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M3: Transport in Animals Flashcards

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1
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Needing a Transport System

Why don’t single-cellular need a Transport System?

A

They obtain nutrients & excrete waste through simple diffusion

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2
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Needing a Transport System

Why do we need a Transport System?

A
  • High Metabolic Rate
  • Small SA:V ratio
  • Transporting molecules
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3
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Why do we need a Transport System

What is meant by Metabolic Rate?

A
  • High for large multicellular organisms
  • Require high volument of substances & produce lots of waste
  • Diffusion alone wouldn’t be able to do this
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4
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Why do we need a Transport System

What is meant by SA:V ratio?

A

The larger the organism, the slower the rate of diffusion
↳ unable to survive off of diffusion alone

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5
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Why do we need a Transport System

What is meant by Transporting Materials?

A
  • Hormones & enzymes are produced in a gland
    ↳ needed to be transported elsewhere
  • Circulatory System transports these
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6
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Circulatory System

What are the Components of a Circulatory System?

A
  • Heart
  • Fluid in which they’re transported in
  • Vessels where the fluid can flow through
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7
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Circulatory System

What are the 2 types of Circulatory Systems?

A
  • Open Circulatory System
  • Closed Circulatory System
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8
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Open Circulatory System

What is an Open Circulatory System?

A

When blood doesn’t always remain within the vessels

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9
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Open Circulatory System in an insect

What’s meant by Ostia?

A

Pores in an insect’s dorsal vessel

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10
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Open Circulatory System in an insect

What’s the function of the Ostia?

A

Allow blood to enter ‘heart’

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11
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Open Circulatory System in an insect

What’ meant by Peristalsis?

A

Windpipe

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12
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Open Circulatory System in an insect

What’s the function of the Peristalsis?

A

Allow blood to be pumped into body

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13
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Open Circulatory System in an insect

What happens in the Haemocoel?

A

Haemolymph bathes organs & tissues
↳ enabling diffusion of substances

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14
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Open Circulatory System in an insect

What’s the final step involving blood?

A

It remains at a low pressure & flows slowly

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15
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Open Circulatory System in an insect

Why do insects have an Open Circulatory System?

A
  • They’re small
    ↳ blood doesn’t have to travel far
  • They have a seperate transport system for oxygen
    ↳ trachea
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16
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Closed Circulatory System

What’s meant by Closed Circulatory System?

A

When blood always remains within blood vessels & a separate fluid bathes cell (tissue fluid)

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17
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Closed Circulatory System in fish

How’s blood transported?

A

From heart, it is pumped through a series of vessels

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18
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Closed Circulatory System in fish

How does blood reach body cells?

A

Through capillaries where blood diffuses in & out of blood into body cells

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19
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Types of Closed Circulatory Systems

What’s a Single Circulatory System?

A

Blood travels heart once

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20
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Types of Closed Circulatory Systems

What’s a Double Circulatory System?

A

Blood travels heart twice

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21
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Single VS Double

Which system is more efficient?

A

Double Circulatory System

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22
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Types of Closed Circulatory Systems

Why’s the Double Circulatory System the most efficient?

A
  • Heart increases pressure of blood & after it has been reduced as it passes through capillaries in lungs
    ↳ blood flows more quickly
  • Allows blood to flow to body tissues to be at higher pressure than flow to lungs
  • If pressure is too high in lungs capillaries could be damaged
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23
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Blood Vessels

What are the 5 types of Blood Vessels?

A
  • Arteries
  • Arterioles
  • Capillaries
  • Venules
  • Veins
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24
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Blood Vessels

What do Arteries & Arterioles carry?

A

Oxygenated blood from the heart to the body

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25
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Blood Vessels

What do Veins & Venules carry?

A

Deoxygenated blood from the body cells to the heart

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26
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Components of Blood Vessels

What’s the function of Elastic Fibres?

A
  • Made of elastin
  • Stretch & recoil
    ↳ making the vessels flexible
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27
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Components Blood Vessels

Which Blood Vessel has the most Elastic Fibres?

