M3: Transport in Animals Flashcards
1
Q
3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Needing a Transport System
Why don’t single-cellular need a Transport System?
A
They obtain nutrients & excrete waste through simple diffusion
2
Q
3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Needing a Transport System
Why do we need a Transport System?
A
- High Metabolic Rate
- Small SA:V ratio
- Transporting molecules
3
Q
3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Why do we need a Transport System
What is meant by Metabolic Rate?
A
- High for large multicellular organisms
- Require high volument of substances & produce lots of waste
- Diffusion alone wouldn’t be able to do this
4
Q
3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Why do we need a Transport System
What is meant by SA:V ratio?
A
The larger the organism, the slower the rate of diffusion
↳ unable to survive off of diffusion alone
5
Q
3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Why do we need a Transport System
What is meant by Transporting Materials?
A
- Hormones & enzymes are produced in a gland
↳ needed to be transported elsewhere - Circulatory System transports these
6
Q
3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Circulatory System
What are the Components of a Circulatory System?
A
- Heart
- Fluid in which they’re transported in
- Vessels where the fluid can flow through
7
Q
3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Circulatory System
What are the 2 types of Circulatory Systems?
A
- Open Circulatory System
- Closed Circulatory System
8
Q
3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Open Circulatory System
What is an Open Circulatory System?
A
When blood doesn’t always remain within the vessels
9
Q
3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Open Circulatory System in an insect
What’s meant by Ostia?
A
Pores in an insect’s dorsal vessel
10
Q
3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Open Circulatory System in an insect
What’s the function of the Ostia?
A
Allow blood to enter ‘heart’
11
Q
3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Open Circulatory System in an insect
What’ meant by Peristalsis?
A
Windpipe
12
Q
3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Open Circulatory System in an insect
What’s the function of the Peristalsis?
A
Allow blood to be pumped into body
13
Q
3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Open Circulatory System in an insect
What happens in the Haemocoel?
A
Haemolymph bathes organs & tissues
↳ enabling diffusion of substances
14
Q
3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Open Circulatory System in an insect
What’s the final step involving blood?
A
It remains at a low pressure & flows slowly
15
Q
3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Open Circulatory System in an insect
Why do insects have an Open Circulatory System?
A
- They’re small
↳ blood doesn’t have to travel far - They have a seperate transport system for oxygen
↳ trachea
16
Q
3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Closed Circulatory System
What’s meant by Closed Circulatory System?
A
When blood always remains within blood vessels & a separate fluid bathes cell (tissue fluid)
17
Q
3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Closed Circulatory System in fish
How’s blood transported?
A
From heart, it is pumped through a series of vessels
18
Q
3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Closed Circulatory System in fish
How does blood reach body cells?
A
Through capillaries where blood diffuses in & out of blood into body cells
19
Q
3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Types of Closed Circulatory Systems
What’s a Single Circulatory System?
A
Blood travels heart once
20
Q
3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Types of Closed Circulatory Systems
What’s a Double Circulatory System?
A
Blood travels heart twice
21
Q
3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Single VS Double
Which system is more efficient?
A
Double Circulatory System
22
Q
3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Types of Closed Circulatory Systems
Why’s the Double Circulatory System the most efficient?
A
- Heart increases pressure of blood & after it has been reduced as it passes through capillaries in lungs
↳ blood flows more quickly - Allows blood to flow to body tissues to be at higher pressure than flow to lungs
- If pressure is too high in lungs capillaries could be damaged
23
Q
3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Blood Vessels
What are the 5 types of Blood Vessels?
A
- Arteries
- Arterioles
- Capillaries
- Venules
- Veins
24
Q
3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Blood Vessels
What do Arteries & Arterioles carry?
A
Oxygenated blood from the heart to the body
25
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Blood Vessels
What do Veins & Venules carry?
Deoxygenated blood from the body cells to the heart
26
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Components of Blood Vessels
What's the function of Elastic Fibres?
* Made of elastin
* Stretch & recoil
↳ making the vessels flexible
27
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Components Blood Vessels
Which Blood Vessel has the most Elastic Fibres?
Arteries
↳ carry blood under high pressure
28
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Components Blood Vessels
What's the function of Smooth Muscle?
Contracts & relaxes
↳ changes lumen size
29
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Components Blood Vessels
What's the function of Collagen?
Provides structural support to maintain shape & volume of the vessel
30
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Arteries & Artioles
What's their Lumen structure like?
Narrow
↳ helps maintain high pressure
31
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Arteries & Artioles
What's their Muscle composition?
