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M2: Biological Molecules Flashcards

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1
Q

2.1.2 Biological molecules: Useful Biological Ions

What’s the function of Calcium ions?

( Ca 2+ )

A
  • Nerve Impulses
  • Muscle Contractions
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2
Q

2.1.2 Biological molecules: Useful Biological Ions

What’s the function of Sodium ions?

( Na 2+ )

A
  • Nerve Impulses
  • Kidney Function
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3
Q

2.1.2 Biological molecules: Useful Biological Ions

What’s the function of Potassium ions?

( K + )

A
  • Nerve Impulses
  • Stomata
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4
Q

2.1.2 Biological molecules: Useful Biological Ions

What’s the function of Hydrogen ions?

( H + )

A
  • Catalysts
  • pH Determinations
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5
Q

2.1.2 Biological molecules: Useful Biological Ions

What’s the function of Ammonium ions?

( NH4 + )

A
  • Needed to make nitrate ions
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6
Q

2.1.2 Biological molecules: Useful Biological Ions

What’s the function of Nitrate ions?

( NO3 -)

A
  • Amino Acid formation
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7
Q

2.1.2 Biological molecules: Useful Biological Ions

What’s the function of Hydrogen Carbonate ions?

( HCO3 -)

A
  • Maintain blood pH
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8
Q

2.1.2 Biological molecules: Useful Biological Ions

What’s the function of Chloride ions?

( Cl -)

A
  • Balance Sodium & Potassium ions in cells
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9
Q

2.1.2 Biological molecules: Useful Biological Ions

What’s the function of Phosphate ions?

( PO4 3-)

A
  • Cell Membranes
  • Nucleic Acid & ATP formation
  • Bone formation
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10
Q

2.1.2 Biological molecules: Useful Biological Ions

What’s the function of Hydroxide ions?

( OH -)

A
  • Catalysts
  • pH determination
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11
Q

2.1.2 Biological molecules:

What are Monomers?

A

Individual molecules

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12
Q

2.1.2 Biological molecules:

What are Polymers?

A

Long-chain molecules made up by linking multiple monomers

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13
Q

2.1.2 Biological molecules:

What is a Hydrolysis Reaction?

A

Chemical breakdown of compounds by using water

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14
Q

2.1.2 Biological molecules:

What is a Condensation Reaction?

A

Joining of 2 monomers which removes water

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15
Q

2.1.2 Biological molecules:

What is meant by Healthy Diet?

A

Right proportion of something

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16
Q

2.1.2 Biological molecules: Water

Why is water so important?

Water is essential to life: body made of 80% water in plants & animals

A
  • Metabolite in many reactions:
    → hydrolysis reactions
    → condensation reaction
  • Cell’s metabolic reactions occur in aqueous solution
  • Most of its properties result from the ability of water molecules to ‘stick together’
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17
Q

2.1.2 Biological molecules: Water

What’s a Polar Molecule?

A

Molecules that contain regions of negative charge (δ-) and positive charge (δ+)

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18
Q

2.1.2 Biological molecules: Water Properties

Why’s water described as a Liquid?

Provides habitats & mediums for chemical reactions & transport

A
  • Water molecules constantly move around
    ↳ H bonds continually break & reform between molecules
    ↳ difficult for water molecules to escape & become a gas : more energy is required
  • Water has low viscosity (flows easily)
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19
Q

2.1.2 Biological molecules: Water Properties

Why’s the Density of water more dense until 4°C?

A
  • Water cools
    ↳ more H bonds form
  • Molecules = more spaced out
    ↳ ice = less dense
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20
Q

2.1.2 Biological molecules: Water Properties

What is a Solvent?

A

What it is dissolved in

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21
Q

2.1.2 Biological molecules: Water Properties

What is a Solution?

A

Liquid w dissolved solids, liquid or gas

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22
Q

2.1.2 Biological molecules: Water Properties

What is a Solute?

A

What is being dissolved

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23
Q

2.1.2 Biological molecules: Water Properties

Why’s water a Good Solvent?

A

its polar :
↳ attracted to any other substance = polar

  • water molecules cluster around these parts & will help them separate & stay apart
  • they’re dissolved & solution has formed
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24
Q

2.1.2 Biological molecules: Water Properties

What’s Cohesion?

A

Force of attraction between LIKE molecules

  • H bonds between water molecules pull them towards each other : they stick together
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25
Q

2.1.2 Biological molecules: Water Properties

What’s Adhesion?