A

Arteries
↳ carry blood under high pressure

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28
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Components Blood Vessels

What’s the function of Smooth Muscle?

A

Contracts & relaxes
↳ changes lumen size

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29
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Components Blood Vessels

What’s the function of Collagen?

A

Provides structural support to maintain shape & volume of the vessel

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30
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Arteries & Artioles

What’s their Lumen structure like?

A

Narrow
↳ helps maintain high pressure

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31
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Arteries & Artioles

What’s their Muscle composition?

A

Thick elastic & muscle layers
↳ allows vessel to expan w heart beats & recoil (gives a PULSE)

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32
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Arteries & Artioles

What’s the Composition of tissues?

A
  • Arterioles have more muscles & less elastic fibres
    ↳ little pulse surge
    ↳ construct & dilate to allow blood flow
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33
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Capillaries

What’s the Size of a Capillary’s Lumen?

A

1 blood cell thick
↳ 7-8 µm

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34
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Capillaries

Why are Capillaries 1 cell thick?

A

Ensures red blood cells travel through in single file
↳ makes it easier for exchange of substances

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35
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Capillaries

How are Substances Exchanged?

A

From blood cells to sorrounding tissues through gaps in the endothelium
↳ capillaries have a large SA

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36
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Capillaries

How does having a Large SA assist its function?

A

Allows diffusion of substances in & out of capillaries

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37
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Capillaries

How does having a Small Cross-sectional area assist its function?

A

Reduces the rate of blood flow from the artery supplying them

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38
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Capillaries

How does having a 1 cell thick Endothelium assist its function?

A

Provides a short diffusion pathway for diffusion

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39
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Veins & Venules

Why don’t Veins have a Pulse?

A

They carry blood at low pressure
↳ pulse is lost as blood moves around body

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40
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Veins & Venules

What’s the Tissues Composition in walls of Veins?

A
  • Lots of collagen
  • Few elastic fribres & muscles
  • Greater proportion of lumen vessel
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41
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Veins & Venules

What’s the Tissue Composition in Venules?

A
  • No elastin fibres or smooth muscles
  • Several venules will split from a vein
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42
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Helping Blood Flow

How do Valves assist Blood Flow?

A

Act as a 1 way blood flow system
↳ prevents backflow

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43
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Helping Blood Flow

How do Large Valves assist Blood Flow?

A

Have active muscles
↳ moves blood

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44
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Helping Blood Flow

How do Breathing Movements assist Blood Flow?

(in chest)

A

Aids movement of blood

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45
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Varicose Veins

What happens if Vein walls become weakened?

A

Valves may no longer close properly
↳ causes backflow
↳ causes vein to become enlarged, bumpy & varicose (swollen, twisted & lengthened)

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46
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Varicose Veins

Where do Veins usually become Varicose?

A

In superficial veins near the skin surface in lower legs rather than deep veins which lie under muscles

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47
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Varicose Veins

How are Varicose Veins treated?

A

Can be surgically removed without affecting bloodflow
↳ most blood is returned to heart by deep veins

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48
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Maintaining High Blood Pressure

What’s the use of alternating Blood Pressures around the heart?

A

Main force that drives blood from heart around the body

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49
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Maintaining High Blood Pressure

What’s meant by Systole?

A

Heart contraction

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50
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Maintaining High Blood Pressure

What occurs during Systole?

A
  • Blood is pumped through aorta & other arteries at high pressure
  • Elastic fibres of arteries enable them to expan & allow blood through
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51
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Maintaining High Blood Pressure

What’s meant by Diastole?

A

Heart relaxation

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52
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Maintaining High Blood Pressure

What occurs during Diastole?

A
  • Blood pressure in arteries drop
  • Elastic recoil of artery walls help force the blood on
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53
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Maintaining High Blood Pressure

Blood Pressure Diagram

A

As blood moves through smaller arterioles into capillaries,
& then into venules & veins, its velocity & pressure
drop continuously

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54
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Blood

What’s Blood?

