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M3: Transport in Plants Flashcards

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1
Q

3.1.3 Transport in Plants: Exchange of Substance

Why do plants need Transport Systems?

A
  • They’re multicellular organisms
  • Small SA:V ratio
  • High Metabolic rate
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2
Q

3.1.3 Transport in Plants: Exchange of Substance

Why would Exchanging Substances through Simple Diffusion be ineffective?

A

Plants = multicellular
↳ this process would be too slow for their metabolic needs

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3
Q

3.1.3 Transport in Plants: Exchange of Substance

What materials do Plants Transport?

A
  • Carbon Dioxide
  • Oxygen
  • Water
  • Organic Nutrients
  • Inorganic ions
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4
Q

3.1.3 Transport in Plants: Useful Ions

What’s the Function of Mg Ions?

A

Found in chlorophyll
↳ keeps plant green

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5
Q

3.1.3 Transport in Plants: Useful Ions

What’s the Function of K Ions?

A

Makes up DNA

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6
Q

3.1.3 Transport in Plants: Useful Ions

What’s the Function of N Ions?

A

Makes up proteins

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7
Q

3.1.3 Transport in Plants: Photosynthesis

What’s Photosynthesis?

A

Plants producing glucose through sunlight

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8
Q

3.1.3 Transport in Plants: Transpiration Summary

What’s Transpiration?

A

Passive process where water is lost through evaporation

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9
Q

3.1.3 Transport in Plants: Transpiration Summary

In which direction does Transpiration occur?

A

Up the plant
* roots to leaves

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10
Q

3.1.3 Transport in Plants: Transpiration Summary

Which Vessel is involved in Transpiration?

A

Xylem Vessel

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11
Q

3.1.3 Transport in Plants: Transpiration Summary

What does the Xylem Vessel transport?

A
  • Water
  • Mineral Ions
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12
Q

3.1.3 Transport in Plants: Translocation Summary

What’s Translocation?

A

Active movement of sugars
↳ Sucrose acids

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13
Q

3.1.3 Transport in Plants: Translocation Summary

In which direction does Translocation occur?

A

All around the plant

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14
Q

3.1.3 Transport in Plants: Translocation Summary

Which Vessel is involved in Translocation?

A

Phloem Vessel

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15
Q

3.1.3 Transport in Plants: Translocation Summary

What does the Phloem Vessel transport?

A

Sugars/ Assimilates

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16
Q

3.1.3 Transport in Plants: Vascular System

What’s a Dicotyledonous Plant?

A

Plant w a Vascular Bundle

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17
Q

3.1.3 Transport in Plants: Vascular System

What’s the Vascular Bundle?

A

Vascular tissue distributed throughout the plant

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18
Q

3.1.3 Transport in Plants: Vascular System

What’s the Vascular Bundle made up of?

A
  • Xylem Tissue
  • Phloem Tissue
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19
Q

3.1.3 Transport in Plants: Vascular System

What’s the function of the Vascular Bundle?

A

Transport of substances & structural support purposes

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20
Q

3.1.3 Transport in Plants: Vascular System

What’s the X structure in the cross-section of a root?

A

Xylem
↳ provides a ‘drill’ like structure
↳ enables plant to be able to push down to the root

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21
Q

3.1.3 Transport in Plants: Vascular System

Where are the Xylem & Phloem located in the Roots?

A
  • X: centre
  • P: sorrounds X in 4 separate sections
    ↳ provide support for root as it pushes through soil
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22
Q

3.1.3 Transport in Plants: Vascular System

Where are the Xylem & Phloem located in the Stems?

A
  • X & P: near the outside
    ↳ provides a scaffold that reduces bending
  • X is on top of P
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23
Q

3.1.3 Transport in Plants: Vascular System

Where are the Xylem & Phloem located in the Leaf?

A
  • X & P: make up network of veins
    ↳ supports thin leaves
  • X = inner P = outer

Cambium layer contains meristem cells

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24
Q

3.1.3 Transport in Plants: Xylem Tissue Structure

What’s the Xylem Tissue?

A

Non-living tissue
↳ made up of dead cells (no cytoplasm) & nucleus disappears during its development

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25
Q

3.1.3 Transport in Plants: Xylem Tissue Structure

What’s the structure of the Xylem Vessel?

A

Long, tube-like structures from vessel elements joined end to end

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26
Q

3.1.3 Transport in Plants: Xylem Tissue Structure

What’s the structure of Xylem walls?