A

Force of attraction between UNLIKE molecules

  • Water molecules attracted to surfaces
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26
Q

2.1.2 Biological molecules: Water Properties

What’s Tension?

A

Force that tends to stretch something

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27
Q

2.1.2 Biological molecules: Water Properties

What’s Surface Tension?

Cohesion between water molecules

A
  • Looking at water & air surface
    ↳ water can’t form bonds with the air : they form hydrogen bonds with other water molecules
    ↳ creating a lattice on the surface
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28
Q

2.1.2 Biological molecules: Water Properties

What’s meant by Specific Heat Capacity?

A

Energy required to raise the temp of 1kg of a substance by 1°C

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29
Q

2.1.2 Biological molecules: Water Properties

Why’s the SHC of water High?

A
  • Water DOESN’T experience rapid temp changes
    ↳ H bonds between water moleculss absorb lots of energy
    ↳ water absorbs/loses large amount of heat before its temp changes
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30
Q

2.1.2 Biological molecules: Water Properties

What’s meant by Latent Heat of Evaporation?

A

Amount energy required to change the state of 1kg of a substance with no change in temp

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31
Q

2.1.2 Biological molecules: Water Properties

Why’s the SLH Vapourisation of water High?

A

Absorbs lots of heat before it becomes gas
↳ lots of energy needed to break H bonds between water

  • When water evaporates, SLH of v helps molecules to break away from each other →become a gas
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32
Q

2.1.2 Biological molecules: Carbonhydrates

What’s the function of Carbonhydrates?

A

Used as energy source & structural materials in organisms

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33
Q

2.1.2 Biological molecules: Carbonhydrates

What are Carbonhydrates made up of?

A
  • Carboon
  • Hydrogen
  • Oxygen
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34
Q

2.1.2 Biological molecules: Carbonhydrates

What’s meant by Monosaccharides?

A

Small simple sugars

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35
Q

2.1.2 Biological molecules: Carbonhydrates

What are examples of Monosaccharides?

A
  • Glucose
  • Fructose
  • Ribose
  • Galactose
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36
Q

2.1.2 Biological molecules: Carbonhydrates

What’s meant by Disaccharides?

A

Double sugars
↳ condensation reaction of 2 monosaccharides

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37
Q

2.1.2 Biological molecules: Carbonhydrates

What are examples of Disaccharides?

A
  • Lactose
  • Sucrose
  • Maltose
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38
Q

2.1.2 Biological molecules: Carbonhydrates

What’s meant by Polysaccharides?

A

Long chain of sugars
↳ multiple monosaccharides

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39
Q

2.1.2 Biological molecules: Carbonhydrates

What are examples of Polysaccharides?

A
  • Glucogen
  • Cellulose
  • Starch
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40
Q

2.1.2 Biological molecules: Glucose Properties

How many Carbons does Glucose have?

A

6
↳ its a Hexose sugar

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41
Q

2.1.2 Biological molecules: Glucose Properties

What’s the General Formula for Glucose?

A

C6H12O6

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42
Q

2.1.2 Biological molecules: Glucose Properties

Why’s Glucose Soluble in water?

A

H bonds are formed between hydroxl groups & water mol
↳ allows glucose to be dissolved in the cystol of cell

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43
Q

2.1.2 Biological molecules: Glucose Isomers

What are the Glucose Isomers?

A
  • Alpha Glucose
  • Beta Glucose
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44
Q

2.1.2 Biological molecules: Glucose Isomers

What’s the difference between between Alpha & Beta Glucose?

A

Alpha has OH- Below its 1st carbon
Beta has OH- Above its 1st carbon

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45
Q

2.1.2 Biological molecules: Carbonhydrates Condensation Reaction

What’s the Condensation reacton between 2 Glucose?

A
  • OH (hydroxide) & H (hydrogen) react through condensation
    ↳ H2O (water) is made leaving oxygen behind
  • Oxygen bonds with carbon
    ↳ this is a 1,4 glycosidic bond
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46
Q

2.1.2 Biological molecules: Pentose Properties

How many Carbons does a Pentose Sugar have?

A

5

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47
Q

2.1.2 Biological molecules: Pentose Properties

Where are Pentose Sugars present?

A

RNA nucleotides

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48
Q

2.1.2 Biological molecules: Pentose Isomers

What are the Pentose Isomers?

A
  • Ribose Sugar
  • Deoxyribose Sugar
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49
Q

2.1.2 Biological molecules: Pentose Isomers

What’s the difference between the Ribose & Deoxyribose Sugars?