A

Specialised transport medium
* Special type of connective tissue

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55
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Blood

How much Blood is found in an Average Adult?

A

4 to 6 Litres

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56
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Blood

What are the Functions of Blood?

A
  • Transport
  • Defence
  • Thermoregulation
  • Maintaining pH of body fluids
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57
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Components of Blood

What makes 55% of Blood?

A

Plasma

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58
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Components of Blood

What makes 45% of Blood?

A
  • Erythrocytes
  • Platelets
  • Leucocytes
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59
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Blood Stats

What’s the Total Volume of blood in the Human body?

A

5 dm³

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60
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Blood Stats

What’s the Average number of red blood cells?

A

2.5x10^15

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61
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Blood Stats

What’s the Average number of white blood cells?

A

5x10^11

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62
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Blood Stats

What’s the Average number of platelets?

A

6x10^12

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63
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Features of Erythrocytes

How does the Flattened, Biconcave disc shape assist them?

A

Ensures large SA:V ration for efficient gas exchange

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64
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Features of Erythrocytes

How do Large amounts of Haemoglobin assist them?

A

Used for transporting oxygen

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65
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Features of Erythrocytes

How does having No Nucleus assist them?

A

Maximises space for haemoglobin
↳ more oxygen can be transported

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66
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Features of Erythrocytes

How do them having a diameter larger than Capillaries?

(6–8 µm)

A

Slows bloodflow
↳ enables diffusion of oxygen

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67
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Features of Erythrocytes

How does their Diameter assist them for their Function?

A

Haemoglobin is v close to plasma membrane
↳ oxygen is loaded & unloaded v quickly in & out of cell

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68
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Plasma Proteins & Blood Pressure

What makes up 8% of Plasma?

A
  • Plasma proteins
    ↳ half may be albumins
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69
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Plasma Proteins & Blood Pressure

What are Albumins?

A

Groups of small proteins involved in transport of other substances (fatty acids & hormones)

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70
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Plasma Proteins & Blood Pressure

What’s the Function of Albumins?

A

Help regulate the osmotic pressure of blood

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71
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Plasma Proteins & Blood Pressure

What’s required to form Tissue Fluid?

A

Balance between hydrostatic pressure of blood & osmotic pressure of blood

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72
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Blood Water Potential

How can dissolved substanced in Plasma move?

A

In & out of capillaries

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73
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Blood Water Potential

What’s the Osmotic effect?

(large proteins e.g. albumin)

A

Causes blood to have relatively low WP
↳ water tends to move into blood from sorrounding tissues by osmosis
↳ Oncotic Pressure (-3.3 kPa)

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74
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Permeability of Capillaries

How’s Tissue Fluid formed?

A

Dissolved substances move out into body cells

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75
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Permeability of Capillaries

Table showing the Relative Permeability of substances in blood

A
76
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Blood Pressure

What’s meant by Hydrostatic Pressure?

A

When high pressure inside blood causes contractions of heart

77
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Blood Pressure

What does the Hydrostatic Pressure cause at the Arteriole end of a Capillary?

A

Forces water out of capillaries
Pressure: 4.6 kPa

78
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Blood Pressure

What does the Oncotic Pressure cause at the Venule end of a Capillary?

A

Pressure = higher & there’s a lower WP in blood
* Water moves back into capillaries

79
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Formation of Tissue Fluid

What does Tissue Fluid allow?

A

Body to easily & quickly move dissolved mol onto body cells & take away waste materials back into blood

80
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Formation of Tissue Fluid

What’s the Hydrostatic Pressure like?

(arterial end of capillaries)

A
  • High blood pressure inside capillaries
    ↳ forces plasma out of capillaries through endothelium onto body cells
81
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Formation of Tissue Fluid

What’s the Oncotic Pressure like?

(venule end of capillaries)

A
  • Removal of plama decreases WP of blood
    ↳ water moves back into capillaries by osmosis
82
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Lymph

What happens to the 10& of Tissue Fluid that doesn’t return the Capillaries?

A

Excess drains in Lymphatic System
↳ where lymph forms

83
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Lymph

What’s Lymph?