Thick elastic & muscle layers
↳ allows vessel to expan w heart beats & recoil (gives a PULSE)
32
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Arteries & Artioles
What's the Composition of tissues?
* Arterioles have more muscles & less elastic fibres
↳ little pulse surge
↳ construct & dilate to allow blood flow
33
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Capillaries
What's the Size of a Capillary's Lumen?
1 blood cell thick
↳ 7-8 µm
34
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Capillaries
Why are Capillaries 1 cell thick?
Ensures red blood cells travel through in single file
↳ makes it easier for exchange of substances
35
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Capillaries
How are Substances Exchanged?
From blood cells to sorrounding tissues through gaps in the endothelium
↳ capillaries have a large SA
36
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Capillaries
How does having a Large SA assist its function?
Allows diffusion of substances in & out of capillaries
37
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Capillaries
How does having a Small Cross-sectional area assist its function?
Reduces the rate of blood flow from the artery supplying them
38
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Capillaries
How does having a 1 cell thick Endothelium assist its function?
Provides a short diffusion pathway for diffusion
39
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Veins & Venules
Why don't Veins have a Pulse?
They carry blood at low pressure
↳ pulse is lost as blood moves around body
40
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Veins & Venules
What's the Tissues Composition in walls of Veins?
* Lots of collagen
* Few elastic fribres & muscles
* Greater proportion of lumen vessel
41
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Veins & Venules
What's the Tissue Composition in Venules?
* No elastin fibres or smooth muscles
* Several venules will split from a vein
42
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Helping Blood Flow
How do Valves assist Blood Flow?
Act as a 1 way blood flow system
↳ prevents backflow
43
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Helping Blood Flow
How do Large Valves assist Blood Flow?
Have active muscles
↳ moves blood
44
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Helping Blood Flow
How do Breathing Movements assist Blood Flow?
| (in chest)
Aids movement of blood
45
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Varicose Veins
What happens if Vein walls become weakened?
Valves may no longer close properly
↳ causes backflow
↳ causes vein to become enlarged, bumpy & varicose (swollen, twisted & lengthened)
46
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Varicose Veins
Where do Veins usually become Varicose?
In superficial veins near the skin surface in lower legs rather than deep veins which lie under muscles
47
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Varicose Veins
How are Varicose Veins treated?
Can be surgically removed without affecting bloodflow
↳ most blood is returned to heart by deep veins
48
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Maintaining High Blood Pressure
What's the use of alternating Blood Pressures around the heart?
Main force that drives blood from heart around the body
49
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Maintaining High Blood Pressure
What's meant by Systole?
Heart contraction
50
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Maintaining High Blood Pressure
What occurs during Systole?
* Blood is pumped through **aorta** & **other arteries** at **high pressure**
* **Elastic fibres** of arteries enable them to expan & allow blood through
51
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Maintaining High Blood Pressure
What's meant by Diastole?
Heart relaxation
52
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Maintaining High Blood Pressure
What occurs during Diastole?
* Blood pressure in **arteries** drop
* **Elastic recoil** of artery walls help force the blood on
53
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Maintaining High Blood Pressure
Blood Pressure Diagram
As blood moves through smaller arterioles into capillaries,
& then into venules & veins, its velocity & pressure
drop continuously
54
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Blood
What's Blood?
Specialised transport medium
* Special type of connective tissue
55
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Blood
How much Blood is found in an Average Adult?
4 to 6 Litres
56
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Blood
What are the Functions of Blood?
* Transport
* Defence
* Thermoregulation
* Maintaining pH of body fluids
57
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Components of Blood
What makes 55% of Blood?
Plasma
58
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Components of Blood
What makes 45% of Blood?
* Erythrocytes
* Platelets
* Leucocytes
59
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Blood Stats
What's the Total Volume of blood in the Human body?
5 dm³
60
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Blood Stats
What's the Average number of red blood cells?
2.5x10^15
61
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Blood Stats
What's the Average number of white blood cells?
5x10^11
62
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Blood Stats
What's the Average number of platelets?
6x10^12
63
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Features of Erythrocytes
How does the Flattened, Biconcave disc shape assist them?
Ensures large SA:V ration for efficient gas exchange
64
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Features of Erythrocytes
How do Large amounts of Haemoglobin assist them?
Used for transporting oxygen
65
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Features of Erythrocytes
How does having No Nucleus assist them?