A
  • Made of Lignin
    ↳ supports vessel & stops them from collapsing inwards
  • Lignified
    ↳ walls made waterproof
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27
Q

3.1.3 Transport in Plants: Xylem Tissue Structure

What happens to the Amount of Lignin as the cell gets older?

A

It increases

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28
Q

3.1.3 Transport in Plants: Xylem Tissue Structure

Why are there no end walls in the Xylem Tissue?

A
  • Creates an uninterrupted tube
    ↳ allows water to pass through middle easily
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29
Q

3.1.3 Transport in Plants: Xylem Tissue Structure

What do the End Plates allow?

A

Prevents vessel from being too rigid & allows some flexibility

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30
Q

3.1.3 Transport in Plants: Xylem Tissue Structure

What happens when Lignifications is incomplete?

A

Gaps in cell wall are formed
↳ forms pits/bordered pits

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31
Q

3.1.3 Transport in Plants: Xylem Tissue Structure

What do the Bordered Pits allow?

A

Water to leave a vessel & pass onto the next

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32
Q

3.1.3 Transport in Plants: Phloem Tissue Structure

What’s the Phloem Tissue?

A

Arrangement of multiple sieve tube elements

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33
Q

3.1.3 Transport in Plants: Phloem Tissue Structure

Why does the Phloem need Companion cells?

A

Phloem lacks a nucleus & other organelles
↳ all important functions occur in companion cells

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34
Q

3.1.3 Transport in Plants: Phloem Tissue Structure

What are Companion Cells?

A

Small cells found in sieve tubes w a large nucleus & dense cytoplasm

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35
Q

3.1.3 Transport in Plants: Phloem Tissue Structure

What’s the Function of Companion Cells?

A

Has mitochondria to produce ATP needed to carry out the active processes

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36
Q

3.1.3 Transport in Plants: Phloem Tissue Structure

What are Sieve Tube Elements?

A

Living cells w no nucleus & very little cytoplasm that transport solutes through plant
* Joined end to end to form Sieve Tubes

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37
Q

3.1.3 Transport in Plants: Phloem Tissue Structure

What’s the Function of Sieve Tubes?

A

Allow space for mass flow of sap to occur

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38
Q

3.1.3 Transport in Plants: Phloem Tissue Structure

What are Sieve Plates?

A

Perforated cross-walls at the ends of sieve tube elements

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39
Q

3.1.3 Transport in Plants: Phloem Tissue Structure

What’s the space between Sieve Tubes & Companion Cells?

A

Plasmodesmata

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40
Q

3.1.3 Transport in Plants: Movement of Water through Roots

What’s the movement of water through a plant?

A
  • Water enters through root hair cells & passes through root cortex
  • Moves up the plant through osmosis
  • Diffuses out of the plant through the stomata
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41
Q

3.1.3 Transport in Plants: Movement of Water through Roots

How does Water move?

A

From areas of Higher WP to areas of Lower WP

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42
Q

3.1.3 Transport in Plants: Movement of Water through Roots

What’s the WP in Roots & Leaves?

A
  • Roots = High WP
    ↳ lots of water in soil
  • Leaves = Low WP
    ↳ water constantly evaporates
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43
Q

3.1.3 Transport in Plants: Movement of Water through Roots

How does this WP Gradient allow the movement of water?

A

Keeps water moving through the plant in the right direction

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44
Q

3.1.3 Transport in Plants: Movement of Water through Roots

What happens if the WP inside the cell is low?

A

Water will move in by osmosis

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45
Q

3.1.3 Transport in Plants: Movement of Water through Roots

What happens if the WP inside the cell is high?

A

Water will move out by osmosis

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46
Q

3.1.3 Transport in Plants: Movement of Water through Roots

What is meant by the term ‘Plasmolysed’?

A

Plants shrink its cell membrane away from the cell water

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47
Q

3.1.3 Transport in Plants: Movement of Water through Roots

When would a Plant be Plasmolysed?

A

When the external WP is low

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48
Q

3.1.3 Transport in Plants: Movement of Water through Roots

How does the size optimise the function of Root Hair Cells?

A

They can penetrate easily between soil particles

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49
Q

3.1.3 Transport in Plants: Movement of Water through Roots

How does a large SA:V ratio optimise the function of Root Hair Cells?

A

There are thousands on each growing root tip

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50
Q

3.1.3 Transport in Plants: Movement of Water through Roots

How does a Thin SA optimise the function of Root Hair Cells?

A

Diffusion & Osmosis can take place quickly

51
Q

3.1.3 Transport in Plants: Movement of Water through Roots

How does the Conc of Solutes in cytoplasm optimise the function of Root Hair Cells?