A

Colourless/pale yellow fluid like tissue fluid but has more lipids

84
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Lymph

What’s the Thoracic Duct?

A

Via where the Lymphatic System drains into Circulatory System near the vena cava

85
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Importance of Lymph

How does Tissue Fluid flow?

A

FLows into lymph system through valves & nodes
↳ valves = large enough to allow large protein mol through

86
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Importance of Lymph

Why’s the Lymph System important?

A

Without it we’ll die in 24hrs
↳ rate of water loss in blood would be too large
↳ leads to build up of tissue fluids in tissues (Oedema)

87
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Lymph System

What’s the Lymph System made of?

A
  • Lymph capillaries (vein-like)
  • Lymph vessels (contains valves)
  • Lymph nodes (sac-like organs that trap pathogens & foreign cells)
    ↳ contain large numbers of white blood cells
  • Lymph tissues (in spleen, thymus & tonsils)
    ↳ contain large amount of white blood cells & are involved in their development
88
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Lymph System

What’s its role as a Defence Mechanism?

A
  • Contains white blood cells
  • Plays an important role in secondary defence system
89
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Haemoglobin

What’s Haemoglobin?

(transports oxygen)

A

Protein that makes up 95% of the dry mass of red blood cells

90
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Haemoglobin

What’s Haemoglobin made up of?

A

4 polypeptide chains, each bound to 1 haem group

91
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Haemoglobin

Hows Oxyhaemoglin formed?

A

Each haem group combines w 1 oxygen mol
↳ haemoglobin can combine w a max of 4 oxygen mol

92
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Investigating Haemoglobin

Why does Haemoglobin have a High affinity for oxygen?

A
  • Partial pressure (diff concs) of O2
    ↳ haemoglobin will bind forming oxyhaemoglobin
  • Saturation of haemoglobin is measured in &
    ↳ 100% = fully saturated
93
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Oxygen Conc

When does Oxygen bind w Haemoglobin?

A

When oxygen is at high conc

94
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Oxygen Conc

When does Oxygen dissociate from Haemoglobin?

A

When oxygen is at low conc

95
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Oxygen Conc

What’s meant by Partial Pressure?

(conc of a gas in a mixture of gasses)

A

Amount of pressure exerted by gas relative to the total pressure exerted by all gasses in a mixture

96
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Oxygen Conc

What’s Partial Pressure measured in?

A

Kilopascals (kPa)

97
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Oxygen Conc

What’s Partial Pressure written as?

A

P(O2) & P(CO2)

98
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Oxygen Disassociation

What’s the relationship between Partial Pressure & Saturation?

A

Greater the partial pressure of oxygen, the greater the saturation of haemoglobin

99
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Oxygen Disassociation

What’s Saturation like in the Lungs?

A

At 97% to 95% saturation of haemoglobin
↳ lungs have partial high presesure

100
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Oxygen Disassociation

What’s Saturation like in Respiring Tissues?

A

At 25% to 20% saturation of haemoglobin
↳ respiring tissues have a low partial pressure

101
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Oxygen Disassociation

Graph linking Partial Pressure & Haemoglobin Saturation

A
102
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Bohr Shift

What’s the Bohr Shift?

A

Describes effect of high CO2 conc on haemoglobin’s oxygen affinity

103
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Bohr Shift

How’s the Graph Drawn?

A

Second line is drawn to the right of & below the stand curve

104
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Foetal Haemoglobin

What’s meant by Foetal Haemoglobin?

A

Special form of haemoglobin found in red blood cells in foetal bloodstream

105
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Foetal Haemoglobin

What’s the Oxygen Affinity like in Foetal Haemoglobin?

A

Higher oxygen affinity than adult haemoglobin

106
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Foetal Haemoglobin

How does Foetal Haemoglobin higher affinity assist the foetus in grown?

A

Helps maximize oxygen uptake from mother’s blood stream
↳ has already lost some of its oxygen by the time it reaches placenta.

107
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Myoglobin

What’s Myoglobin?