A
  • Ribose has one H & one OH- group attached to its 2nd carbon
  • Deoxyribose has two H atoms attached to its 2nd carbon
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50
Q

2.1.2 Biological molecules: Disaccharides

What’s Malt Sugar?

Maltose = Glucose + Glucose

A

Formed from 2 glucose molecules joined by an alpha 1,4 glycosidic bond

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51
Q

2.1.2 Biological molecules: Disaccharides

What’s Table Sugar?

Sucrose = Glucose + Fructose

A

Formed from glucose & fructose joined by an alpha 1,4 glycosidic bond

52
Q

2.1.2 Biological molecules: Disaccharides

What’s Milk Sugar?

Lactose = Glucose + Galactose

A

Formed from galactose & glucose joined by a beta 1,4 glycosidic bond

53
Q

2.1.2 Biological molecules: Carbonhydrates

What’s Starch?

A

Storage mol for autotrophes

54
Q

2.1.2 Biological molecules: Polysaccharides

What’s Starch stored as?

A

Intracellular starch grains in plasmids

55
Q

2.1.2 Biological molecules: Polysaccharides

Which 2 Polysaccharides made up Starch?

A
  • Amylose
  • Amylopectin
56
Q

2.1.2 Biological molecules: Polysaccharides

What’s Amylose?

Plant

A
  • Long chain of alpha glucose = joined together by 1,4 glycosidic bonds
  • Coils up into a helix shape
  • Amylose molecules only have 2 accessible where amylase enzyme can bind
    ↳ meaning it is broken down slowly
57
Q

2.1.2 Biological molecules: Polysaccharides

What’s Amylopectin?

Plant

A
  • Long chain of alpha glucose = joined together by 1,4 glycosidic bonds
    ↳ also has occasional 1,6 glycosidic bonds
    ↳ this creates side branches w more accessible ends
    ↳ meaning it has quicker release of alpha glucose

This makes amylopectin more hydrolysed (easily broken down) by enzymes when glucose is needed.

58
Q

2.1.2 Biological molecules: Polysaccharides

What’s Glycogen’s structure like?

Energy

A
  • Forms more branches than amylopectin
  • insoluble
59
Q

2.1.2 Biological molecules: Polysaccharides

What’s Cellulose?

Structure

A
  • Very strong & stops plant cells from bursting when too much water enters by osmosis
  • Composed of many thousands of beta glucose molecules joined together by 1,4 glycosidic bonds
60
Q

2.1.2 Biological molecules: Polysaccharides

What’s Celluose’s structure?

A

To be able to form 1,4 glycosidic bonds:
* Each beta glucose molecule must be inverted by 180° from the previous molecules
* The inversions keep cellulose from coiling & result in a long straight chain
↳ chains are now parallel to each other

61
Q

2.1.2 Biological molecules: Polysaccharides

How does Cellulose undergo Hydrogen Bonding?

A
  • Cellulose is inverted so its parallel to each other chain
    ↳ results in hydroxl groups
  • Hydrogen bonds form between hydroxl groups (OH) on adjacent chains
    ↳ cross-linking between cellulose chains
62
Q

2.1.2 Biological molecules: Carbonhydrates Testing

What’s the Test for Carbonhydrates?

Starch

A
  • Iondine
    Positive: orange-brown to blue-black
63
Q

2.1.2 Biological molecules: Carbonhydrates Testing

What’s a Non-reducing Sugar?

A

Doesn’t reduce copper ions in benedicts reagent
* e.g. Sucrose

64
Q

2.1.2 Biological molecules: Carbonhydrates Testing

What’s the Test for Non-Reducing Sugars?

A

1) Place sample into test tube
2) Add HCl
↳ hydrolyses
3) Place into hot water bath
↳ speeds up reaction
4) Place into a cold water bath
↳ cool down solution
5) Add NaOH
↳ neutralises reaction → use litmus paper to check
6) Add Benedicts
7) Place into hot water bath
8) Observe colour change

From blue to green/yellow/orange/brick red

65
Q

2.1.2 Biological molecules: Carbonhydrates Testing

What’s a Reducing Sugar?

Causes copper ions in benedicts reagent to be reduced

A

Goes from Copper Sulphate → Copper Oxide

  • e.g. All monosaccharides (glucose, fructose, galactose)
  • Some disaccharides (maltose, lactose)
66
Q

2.1.2 Biological molecules: Carbonhydrates Testing

What’s the Test for Reducing Sugars?

