods? | (done alongside in sity methods)
Removes organisms from their natural habitat
73
# **4.2.1 Biodiversity:** Maintaining Biodiversity What are Botanic Gardens? | (over 1500 worldwide w 35,000 plant species)
Plant species grown successfully w right conditions & care ↳ nutrients, watering & removal of pests
74
# **4.2.1 Biodiversity:** Maintaining Biodiversity What's the Millennium Seed Bank at Kew Gardens?
* World's largest SB * 1B seeds * 34,000 species * Underground vaults
75
# **4.2.1 Biodiversity:** Maintaining Biodiversity How do Seed Banks help maintain Biodiversity?
Seeds = stored under tight contitions **:** that plants may be grown in future ↳ slows rate they lose ability to germinate & keeps them viable & provides back up in case of extinction
76
# **4.2.1 Biodiversity:** Maintaining Biodiversity How do Captive Breeding Programmes help maintain Biodiversity?
* Offspring produced in human controlled environment * Managed by zoos & aquatic centres * Provides animals w shelter, food, no predators, vets & breeding partners
77
# **4.2.1 Biodiversity:** Maintaining Biodiversity What are Problems w Captive Breeding?
* Maintains genetic diversity * Loss of resistance to disease * Behaviour & instincts ( not knowing how to hunt) * Genetic difference to wild population ↳ cannot interbreed * Natural habitat may be lost
78
# **4.2.1 Biodiversity:** Maintaining Biodiversity What's the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES)?
Member countries agreed on: * Not killing endangered species * Limit trade by licensing * Illegal to trade products from endangered species * Raise awareness of threats to biodiversity
79
# **4.2.1 Biodiversity:** Maintaining Biodiversity What are the Aims of the Rio Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)?
* Develop internation strategies on conservation of biodiversity * Using plant & animal products in a sustainable way * International law: Biodiversity is everyone's responsibility * Provide guidance to governments on how to conserve biodiversity
80
# **4.2.1 Biodiversity:** Maintaining Biodiversity What are the aims of the Countryside Stewardship Scheme CSS? | (introduced in 1991)
* Conseve wildlife & biodiversity * Improve & extend wildlife habitats * Promote land management techniques to land owners * Government grants landowners for doing them ↳ improve hedgerows & grassy margins for wildflowers

Biology (14 decks)

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