A

Mol w similar structure to haemoglobin
↳ has only 1 haem group

108
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Myoglobin

What’s Myoglobin’s Oxygen Affinity like?

A

High oxygen affinity even at v low partial pressures

109
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Myoglobin

How does Myoglobin’s high oxygen affinity affect oxymyoglobin’s dissociation?

A

Oxymyoglobin only dissociates when oxygen levels are too low
↳ found in muscle cells
↳ acts as an oxygen reserve

110
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: CO2

How’s CO2 Transported?

A
  • 5% of CO2 produced by respriging cells is transported by being dissolved in plasma
  • Most CO2 diffused into cytoplasm of Erythrocytes
    ↳ Carbonic Anhydrase carries a series of reactions that produce Carbonic Acid
111
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: CO2

In what 3 ways is CO2 Transported?

A
  • 5% = dissolved in plasma
  • 10% to 20% = combined w amino groups of haemoglobin forming Carboaminohaemoglobin
  • 75% to 80% = converted to hydrogen carbonate ions in cytoplasms of erythrocytes
112
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Carboaminohaemoglobin

What happens to some of CO2 that enter Erythocytes?

A

They escape being broken down by carbonic anhydrase enzyme & bind directly w haemoglobin forming carbonaminohaemoglobin
* 10% to 20% is carried this way

113
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Carbaminohaemoglobin

When is this formed?

A

In lungs CO2 in various forms leave plasma & haemoglobin & enter lungs

114
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Hydrogen Carbonate

How’s Carbonic Acid formed?

A

When CO2 slowly reacts w water

115
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Hydrogen Carbonate

What happens when Carbonic ACid partially dossociates?

A

Forms hydrogen carbonate & hydrogen ions
* sped up by high levels of carbonic anhydrase
↳ cytoplasm of erythrocytes

116
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Haemoglobinic Acid

How is Haemoglobinic Acid formed?

A

H+ ions produced by dissociation reactions bind w haemoglobin in erythrocytes

117
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Haemoglobinic Acid

How does Haemoglobin act as a Buffer?

A

Haemoglobinic acid causes haemoglobin to release all oxygen its carrying

118
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Haemoglobinic Acid

What happens to Hydrogencarbonate?

A

Diffuses out of erythrocytes into plasma

119
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Chloride Shift

What’s the Chloride Shift?

A

As negatively charged hydrogen carbonate ions move out of cells, erythrocytes become more positive
↳ due to presence of H+ ions
↳ Cl- ions move into erythrocytes

120
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Releasing CO2

What happens to CO2 when Blood reaches Lungs?

A

CO2 leaves lungs as it has a low CO2 conc
↳ carbonic anhydrase catalyses reaction to form Carbon Decode (leaves erythrocytes & plasma)

121
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Heart Structure

What’s the Structure of the Heart?

A
122
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Heart Structure

What’s the Heart?

(size of a fist)

A

Muscular organ located between the lungs in the centre of the thorax

123
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Heart Structure

What’s the Function of the Heart?

A

Pumps blood continuous around body

124
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Heart Structure

Why do we need hearts?

A

Organisms can lose consciousness within a few secs if brain is deprived w blood

125
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Heart Structure

When does the heart start beating in Foetuses?

A

About 5 to 6 weeks after conception

126
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Cardiac Muscle

What’s the Heart mainly made up of?

A

Cardiac muscle tissue
↳ contracts involuntarily

127
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Cardiac Muscle

What’s the Cardiac Muscle made up of?

( has llarge numbers of mitochondria & myoglobin mol)

A

Cells that r connected by cytoplasmic bridges
↳ enables impulses to pass through tissue

128
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Cardiac Muscle

What’s the Structure like for a Dissected Heart?

A
129
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Cardiac Cycle

What’s the Cardiac Cycle?

A

Control & coordination of the heart

130
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Cardiac Cycle

What are the 3 stages of the Cardiac Cycle?

A
  • Atrial Systole
  • Ventricular Systole
  • Diastole
131
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Cardiac Cycle

What 2 types of muscles are in the Heart?