A

1) Add 2cm3 of the sample (If the sample is not already in liquid form, first grind it up in water)
2) Add 2cm3 of Benedicts reagent.
3) Heat the mixture in hot water bath
4) Observe colour change

From blue to green/yellow/orange/brick red

67
Q

2.1.2 Biological molecules: Carbonhydrates Testing

Why are these Tests Semi Quantitative?

A

Results are associated w non-numerical values

68
Q

2.1.2 Biological molecules: Carbonhydrates Testing

What’s meant by Serial Dilution?

A

When the dilution factor is the same

69
Q

2.1.2 Biological molecules: Carbonhydrates Testing

What’s the Serial Dilution Practical?

A
  • If u got 10cm3 of a 10% solution, if u take 1cm3 & put into a different container, it is 1% of that 10% solution and if u fill the rest of that container with 9cm3 of water.
  • You’ll now have the same volume of water as the 10% one.
  • Repeat this for every container
70
Q

2.1.2 Biological molecules: Carbonhydrates Testing

What’s meant by Simple Dilution?

A

When the dilution factor is different

71
Q

2.1.2 Biological molecules: Carbonhydrates Testing

What’s the Simple Dilution Practical?

A
  • If u got 10cm3 of a 10% solution and the amount needed to be added to the 2.5% solution is unknown & so is the amount of water added.
    To work out:
    -Water
  • Take away 10cm3 (total amount of solution) by the amount needed to be added to the 2.5% solution from the 10%
  • Unknown amount needed to be added to the 2.5% solution from the 10%

NOTE:
If there’s another solution, always take the unknown amount from the original solution concentration

72
Q

2.1.2 Biological molecules: Carbonhydrates Testing

What’s the Simple Dilution Practical Equation?

A

M1 V1 = M2 V2 M = concentration V = volume

Where:
M1= concentration of original solution
V1 = volume you’d like to transfer (unknown)
M2= concentration we want to end up with
V2 = volume we want to work out
V1 = M2 V2 / M1
V1 = 2.5 x 10 / 10
V1 = 2.5 cm3

73
Q

2.1.2 Biological molecules: Lipids

What’s an Example of True/Neutral Fats?

A

Triglycerides

74
Q

2.1.2 Biological molecules: Lipids

What are Examples of Other Important Lipids?

A
  • Waxes
  • Steroids
  • Cholesterol
75
Q

2.1.2 Biological molecules: Lipids

What are Lipids made up of?

A
  • Carbon
  • Hydrogen
  • Oxygen

Have a higher proportion of hydrogen & lower proportion of oxygen

76
Q

2.1.2 Biological molecules: Triclycerides

What’s a Triglyceride?

A

When a glycerol & 3 fatty acids chains combine
↳ forming 3 H2O & 3 Ester Bonds

77
Q

2.1.2 Biological molecules: Triglycerides

Are the fatty acids in a Triglyceride Saturated or Unsaturated?

A

They’re both

78
Q

2.1.2 Biological molecules: Tryglycerides

Why are Triglycerides liquids at room temp?

A

The double bonds cause the molecule to bend
↳ they cannot therefore pack together so closely making them liquid at room temp (i.e. oils)

79
Q

2.1.2 Biological molecules: Tryglycerides

Why are Triglycerides an Energy Storage?

A
  • Due to large ration of energy storing carbon-hydrogen bonds compared to the number of carbon atoms a lot of energy is stored in the molecule
  • Lipids weight less than muscle
80
Q

2.1.2 Biological molecules: Triglycerides

Why can Triglycerides release water if Oxidised?

A

Due to high ration of hydrogen to oxygen atoms they act as a metabolic water source. This is essential for animals in the desert

81
Q

2.1.2 Biological molecules: Triglycerides

Why are Triglycerides Hydrophobic?

A

Do not affect water potentials & osmosis. They’re large & hydrophobic (repel water) making them insoluble in water

82
Q

2.1.2 Biological molecules: Triglycerides

Why do Triglycerides have a Low Mass compared to Tissue (muscle) ?

A

A lot can be stored without increasing the mass & preventing movement

83
Q

2.1.2 Biological molecules: Lipids

What’s meant by the term ‘Saturated’?

A

Hydrocarbon chain has only carbon single bonds

84
Q

2.1.2 Biological molecules: Lipids

What’s meant by the term ‘Unsaturated’?