A

Maintains a WP gradient between the soil water & cell

52
Q

3.1.3 Transport in Plants: Structure of Plants

What’s meant by Epidermis?

(Epi)

A

Found towards the outside

53
Q

3.1.3 Transport in Plants: Structure of Plants

What’s meant by Endodermis?

(Endo)

A

Found towards the inside

54
Q

3.1.3 Transport in Plants: Structure of Plants

What’s the Waxy Cuticle?

A

Extracellular hydrphobic layer covering plant’s epidermis
↳ waterproofs leaves & creates a layer of protection

55
Q

3.1.3 Transport in Plants: Structure of Plants

What’s the Upper Epidermis?

A

Single layer of cells
↳ transprant : light passes through onto next layer

56
Q

3.1.3 Transport in Plants: Sturcture of Plants

What’s the Palisade Mesophyll Layer?

A

Site of Photosynthesis
↳ has lots of chloroplasts

57
Q

3.1.3 Transport in Plants: Structure of Plants

What’s the Spongy Mesophyll Layer?

A

Porous tissue
↳ allows exchange of gases through diffusion

58
Q

3.1.3 Transport in Plants: Structure of Plants

What’s the Vascular Bundle?

A

Tissue composed of Xylem & Phloem

59
Q

3.1.3 Transport in Plants: Structure of Plants

What’s the Lower Epidermis?

A

Protective layer of cells contaning stomata
↳ allow entry & exit of gases

60
Q

3.1.3 Transport in Plants: Water Movement Pathways

Which pathways does water move into the plant?

A
  • Symplast Pathway
  • Vacuolar Pathway
  • Apoplast Pathway
61
Q

3.1.3 Transport in Plants: Water Movement Pathways

What’s a Apoplast Pathway?

A

Water is transporetd through cell walls

62
Q

3.1.3 Transport in Plants: Water Movement Pathways

What’s a Vacuolar Pathway?

A

Water is transorted straight through the vacuoles

63
Q

3.1.3 Transport in Plants: Water Movement Pathways

What’s a Symplast Pathway?

A

Water is transported through the cytoplasm around organelles

64
Q

3.1.3 Transport in Plants: Water Movement Pathways

Which Pathway is the fastest?

A

Apoplast Pathway

65
Q

3.1.3 Transport in Plants: Water Movement Pathways

Which Pathway is the slowest?

A

Symplast Pathway

66
Q

3.1.3 Transport in Plants: Casparian Strip

Where’s the Casparian Strip found?

A

The Endodermis

67
Q

3.1.3 Transport in Plants: Casparian Strip

What’s the function of the Casparian Strip?

A

Stops flow in the Apoplast Pathway

68
Q

3.1.3 Transport in Plants: Casparian Strip

How’s the Casparian Strip able to do this?

A

It is an impermeable layer of suberin
↳ waxy material

69
Q

3.1.3 Transport in Plants: Casparian Strip

What’s the result of the Casparian being able to perform this functiom?

A

All water in the Apoloplast Pathway is forced into the Symplast Pathway

70
Q

3.1.3 Transport in Plants: Pulling Water up Xylem

How does Water move up the stem?

A
  • Root Pressure (Active Process)
  • Transpirational Pull (Cohesion-Tension)
  • Capillary Action
71
Q

3.1.3 Transport in Plants: Active Transport in Root Pressure

What’s the Affect of Cyanide?

A

Cyanide stops the mitochondria from working
↳ less active transport :root pressure decreases

72
Q

3.1.3 Transport in Plants: Active Transport in Root Pressure

What’s the Affect of Temperature?

A

Root pressure increases as temp increases & decreases when temp decreases
↳ an enzyme controlled chemical reaction

73
Q

3.1.3 Transport in Plants: Active Transport in Root Pressure

What’s the Affect of Reactant Availability?

A

If oxygen levels or respiratory substrate levels drop
↳ root pressure decreases

74
Q

3.1.3 Transport in Plants: Active Transport in Root Pressure

What’s the Affect of Guttation?

A

Sap & water will move out of cut stems
↳ actively pumped out by transpiration

75
Q

3.1.3 Transport in Plants: Transpiration

What’s Transpiration?

A

Loss of water from the leaves of a plant through evaporation

76
Q

3.1.3 Transport in Plants: Transpiration

What pulls the water up the plant?

A

Evaporation causes WP of air space in mesophyll to decrease
↳ water moves into air spaces
↳water moves out of xylem into cells

77
Q

3.1.3 Transport in Plants: Transpiration

Why is water pulled up the plant?