A
  • Smooth muscle tissue
  • Myocardial muscle tissue
132
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Pressure Changes

Graph showing changes in pressure in diff parts of heart through cardiac cycle

A
133
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Atrial Systole

What generally occurs during Atrial Systole?

A
  • Both atria contract
  • Blood flows from atria into ventricles
  • Backflow of blood into vein is prevented by closure of valves in veins
134
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Atrial Systole

What occurs to the Muscles during Atrial Systole?

A

Muscles of atria contract

135
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Atrial Systole

What occurs to the Pressure during Atrial Systole?

A

Pressure inside atria increases

136
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Atrial Systole

What occurs to the Semi-lunar Valves during Systole?

A

Semi-lunar valves in vena cava & pulmonary vein close

137
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Atrial Systole

What occurs to the Tricuspid & Bicuspid during Atrial Systole?

A

Tricuspid & Bicuspid atrioventricular valves open
↳ allowing blood into ventricles
↳ pressure decreases

138
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Atrial Systole

How long does Atrial Systole last?

A

0.1 seconds

139
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Ventricular Systole

What occurs during Ventricular Systole?

A
  • Both ventricles contract
  • Atrioventricular valves = pushed shut by pressurised blood in ventricles
  • Semi-lunar valves in aorta & pulmonary artery = pushed open
  • Blood flows from ventricles into arteries
140
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Ventricular Systole

What occurs to the Muscles during Ventricular Systole?

A

Muscles of ventricles contract

141
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Ventricular Systole

What occurs to the Pressure during Ventricular Systole?

A

Pressure inside ventricles increases

142
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Ventricular Systole

What occurs to the Tricuspid & Bicuspid during Ventricular Systole?

A

Tricuspid & Bicuspid atrioventricular valves close

143
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Ventricular Systole

What occurs to the Semi-lunar valves during Ventricular Systole?

A

Semi-lunar valves in aorta & pulmonary arteries open
↳ pressure decreases

144
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Ventricular Systole

How long does Ventricular Systole last?

A

0.3 seconds

145
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Diastole

What occurs during Diastole?

A
  • Atria & Ventricles relax
  • Semi-lunar valves in aorta & pulmonary artery = pushed shut
  • Blood flows from veins through atria & into ventricles
146
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Diastole

What occurs to the Pressure during Diastole?

A

Pressure in ventricles decreases

147
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Diastole

What occurs to the Semi-lunar valves during Diastole?

A

Semi-lunar valves in aorta & pulmonary arteries close

148
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Diastole

What occurs to the Muscles during Diastole?

A

All heart muscles relax

149
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Diastole

How does Blood flow during Diastole?

A

Blood flows into atria from vena cava & pulmonary vein
↳ pressure remains low inside atria & ventricles

150
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Action Valves

How are Valves controlled?

A

Through pressure changes in heart chambers

151
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Action of Valves

How are Valves forced Open?

A

High pressure behind valve

152
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Action of Valves

How are Valves Closed?

A

High pressure in front of valve

153
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Cardiac Outpus

What’s meant by Cardiac Output?

A

Amount of blood pumped around the body

154
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Cardiac Outpus

Which 2 factord affect Cardiac Output?

A
  • Stroke Volume
  • Heart rate

cardiac output = stroke volume x heart rate

155
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Cardiac Output

What’s Stroke Volume?

A

Volume of blood pumped by left ventricles in each heart beat

156
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Cardiac Output

What’s the Typical valure for Stroke Volume?

(adult)

A

75ml

157
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Cardiac Output

What’s meant by Heart Rate?

A

Number of times the heart beats per minute

158
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Cardiac Output

What’s the Typical value for Heart Rate?

(adult)

A

70 bpm

159
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Pacemaker Cells

What do Myogenic Contractions cause?

A

Heart to beat without any input from nervous system
↳ occurs as long as cells stay alive

160
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Pacemaker Cells

What are Myocytes?

A

Muscle cells in heart

161
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Pacemaker Cells

What’s a Property of Myocytes?