Maximises space for haemoglobin
↳ more oxygen can be transported
66
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Features of Erythrocytes
How do them having a diameter larger than Capillaries?
| (6–8 µm)
Slows bloodflow
↳ enables diffusion of oxygen
67
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Features of Erythrocytes
How does their Diameter assist them for their Function?
Haemoglobin is v close to plasma membrane
↳ oxygen is loaded & unloaded v quickly in & out of cell
68
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Plasma Proteins & Blood Pressure
What makes up 8% of Plasma?
* Plasma proteins
↳ half may be albumins
69
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Plasma Proteins & Blood Pressure
What are Albumins?
Groups of small proteins involved in transport of other substances (fatty acids & hormones)
70
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Plasma Proteins & Blood Pressure
What's the Function of Albumins?
Help regulate the osmotic pressure of blood
71
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Plasma Proteins & Blood Pressure
What's required to form Tissue Fluid?
Balance between **hydrostatic pressure** of blood & **osmotic pressure** of blood
72
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Blood Water Potential
How can dissolved substanced in Plasma move?
In & out of capillaries
73
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Blood Water Potential
What's the Osmotic effect?
| (large proteins e.g. albumin)
Causes blood to have relatively low WP
↳ water tends to move into blood from sorrounding tissues by osmosis
↳ **Oncotic Pressure** (-3.3 kPa)
74
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Permeability of Capillaries
How's Tissue Fluid formed?
Dissolved substances move out into body cells
75
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Permeability of Capillaries
Table showing the Relative Permeability of substances in blood
76
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Blood Pressure
What's meant by Hydrostatic Pressure?
When high pressure inside blood causes contractions of heart
77
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Blood Pressure
What does the Hydrostatic Pressure cause at the Arteriole end of a Capillary?
Forces water out of capillaries
**Pressure:** 4.6 kPa
78
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Blood Pressure
What does the Oncotic Pressure cause at the Venule end of a Capillary?
Pressure = higher & there's a lower WP in blood
* Water moves back into capillaries
79
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Formation of Tissue Fluid
What does Tissue Fluid allow?
Body to easily & quickly move dissolved mol onto body cells & take away waste materials back into blood
80
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Formation of Tissue Fluid
What's the Hydrostatic Pressure like?
| (arterial end of capillaries)
* High blood pressure inside capillaries
↳ forces plasma out of capillaries through endothelium onto body cells
81
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Formation of Tissue Fluid
What's the Oncotic Pressure like?
| (venule end of capillaries)
* Removal of plama decreases WP of blood
↳ water moves back into capillaries by osmosis
82
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Lymph
What happens to the 10& of Tissue Fluid that doesn't return the Capillaries?
Excess drains in Lymphatic System
↳ where lymph forms
83
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Lymph
What's Lymph?
Colourless/pale yellow fluid like tissue fluid but has more lipids
84
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Lymph
What's the Thoracic Duct?
Via where the Lymphatic System drains into Circulatory System near the vena cava
85
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Importance of Lymph
How does Tissue Fluid flow?
FLows into lymph system through valves & nodes
↳ valves = large enough to allow large protein mol through
86
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Importance of Lymph
Why's the Lymph System important?
Without it we'll die in 24hrs
↳ rate of water loss in blood would be too large
↳ leads to build up of tissue fluids in tissues (**Oedema**)
87
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Lymph System
What's the Lymph System made of?
* Lymph capillaries (vein-like)
* Lymph vessels (contains valves)
* Lymph nodes (sac-like organs that trap pathogens & foreign cells)
↳ contain large numbers of white blood cells
* Lymph tissues (in spleen, thymus & tonsils)
↳ contain large amount of white blood cells & are involved in their development
88
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Lymph System
What's its role as a Defence Mechanism?
* Contains white blood cells
* Plays an important role in secondary defence system
89
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Haemoglobin
What's Haemoglobin?
| (transports oxygen)
Protein that makes up 95% of the dry mass of red blood cells
90
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Haemoglobin
What's Haemoglobin made up of?
4 polypeptide chains, each bound to 1 haem group
91
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Haemoglobin
Hows Oxyhaemoglin formed?
Each haem group combines w 1 oxygen mol
↳ haemoglobin can combine w a max of 4 oxygen mol
92
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Investigating Haemoglobin
Why does Haemoglobin have a High affinity for oxygen?
* Partial pressure (diff concs) of O2
↳ haemoglobin will bind forming oxyhaemoglobin
* Saturation of haemoglobin is measured in &
↳ 100% = fully saturated
93
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Oxygen Conc
When does Oxygen bind w Haemoglobin?