A

Hydrocarbon chain has more than 1 carbon double bond

85
Q

2.1.2 Biological molecules: Lipids

What’s meant by the term ‘Mono-unsaturated’?

A

Hydrocarbon chain has 1 carbon double bond

86
Q

2.1.2 Biological molecules: Phospholipids

What’s a Phospholipid?

A glycerol, 2 fatty acid chains & phosphate

A

Major component of cell membrane

  • becomes more hydrophillic
  • overall is hydrophobic

-phosphate replaces 3rd fatty acid tail

87
Q

2.1.2 Biological molecules: Phospholipids

Why are Phospholipids described as Hydrophillic?

A

Hydrophillic ‘head’
* Attracts to water
↳ because its charged
↳ it repels other fats

88
Q

2.1.2 Biological molecules: Phospholipids

Why are Phospholipids described as Hydrophobic?

A

Hydrophobic ‘rest of body’
* It repels water but will mix w fats
↳ because its not charged

89
Q

2.1.2 Biological molecules: Phospholipids

Why are Phospholipids described as Polar?

A

Polar
PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER membrane structure is created.
-Makes up the plasma membrane around cells

90
Q

2.1.2 Biological molecules: Phospholipids

What are the Phospholipid Functions?

Fats found in adipose tissue

A

Heat Insulation
↳ in mammeals, adipose tissue underneath the skin helps reduce heat loss
Protection
↳ adipose tissue around delicate organs (i.e. kidney) acts as a cushion against impacts

91
Q

2.1.2 Biological molecules: Lipids Testing

What’s the Emulsion Test?

A
  1. Dissolve sample in ethanol
  2. Add distilled water
  3. Positive Observation: white emulsion appears if there’s a lipid
92
Q

2.1.2 Biological molecules: Lipids

Which family is Cholesterol part in?

A

Steroids

93
Q

2.1.2 Biological molecules: Lipids

What are the 2 Key Features of Cholesterol?

A
  • hydrophillic hydroxl group
    ↳ interacts w hydrophillic parts of phospholipids (phosphate head)
  • hydrophobic rest of molecule
    ↳ interacts w hydrophobic parts of phospholipids (fatty acid chains)
94
Q

2.1.2 Biological molecules: Lipids

What’s the 1st Function of Cholesterol?

A

Used as the starting point for a range of hormones

95
Q

2.1.2 Biological molecules: Lipids

What Advantage do Oestrogen & Testoreone get for having Cholesterol as its Base Hormone?

A

They can pass through the plasma membrane
↳ allows them to interact w receptors inside cells

96
Q

2.1.2 Biological molecules: Lipids

What’s the 2nd Function of Cholesterol?

A

Used in body to make Vitamin D
↳ takes place in the skin in response to UV light
↳ needed for proper development of bones

97
Q

2.1.2 Biological molecules: Lipids

What’s the 3rd Function of Cholesterol?

A

Used in liver to produce bile
↳ increases the rae of digestion of lipids through lipase

98
Q

2.1.2 Biological molecules: Proteins

What are Proteins made up of?

A
  • Carbon
  • Hydrogen
  • Oxygen
  • Nitrogen
  • Sulfur (cistie)
99
Q

2.1.2 Biological molecules: Proteins

What’s the Basic Structure of a Protein?

A
  • Amine Group
  • Hydroxl Group
  • R Group/ variable side chain
100
Q

2.1.2 Biological molecules: Proteins

What happens when 2 Proteins combine?

A

A condensation reaction occurs forming a peptide bond

101
Q

2.1.2 Biological molecules: Proteins

What happens when 2 Amino Acids combine?

A

A dipeptide molecule is formed

102
Q

2.1.2 Biological molecules: Proteins

What happens when many amino acids combine by peptide bonds?

A

A polypeptide is formed

103
Q

2.1.2 Biological molecules: Proteins

What’s a Protein Primary Strcuture?

A

Sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain

104
Q

2.1.2 Biological molecules: Proteins

Which Bonds are present in a Protein’s Primary Structure?

A
  • Peptide Bonds
105
Q

2.1.2 Biological molecules: Proteins

What’s a Protein Secondary Structure?

A

The way a primary structure of a polypeptide chain folds
* Beta pleated polypeptide
* Alpha helix polypeptide

106
Q

2.1.2 Biological molecules: Proteins

Which Bonds are present in a Protein’s Secondary Structure?