A

Have a slight electrical charge across their membrane
↳ polarised

162
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Pacemaker Cells

How do the Properties of Myocytes assist its Function?

A

When charge = reversed
↳ they’re depolarised
↳ causes them to contract

163
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Pacemaker Cell

Where’s Depolarisation initiated?

A

SAN (Sinoatrial Node)
↳ pacemaker in wall of right atrium

164
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Nodes

What controls the Cardiac Cycles?

A

Small patch of myogenic muscles in walls of right atriums (pacemakers)

165
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Nodes

What are the 2 Nodes in the Heart?

A
  • Sino-atrial Node (SAN)
  • Atrio-ventricular Node (AVN)
166
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Nodes

How are Impulses sent throughout the Heart?

A

Electrical impulses are sent from SAN to AVN coordinating heart muscle contractions

167
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Polarisation & Depolarisation

What’s the Function of the membranes around 2 Nodes?

A

Allow a charge to be maintained across the membrane

168
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Polarisation & Depolarisation

When do Nodes become Polarised?

A

At rest

169
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Polarisation & Depolarisation

How do Nodes become Polarised?

A

Positive charge builds up on the inside of the node & a negative on the outside
↳ caused by ions building up

170
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Polarisation & Depolarisation

When are Nodes Depolarised?

A

When a contraction occurs

171
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Polarisation & Depolarisation

How are Nodes Depolarised?

A

Positively charged ions move out of nodes stimulating a move in electrical electricity in the heart

172
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Polarisation & Depolarisation

What’s the Control of Atrial Systole?

A
  • SAN in upper left wall of right atrium sends a wave of electrical activity (depolarisation) throughout the atria
    ↳ causes walls of atria to contract almost simultaneously
    ↳ blood = forced through bicuspid (mitral) & tricuspid valves into ventricles
173
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Control of Cardiac Cycle

What’s the Control of Ventricular Systole?

A
  • AVN picks up wave from SAN & sends its own wave of depolarisation down the bundle of hiss, then into purkyne tissues
    ↳ causes ventricular walls to contract
    ↳ forces blood out of aorta & pulmonary (semi-lunar) valves
174
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Artificial Pacemakers

What are Artificial Pacemakers?

A

Devices implanted in ppl whose heart’s electrical conduction system is not working properly

175
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Artificial Pacemakers

When could an Artificial Pacemaker be used?

A
  • SAN not firing
  • Blockage/Disruption of impluses between SAN & AVN or Bundle of His
176
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Electrocardiograms (ECG)

What’s a Electrocardiograph?

A

What monitors the electrical activity of the heart

177
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Electrocardiograms (ECG)

How does an ECG work?

A
  • Electrodes = attached to specific places on a person’s chest & limbs
    ↳ detect changed in polarisation in heart by measuring current at skin surface
178
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Electrocardiograms (ECG)

How can ECG be used in Diagnosis?

A

Variations in diff components of trace indicates disease or other abnormality

179
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Electrocardiograms (ECG)

When can ECG be taken?

A
  • Relaxed
  • Before Exercise
  • After Exercise
180
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Electrocardiograms (ECG)

What’s a Stress Test?

A

PAtient exercising on a treadmill while attached to ECG

181
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Rhythmic Abnormalities

What does this ECG show?

A

Normal ECG
* Beats evenly spaced
* Rate: 60-100 bmp

182
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Rhythmic Abnormalities

What does this ECG show?

A

Bradycardia
* Beats evenly spaced
* Slow heart beat
* Rate: < 60 bmp

183
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Rhythmic Abnormalities

What does this ECG show?

A

Tachycardia
* Beats evenly spaced
* Fast heart rate
* Rate: > 100 bmp

184
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Rhythmic Abnormalities

What does this ECG show?

A

Ectopic Beat
* Altered rhythm
* Extra beats followed by gaps

185
Q

3.1.2 Transport in Animals: Rhythmic Abnormalities

What does this ECG show?

A
  • Irrefular rhythm

Biology (14 decks)

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