When oxygen is at high conc
94
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Oxygen Conc
When does Oxygen dissociate from Haemoglobin?
When oxygen is at low conc
95
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Oxygen Conc
What's meant by Partial Pressure?
| (conc of a gas in a mixture of gasses)
Amount of pressure exerted by gas relative to the total pressure exerted by all gasses in a mixture
96
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Oxygen Conc
What's Partial Pressure measured in?
Kilopascals (kPa)
97
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Oxygen Conc
What's Partial Pressure written as?
P(O2) & P(CO2)
98
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Oxygen Disassociation
What's the relationship between Partial Pressure & Saturation?
Greater the partial pressure of oxygen, the greater the saturation of haemoglobin
99
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Oxygen Disassociation
What's Saturation like in the Lungs?
At 97% to 95% saturation of haemoglobin
↳ lungs have partial high presesure
100
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Oxygen Disassociation
What's Saturation like in Respiring Tissues?
At 25% to 20% saturation of haemoglobin
↳ respiring tissues have a low partial pressure
101
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Oxygen Disassociation
Graph linking Partial Pressure & Haemoglobin Saturation
102
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Bohr Shift
What's the Bohr Shift?
Describes effect of high CO2 conc on haemoglobin's oxygen affinity
103
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Bohr Shift
How's the Graph Drawn?
Second line is drawn to the right of & below the stand curve
104
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Foetal Haemoglobin
What's meant by Foetal Haemoglobin?
Special form of haemoglobin found in red blood cells in foetal bloodstream
105
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Foetal Haemoglobin
What's the Oxygen Affinity like in Foetal Haemoglobin?
Higher oxygen affinity than adult haemoglobin
106
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Foetal Haemoglobin
How does Foetal Haemoglobin higher affinity assist the foetus in grown?
Helps maximize oxygen uptake from mother’s blood stream
↳ has already lost some of its oxygen by the time it reaches placenta.
107
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Myoglobin
What's Myoglobin?
Mol w similar structure to haemoglobin
↳ has only 1 haem group
108
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Myoglobin
What's Myoglobin's Oxygen Affinity like?
High oxygen affinity even at v low partial pressures
109
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Myoglobin
How does Myoglobin's high oxygen affinity affect oxymyoglobin's dissociation?
Oxymyoglobin only dissociates when oxygen levels are too low
↳ found in muscle cells
↳ acts as an oxygen reserve
110
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** CO2
How's CO2 Transported?
* 5% of CO2 produced by respriging cells is transported by being dissolved in plasma
* Most CO2 diffused into cytoplasm of Erythrocytes
↳ **Carbonic Anhydrase** carries a series of reactions that produce **Carbonic Acid**
111
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** CO2
In what 3 ways is CO2 Transported?
* 5% = dissolved in plasma
* 10% to 20% = combined w amino groups of haemoglobin forming **Carboaminohaemoglobin**
* 75% to 80% = converted to hydrogen carbonate ions in cytoplasms of erythrocytes
112
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Carboaminohaemoglobin
What happens to some of CO2 that enter Erythocytes?
They escape being broken down by **carbonic anhydrase enzyme** & bind directly w **haemoglobin** forming **carbonaminohaemoglobin**
* 10% to 20% is carried this way
113
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Carbaminohaemoglobin
When is this formed?
In lungs CO2 in various forms leave plasma & haemoglobin & enter lungs
114
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Hydrogen Carbonate
How's Carbonic Acid formed?
When CO2 slowly reacts w water
115
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Hydrogen Carbonate
What happens when Carbonic ACid partially dossociates?
Forms hydrogen carbonate & hydrogen ions
* sped up by high levels of carbonic anhydrase
↳ cytoplasm of erythrocytes
116
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Haemoglobinic Acid
How is Haemoglobinic Acid formed?
H+ ions produced by dissociation reactions bind w haemoglobin in erythrocytes
117
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Haemoglobinic Acid
How does Haemoglobin act as a Buffer?
Haemoglobinic acid causes haemoglobin to release all oxygen its carrying
118
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Haemoglobinic Acid
What happens to Hydrogencarbonate?
Diffuses out of erythrocytes into plasma
119
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Chloride Shift
What's the Chloride Shift?
As negatively charged hydrogen carbonate ions move out of cells, erythrocytes become more positive
↳ due to presence of H+ ions
↳ Cl- ions move into erythrocytes
120
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Releasing CO2
What happens to CO2 when Blood reaches Lungs?