A
  • H bonds in water bond to theirselves (adhesion)
  • H bonds in water bond to walls of xylem (tension)
    ↳ capillary tension
78
Q

3.1.3 Transport in Plants: Transpiration

How does water being polar affect its arrangement in the Xylem?

A

It is spontaneously arranged
↳ + & - charged poles lie next to each other (cohere)

79
Q

3.1.3 Transport in Plants: Evidence for Cohesion Tension Theory

How does Changes in tree Diameter support this?

A

When Transpiration = high, diameter decreases →tension
↳ happens during the day

80
Q

3.1.3 Transport in Plants: Evidence for Cohesion Tension Theory

How does Cut Flowers support this?

A

They draw air in rather than leaking water out as water moves up cut stem

81
Q

3.1.3 Transport in Plants: Evidence for Cohesion Tension Theory

How does Broken Xylems support this?

A

Stops drawing up water as air drawn in breaks Transpiration stream
↳ cohesion = broken

82
Q

3.1.3 Transport in Plants: Stomata

What is meant by Turgid?

A

Stomata = open
* Water moves into vacuoles through osmosis
* Outer wall more flexible than inner wall
↳ cell bends & stomata opens

83
Q

3.1.3 Transport in Plants: Stomata

What is meant by Flaccid?

A

Stomata = closed
* Water moves out of vacuoles by osmosis
* Outer wall is more flexible than inner wall
↳ cell bends & stomata close

84
Q

3.1.3 Transport in Plants: Factors affecting Transpiration

How does Light Intensity affect Transpiration?

A

More light, stomata open frequently : allows gas exchange for photosynthesis
↳ increases T rate

85
Q

3.1.3 Transport in Plants: Factors affecting Transpiration

How does High Temperatures affect Transpiration?

A
  • Increases rate of evaporation : water-vapour potential in leaf increases
  • Increased diffusion rate
    ↳ water mol have more ke
  • Decreases water vapour potential in air
    ↳ more diffusion as there’s a steeper conc gradient : more T
86
Q

3.1.3 Transport in Plants: Factors affecting Transpiration

How does Humidity affect Transpiration?

A

High humidity = lower T
↳ smaller water vapour potential gradient between leaf & outside air

87
Q

3.1.3 Transport in Plants: Factors affecting Transpiration

How does Air Movement affect Transpiration?

A

More air movement = movement of water vapour away from plant
↳ maintains high conc gradient : less T

88
Q

3.1.3 Transport in Plants: Factors affecting Transpiration

How does Water Availability affect Transpiration?

A

Little water in soil = plant unable to replace water lost
↳ stomata close & leaves wilt : less T

89
Q

3.1.3 Transport in Plants: Translocation

What’s Translocation?

A

Transport of assimilates around a plant

90
Q

3.1.3 Transport in Plants: Source

Whats meant by source?

A

Where you are making its assimilates

91
Q

3.1.3 Transport in Plants: Source

What are its Storage Organs?

A
  • Tubers
  • Root Taps
92
Q

3.1.3 Transport in Plants: Source

How are they stored?

A

Food stored in seeds

93
Q

3.1.3 Transport in Plants: Source

What % of Sucrose makes up Phloem Sap?

A

20-30% of Sucrose

94
Q

3.1.3 Transport in Plants: Sink

What’s meant by sink?

A

Where the assimilates are being dropped off

95
Q

3.1.3 Transport in Plants: Sink

Which proccesses use Assimulates?

A
  • Growing roots
  • Active processes in stem & roots
  • Meristem cell activity (dividing)
  • Developing stores
96
Q

3.1.3 Transport in Plants: Phloem Loading

Why is Tranlocation a Vital Process?

A

Large tree can move up to 250kg of sucrose around its trunk a year

97
Q

3.1.3 Transport in Plants: Phloem Loading

Which 2 Route allows assimilates to be moved into phloem?

A
  • Symplat Route
  • Apoplast Route
98
Q

3.1.3 Transport in Plants: What’s the Symplast Route?

Where are the Assimilates stored?

(Part 1)

A

Assimilates are stored in vacuoles of cells

99
Q

3.1.3 Transport in Plants: What’s the Symplast Route?

Where are the Assimilates moved?

(Part 2)

A

Assimilates are moved through the cytoplasm of mesophyll cells into the sieve tube sof cross connecting plasmodesmata

100
Q

3.1.3 Transport in Plants: What’s the Symplast Route?

What type of Process is this?

(Part 3)

A

Passive Process

101
Q

3.1.3 Transport in Plants: What’s the Symplast Route?

How are the Assimilates moved?

