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M2: Stem Cells & Differentiation Flashcards

1
Q

2.1.6 Stem Cells & Differentiation: Cells

What are Cells?

A

Carry out all necessary functions for life

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2
Q

2.1.6 Stem Cells & Differentiation: Cells

What are Tissues?

A

Collection of differentiated similar cells that have specific functions

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3
Q

2.1.6 Stem Cells & Differentiation: Cells

What are the Main Types of Animal Tissues?

A
  • Nervous tissue
  • Epithelial tissues
  • Muscle tissues
  • Connective tissue
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4
Q

2.1.6 Stem Cells & Differentiation: Cells

What are the Main Types of Plant Tissues?

A
  • Epidermis tissues
  • Vascular tissues
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5
Q

2.1.6 Stem Cells & Differentiation: Cells

What are Organs?

A

Collection of tissues that are adapted to carry out a particular function

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6
Q

2.1.6 Stem Cells & Differentiation: Cells

What’s an Organ System?

A

Number of organs used to carry out the major functions of an organism

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7
Q

2.1.6 Stem Cells & Differentiation: Stem Cells

What are Stem Cells?

A

Unspecialised cells

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8
Q

2.1.6 Stem Cells & Differentiation: Stem Cells

What are Unspecialised Cells?

A

Cells that can develop into diff types of cells

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9
Q

2.1.6 Stem Cells & Differentiation: Stem Cells

What’s the use of Stem Cells?

A

Source of new cells for:
* Growth
* Development
* Tissue repair

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10
Q

2.1.6 Stem Cells & Differentiation: Stem Cells

What’s the function of Stem Cells?

A

Can undergo cell division over & over again to become specialised

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11
Q

2.1.6 Stem Cells & Differentiation: Stem Cells

What happens when a Stem Cell has become Specialised?

A

They lose the ability to divide , entering G0 phase of the cell cycle

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12
Q

2.1.6 Stem Cells & Differentiation: Stem Cells

Why’s the Activity of Stem Cells Controlled?

A

If they don’t divide fast enough
↳ tissues aren’t efficiently replaced → causes ageing

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13
Q

2.1.6 Stem Cells & Differentiation: Stem Cells

What occurs when the Activity of Stem Cells is Uncontrolled?

A

Uncontrolled division forming masses of cells (tumours)
↳ lead to development of cancer

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14
Q

2.1.6 Stem Cells & Differentiation: Stem Cells Potency

What’s meant by Potency?

A

Stem cell’s ability to differentiate into diff types of cells

Greater the number of cells it can differentiate to = more potent

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15
Q

2.1.6 Stem Cells & Differentiation: Stem Cells Potency

What are Totipotent Cells?

A

Stem cells that can differentiate into any type of cell

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16
Q

2.1.6 Stem Cells & Differentiation: Stem Cells Potency

What are Examples of Totipotent Cells?

A
  • Fertilised egg
  • Zygote
  • 8 or 16 cells from 1st few mitotic divisions

Can all become an organism & can differentiate into extra-embryonic tissues
↳ amnion & umbilicus

  • Meristem (where growth takes place in a plant)
    ↳ can become xylem vessels & phloem sieve tubes
17
Q

2.1.6 Stem Cells & Differentiation: Stem Cells Potency

What are Pluripotent Cells?

A

Stem cells that can form into all tissue types but not whole organisms

18
Q

2.1.6 Stem Cells & Differentiation: Stem Cells Potency

Where are Pluripotent Cells found?

A

In any early embryos
↳ origin of diff types of tissues within an organism

19
Q

2.1.6 Stem Cells & Differentiation: Stem Cells Potency

What are Multipotent Cells?

A

Stem cells that can only form a range of cells within a certain type of tissues

20
Q

2.1.6 Stem Cells & Differentiation: Stem Cells Potency

What are Examples of Multipotent Cells?

A

Haematopoetic stem cells in bone marrow
↳ give rise to various types of blood cells

21
Q

2.1.6 Stem Cells & Differentiation: DIfferentiation

What’s Differentiation?

A

Process by which a cell becomes specialised for its job

22
Q

2.1.6 Stem Cells & Differentiation: DIfferentiation

What are Neutrophils?

A

Type of white blood cells

23
Q

2.1.6 Stem Cells & Differentiation: DIfferentiation

What are Adaptations of Neutrophils?

A
  • Flexible shape
    ↳ enables them to engulf foreign cells or pathogens
  • Many lysosomes (in cytoplasm)
    ↳ contains digestive enzymes to break down engulfed particles
24
Q

2.1.6 Stem Cells & Differentiation: DIfferentiation

What are Erythrocytes?

A

Red blood cells

25
# **2.1.6 Stem Cells & Differentiation:** DIfferentiation What are Adaptations of Erythrocytes?
* Biconcave shape ↳ larger SA for gas exchange * No nucleus ↳ more room for haemoglobin
26
# **2.1.6 Stem Cells & Differentiation:** DIfferentiation Wht are Epithelial Cells?
Cells that cover surface of organs
27
# **2.1.6 Stem Cells & Differentiation:** DIfferentiation How are Epithelial Cells joined?
By interlinking cell membranes & a membrane at their base
28
# **2.1.6 Stem Cells & Differentiation:** DIfferentiation What are Adaptations of Ciliated Epithelia?
Have cilia ↳ beat to move particles away
29
# **2.1.6 Stem Cells & Differentiation:** DIfferentiation What are Adaptations of Squamous Epithelia? | (found in alveoli & lungs)
Very thin ↳ allow efficient diffusion of gases
30
# **2.1.6 Stem Cells & Differentiation:** DIfferentiation What are Sperm Cells?
Male sex cells
31
# **2.1.6 Stem Cells & Differentiation:** DIfferentiation What are Adaptations of Stem Cells?
* Flagellum ↳ tail for movement * Lots of Mitochondria ↳ provides energy to swim * Acrosome ↳ has digestive enzymes to help penetrate egg surface
32
# **2.1.6 Stem Cells & Differentiation:** DIfferentiation What are Palisade Mesophyll Cells?
Perform most of photosynthesis in leaves
33
# **2.1.6 Stem Cells & Differentiation:** DIfferentiation What are Adaptations of Palisade Mesophyll Cells?
* Many chloroplasts ↳ can absorb lots of sunlight * Thin ↳ CO2 easily diffuse into cell
34
# **2.1.6 Stem Cells & Differentiation:** DIfferentiation What are Root Hair Cells?
Absorb water & mineral ions from soil
35
# **2.1.6 Stem Cells & Differentiation:** DIfferentiation What are Adaptations of Root Hair Cells?
* Large SA ↳ aids absorption * Thin permeable cell wall ↳ entry of water & ions * Cytoplasm has extra mitochondria ↳ provides energy for active transport
36
# **2.1.6 Stem Cells & Differentiation:** Uses of Stem Cells How can Stem Cells be used for Alzheimer's?
Nerve cells in brain die in increasing numbers ↳ causes severe memory loss * Stems cells used to regrow healthy nerve cells
37
# **2.1.6 Stem Cells & Differentiation:** Uses of Stem Cells How can Stem Cells be used for Parkinson's?
Suffer from tremors they can't control ↳ causes loss of a particular type of nerve cell in brain ↳ release chemicals called dopamine ↳ needed to control movement * Stem cells used to regenerate dopamine-producing cells
38
# **2.1.6 Stem Cells & Differentiation:** Stem Cell Ethics What's the Controversy w the use of Stem Cells?
* Destruction of embryos * Making designer babies * Dangerous

Biology (14 decks)

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