CO2 leaves lungs as it has a low CO2 conc
↳ **carbonic anhydrase** catalyses reaction to form **Carbon Decode** (leaves erythrocytes & plasma)
121
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Heart Structure
What's the Structure of the Heart?
122
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Heart Structure
What's the Heart?
| (size of a fist)
Muscular organ located between the lungs in the centre of the thorax
123
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Heart Structure
What's the Function of the Heart?
Pumps blood continuous around body
124
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Heart Structure
Why do we need hearts?
Organisms can lose consciousness within a few secs if brain is deprived w blood
125
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Heart Structure
When does the heart start beating in Foetuses?
About 5 to 6 weeks after conception
126
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Cardiac Muscle
What's the Heart mainly made up of?
Cardiac muscle tissue
↳ contracts involuntarily
127
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Cardiac Muscle
What's the Cardiac Muscle made up of?
| ( has llarge numbers of mitochondria & myoglobin mol)
Cells that r connected by cytoplasmic bridges
↳ enables impulses to pass through tissue
128
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Cardiac Muscle
What's the Structure like for a Dissected Heart?
129
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Cardiac Cycle
What's the Cardiac Cycle?
Control & coordination of the heart
130
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Cardiac Cycle
What are the 3 stages of the Cardiac Cycle?
* Atrial Systole
* Ventricular Systole
* Diastole
131
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Cardiac Cycle
What 2 types of muscles are in the Heart?
* Smooth muscle tissue
* Myocardial muscle tissue
132
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Pressure Changes
Graph showing changes in pressure in diff parts of heart through cardiac cycle
133
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Atrial Systole
What generally occurs during Atrial Systole?
* Both atria contract
* Blood flows from atria into ventricles
* Backflow of blood into vein is prevented by closure of valves in veins
134
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Atrial Systole
What occurs to the Muscles during Atrial Systole?
Muscles of atria contract
135
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Atrial Systole
What occurs to the Pressure during Atrial Systole?
Pressure inside atria increases
136
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Atrial Systole
What occurs to the Semi-lunar Valves during Systole?
Semi-lunar valves in vena cava & pulmonary vein close
137
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Atrial Systole
What occurs to the Tricuspid & Bicuspid during Atrial Systole?
Tricuspid & Bicuspid atrioventricular valves open
↳ allowing blood into ventricles
↳ pressure decreases
138
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Atrial Systole
How long does Atrial Systole last?
0.1 seconds
139
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Ventricular Systole
What occurs during Ventricular Systole?
* Both ventricles contract
* Atrioventricular valves = pushed shut by pressurised blood in ventricles
* Semi-lunar valves in aorta & pulmonary artery = pushed open
* Blood flows from ventricles into arteries
140
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Ventricular Systole
What occurs to the Muscles during Ventricular Systole?
Muscles of ventricles contract
141
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Ventricular Systole
What occurs to the Pressure during Ventricular Systole?
Pressure inside ventricles increases
142
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Ventricular Systole
What occurs to the Tricuspid & Bicuspid during Ventricular Systole?
Tricuspid & Bicuspid atrioventricular valves close
143
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Ventricular Systole
What occurs to the Semi-lunar valves during Ventricular Systole?
Semi-lunar valves in aorta & pulmonary arteries open
↳ pressure decreases
144
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Ventricular Systole
How long does Ventricular Systole last?
0.3 seconds
145
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Diastole
What occurs during Diastole?
* Atria & Ventricles relax
* Semi-lunar valves in aorta & pulmonary artery = pushed shut
* Blood flows from veins through atria & into ventricles
146
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Diastole
What occurs to the Pressure during Diastole?
Pressure in ventricles decreases
147
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Diastole
What occurs to the Semi-lunar valves during Diastole?
Semi-lunar valves in aorta & pulmonary arteries close
148
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Diastole
What occurs to the Muscles during Diastole?
All heart muscles relax
149
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Diastole
How does Blood flow during Diastole?
Blood flows into atria from vena cava & pulmonary vein
↳ pressure remains low inside atria & ventricles
150
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Action Valves
How are Valves controlled?
Through pressure changes in heart chambers
151
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Action of Valves
How are Valves forced Open?
High pressure behind valve
152
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Action of Valves
How are Valves Closed?
High pressure in front of valve
153
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Cardiac Outpus
What's meant by Cardiac Output?
Amount of blood pumped around the body
154
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Cardiac Outpus
Which 2 factord affect Cardiac Output?
* Stroke Volume
* Heart rate
cardiac output = stroke volume x heart rate
155
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Cardiac Output
What's Stroke Volume?