(Part 4)

A

Assimilates are moved through changes of WP in cells

102
Q

3.1.3 Transport in Plants: What’s the Apoplast Route?

How are the Assimilates transported?

(Step 1)

A

Assimilates diffuse through the cell wall & intermembrane spaces

103
Q

3.1.3 Transport in Plants: What’s the Apoplast Route?

What happens when the Assimilates reach the Companion Cells?

(Step 2)

A

They’re transported across the membrane into sieve cell cytoplasm

104
Q

3.1.3 Transport in Plants: What’s the Apoplast Route?

What’s the Function of H ions in this Route?

(Step 3)

A

They act as co-transporters
↳ actively move assimilates across the membrane

105
Q

3.1.3 Transport in Plants: How do sugars move along the Phloem?

What’s Mass Flow at the Source?

(Source)

A

Sugars are actively moved into the sieve cytoplasm

106
Q

3.1.3 Transport in Plants: How do sugars move along the Phloem?

What happens to the WP when the Sugars are moved into?

(Source)

A

It decreases
↳ water is moved into the sieve cells through osmosi

107
Q

3.1.3 Transport in Plants: How do sugars move along the Phloem?

What happens to the Hydrostatic Pressure when the Sugars are moved into?

(Source)

A

It increases inside the phloem
↳ water moves to decrease this pressure

108
Q

3.1.3 Transport in Plants: How do sugars move along the Phloem?

What’s the Mass Flow at the Sink?

(Sink)

A

Assimilates are actively moved/ diffused out of the sieve cells

109
Q

3.1.3 Transport in Plants: How do sugars move along the Phloem?

What happens to the WP when Sugars are moved out?

(Sink)

A

It increases
↳ water moves out through osmosis
↳ decreasing Hydostatic Pressure

110
Q

3.1.3 Transport in Plants: Plants Adaptations, Xerophytes

What are Xerophytes?

A

Plants living in arid (dry) conditions

111
Q

3.1.3 Transport in Plants: Plants Adaptations, Xerophytes

What are examples of Xerophytes?

A
  • Cacti
  • Marram Grass
112
Q

3.1.3 Transport in Plants: Plants Adaptations, Marram Grass

How does a Thick Waxy Cuticle optimise their conditions?

A

Minimises water loss

113
Q

3.1.3 Transport in Plants: Plants Adaptations, Marram Grass

How does the Lead being rolled Longitudinally optimise their conditions?

A

Air is trapped inside
↳ air becomes humid & reduce water loss

114
Q

3.1.3 Transport in Plants: Plants Adaptations, Marram Grass

How does the Stomata being located in pits in the Lower Epidermis optimise their conditions?

A

Folded & covered by hairs
↳ reduces air movement : water loss is reduced
(They’re protected by enclosed air space)

115
Q

3.1.3 Transport in Plants: Plants Adaptations, Marram Grass

How does the Spongy Mesophyll being dense optimise their conditions?

A

There are a few air spaces
↳ less SA for evaporation of water

116
Q

3.1.3 Transport in Plants: Plants Adaptations, Cacti

How does them being Succulents optimise their conditions?

A

They’re able to store water in stems
↳ stems are often ribbed/fluted : it can expans when water is available

117
Q

3.1.3 Transport in Plants: Plants Adaptations, Cacti

How do Spines optimise their conditions?

A

Reduces SA of leaves
↳ less water loss

118
Q

3.1.3 Transport in Plants: Plants Adaptations, Cacti

How do the Widespread Roots optimise their conditions?

A

Maximises water absorption

119
Q

3.1.3 Transport in Plants: Plant Adaptations, Hydrophytes

What are Hydrophytes?

A

Plants adapted to live in aquatic environments

120
Q

3.1.3 Transport in Plants: Plants Adaptations, Hydrophytes

What is an example of a Hydrophytes?

A
  • Water Lily
121
Q

3.1.3 Transport in Plants: Plants Adaptations, Water Lily

How does having Large Air Spaces in leaf optimise their conditions?

A

Leaf is kept afloat
↳ in air to absorb sunlight

122
Q

3.1.3 Transport in Plants: Plants Adaptations, Water Lily

How does the Stomata being on the Upper Epidermis optimise their conditions?

A

Exposed to air
↳ allows gaseous gaseous exchange

123
Q

3.1.3 Transport in Plants: Plants Adaptations, Water Lily

How does the Leaf Stem having Large Air Spaces optimise their function?

A

Helps buoyancy
↳ allows oxygen to diffuse quickly to roots for aerobic respiration

Biology (14 decks)

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