A
  • Hydrogen Bonds
107
Q

2.1.2 Biological molecules: Proteins

What’s a Protein’s Tertiary Structure?

A

When the 2nd structure folds into a 3D structure
* folding a protein into its final shape

108
Q

2.1.2 Biological molecules: Proteins

Which Bonds are present in a Protein’s Tertiary Structure?

A
  • Disulfate
  • Ionic
  • Hydrogen
  • Hydrophobic
  • Hydrophillic
109
Q

2.1.2 Biological molecules: Proteins

What’s a Protein’s Quarternary Structure?

A

When more than 1 polypeptide chain comes together

110
Q

2.1.2 Biological molecules: Proteins

What’s a Protein’s Structural Role?

A

Main component of body tissue, skin, ligaments & hair

111
Q

2.1.2 Biological molecules: Proteins

What’s a Protein’s Catalytic Role?

A

All enzymes are proteins (catalysing many biochemical reactions)

112
Q

2.1.2 Biological molecules: Proteins

What’s a Protein’s Signalling Role?

A

Many hormones & receptors are proteins

113
Q

2.1.2 Biological molecules: Proteins

What’s a Protein’s Immunity Role?

A

All antibodies are proteins

114
Q

2.1.2 Biological molecules: Globular Proteins

What Shape are Globular Proteins?

A

Spherical Shape

115
Q

2.1.2 Biological molecules: Globular Proteins

When are Globular Proteins formed?

A

When proteins fold into their 3D structure in a way that the hydrophobic R groups on each amino acids are kept away

116
Q

2.1.2 Biological molecules: Globular Proteins

What are Properties of Globular Proteins?

A
  • Compact
  • Water Soluble
117
Q

2.1.2 Biological molecules: Globular Proteins

What’s Insulin?

A

Hormone involved in regulating blood glucose levels
↳ hormones are transported in blood sream : need to be soluble

118
Q

2.1.2 Biological molecules: Conjugated Proteins

What are Conjugated Proteins?

A

Globular proteins that contain a prosthetic group

119
Q

2.1.2 Biological molecules: Conjugated Proteins

What are the Prosthetic Groups of Conjugated Proteins?

A
  • Lipids → lipoproteins
  • Carbonhydrates → glycoproteins
120
Q

2.1.2 Biological molecules: Conjugated Proteins

What’s Haemoglobin?

A

Red oxygen carrying pigment found in red blood cells

121
Q

2.1.2 Biological molecules: Proteins

How’s Haemoglobin adapted for its function?

Haem Group: containing Fe2+ ionns

A

Iron in each haem group, combines reversibly w oxygen molecule
↳ this is what enables haemoglobin to carry oxygen around body

122
Q

2.1.2 Biological molecules: Conjugated Proteins

What’s the Protein structure in Haemoglobin?

A

Quarternary Protein
↳ made of 4 polypeptides
↳ 2 alpha & 2 beta

123
Q

2.1.2 Biological molecules: Fibrous Proteins

What are Properties of Fibrous Proteins?

A
  • Carry out structural functions
  • Strong
  • Rope-like fibres
  • Insoluble
124
Q

2.1.2 Biological molecules: FIbous Proteins

What’s the Fibrous Protein: Collagen

3 polypeptide chains wound around each other

A
  • Hydrogen bonds formed between coils
    -coils = 1000 amino acids in length → gives structure strength
    ↳ strength is increased due to cllagen molecules forming further chains w other collagen molecules
    ↳ forming Covalent Cross Links w each other
    -these r staggered along the molecules → further increase stabilityCollagen molecules wraped around each other form Collagen Fibrils
    ↳can form Collagen Fibres
125
Q

2.1.2 Biological molecules: Fibrous Proteins

What’s the Fibrous Protein: Keratin?

A
  • Group of fibrous proteins found in HAIR/SKIN/NAILS
  • Large proportion of Sulfur (containing cysteine)
    ↳resulting in many strong disulfide bonds forming : inflexible & insoluble materials
  • Degree of disulfide bonds = flexibility of materal
    ↳ hair has fewer bonds
126
Q

2.1.2 Biological molecules: Firbous Proteins

What’s Fibrous Protein: Elastin?

A
  • Found in elastic fibres
    ↳ present in blood vessels’ walls & alveoli
    ↳ give these structures flexibility to expand when needed & return to normal size
127
Q

2.1.2 Biological molecules: Proteins Testing

What’s the Protein Test?

A

Biuret
Positive: blue to lilac/violet

Biology (14 decks)

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