Volume of blood pumped by left ventricles in each heart beat
156
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Cardiac Output
What's the Typical valure for Stroke Volume?
| (adult)
75ml
157
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Cardiac Output
What's meant by Heart Rate?
Number of times the heart beats per minute
158
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Cardiac Output
What's the Typical value for Heart Rate?
| (adult)
70 bpm
159
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Pacemaker Cells
What do Myogenic Contractions cause?
Heart to beat without any input from nervous system
↳ occurs as long as cells stay alive
160
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Pacemaker Cells
What are Myocytes?
Muscle cells in heart
161
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Pacemaker Cells
What's a Property of Myocytes?
Have a slight electrical charge across their membrane
↳ polarised
162
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Pacemaker Cells
How do the Properties of Myocytes assist its Function?
When charge = reversed
↳ they're depolarised
↳ causes them to contract
163
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Pacemaker Cell
Where's Depolarisation initiated?
SAN (Sinoatrial Node)
↳ pacemaker in wall of right atrium
164
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Nodes
What controls the Cardiac Cycles?
Small patch of myogenic muscles in walls of right atriums (pacemakers)
165
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Nodes
What are the 2 Nodes in the Heart?
* Sino-atrial Node (SAN)
* Atrio-ventricular Node (AVN)
166
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Nodes
How are Impulses sent throughout the Heart?
Electrical impulses are sent from SAN to AVN coordinating heart muscle contractions
167
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Polarisation & Depolarisation
What's the Function of the membranes around 2 Nodes?
Allow a charge to be maintained across the membrane
168
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Polarisation & Depolarisation
When do Nodes become Polarised?
At rest
169
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Polarisation & Depolarisation
How do Nodes become Polarised?
Positive charge builds up on the inside of the node & a negative on the outside
↳ caused by ions building up
170
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Polarisation & Depolarisation
When are Nodes Depolarised?
When a contraction occurs
171
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Polarisation & Depolarisation
How are Nodes Depolarised?
Positively charged ions move out of nodes stimulating a move in electrical electricity in the heart
172
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Polarisation & Depolarisation
What's the Control of Atrial Systole?
* **SAN** in upper left wall of right atrium sends a wave of **electrical activity** (depolarisation) **throughout the atria**
↳ causes walls of atria to contract almost simultaneously
↳ blood = forced through bicuspid (mitral) & tricuspid valves into ventricles
173
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Control of Cardiac Cycle
What's the Control of Ventricular Systole?
* **AVN** picks up wave from **SAN** & sends its own wave of depolarisation down the **bundle of hiss**, then into **purkyne tissues**
↳ causes ventricular walls to contract
↳ forces blood out of aorta & pulmonary (semi-lunar) valves
174
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Artificial Pacemakers
What are Artificial Pacemakers?
Devices implanted in ppl whose heart's electrical conduction system is not working properly
175
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Artificial Pacemakers
When could an Artificial Pacemaker be used?
* SAN not firing
* Blockage/Disruption of impluses between SAN & AVN or Bundle of His
176
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Electrocardiograms (ECG)
What's a Electrocardiograph?
What monitors the electrical activity of the heart
177
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Electrocardiograms (ECG)
How does an ECG work?
* Electrodes = attached to specific places on a person's chest & limbs
↳ detect changed in polarisation in heart by measuring current at skin surface
178
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Electrocardiograms (ECG)
How can ECG be used in Diagnosis?
Variations in diff components of trace indicates disease or other abnormality
179
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Electrocardiograms (ECG)
When can ECG be taken?
* Relaxed
* Before Exercise
* After Exercise
180
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Electrocardiograms (ECG)
What's a Stress Test?
PAtient exercising on a treadmill while attached to ECG
181
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Rhythmic Abnormalities
What does this ECG show?
Normal ECG
* Beats evenly spaced
* Rate: 60-100 bmp
182
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Rhythmic Abnormalities
What does this ECG show?
Bradycardia
* Beats evenly spaced
* Slow heart beat
* Rate: < 60 bmp
183
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Rhythmic Abnormalities
What does this ECG show?
Tachycardia
* Beats evenly spaced
* Fast heart rate
* Rate: > 100 bmp
184
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Rhythmic Abnormalities
What does this ECG show?
Ectopic Beat
* Altered rhythm
* Extra beats followed by gaps
185
# **3.1.2 Transport in Animals:** Rhythmic Abnormalities
What does this ECG show?
* Irrefular rhythm
