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M3: Exchange Surfaces Flashcards

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1
Q

3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces:

What are reasons for Gas Exchange Systems?

A
  • Large Multicellular organisms have a small SA:V ratio
  • Multicellular organisms have a high metabolic rate
    ↳ need to exchange lots of materials fast
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2
Q

3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces:

What is the Volume of a Cuboid?

A
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3
Q

3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces:

What is the Surface Area of a Cuboid?

A
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4
Q

3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces:

What is the Area of a Cylinder?

A
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5
Q

3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces:

What is the Surface Area of a Cylinder?

A
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6
Q

3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces:

What is the Volume of a Cylinder?

A
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7
Q

3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces:

What is the Area of a Cylinder?

A
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8
Q

3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces:

What is the Volume of a Sphere?

A
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9
Q

3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces:

What is the Surface Area of a Sphere?

A
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10
Q

3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces: Features of Efficient Gas Exchange

What does a Large SA provide?

A

More space for the exchange of materials to occur

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11
Q

3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces: Features of Efficient Gas Exchange

What do Thin Layers allow?

A

Short diffusion pathway for gases
↳ increases speed of exchange

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12
Q

3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces: Features of Efficient Gas Exchange

What does a Good Blood Supply do?

A
  • Maintains a large diffusion gradient
  • Ensures the exchanged substances are constantly moving to the area needed
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13
Q

3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces: Features of Efficient Gas Exchange

How does Ventiliation help?

A

Maintains the diffusion gradient
↳ makes the process faster & more efficient

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14
Q

3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces:

Why do larger organism carry out Gas Exchange?

A

Their skin doesn’t provide a small diffusion pathway

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15
Q

3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces: Pleural Cavity

What’s the Pleural Membrane?

A

Double membrane that sorrounds lungs

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16
Q

3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces: Pleural Cavity

What’s the Pleural Cavity?

A

Space between the 2 membranes

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17
Q

3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces: Pleural Cavity

What’s the Pleural Cavity filled with?

A

Small amounts of Pleural Fluid

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18
Q

3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces: Pleural Cavity

Why is Pleural Fluid present in our lungs?

A

Lubricate the lungs so when its walls relax & contract the lungs aren’t damaged

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19
Q

3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces: Pleural Cavity Features

How does a Large SA & Good Blood supply assist its function?

A

The air warms up as it passes the body

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20
Q

3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces: Pleural Cavity Features

How does Hairy Lining assist its function?

A

Hairs trap dust & bacteria in mucus
↳ prevented from reaching lungs → could cause an infection

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21
Q

3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces: Pleural Cavity Features

How does a Most Surface assist its function?

A

Increases humidity of incoming air
↳ reduces evaporation of water in lungs

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22
Q

3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces: Trachea

What prevents the Trachea from collapsing?

A

Layer of cartilage that holds the Trachea open

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23
Q

3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces: Trachea

Why are its rings incomplete?

A

To allow it to bond when food is swallowed down

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24
Q

3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces: Trachea

What is it lined with?

A

Goblet cells
↳ prevent dust & bacteria from entering (secrete mucus)
Cilliated Epitheral
↳ beat regularly to move dust,bacteria & mucus (have lots of mitochondria)

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25
Q

3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces: Bronchus

What are Brunchus?

(smaller than trachea)

A

Extensions of trachea that are split into 2 for the left & right lung

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26
Q

3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces: Bronchus

How is the Broncus supported?

A

Cartilage rings hold the pipe open

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27
Q

3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces: Bronchioles

What are Bronchioles?

A

The small units that the Bronchus is split into

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28
Q

3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces: Bronchioles

What size are Bronchioles?

A

1mm or less in diameter

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29
Q

3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces: Bronchioles

What is their structure like?

A
  • They don’t have catilage
  • They’re held open by smooth muscle
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30
Q

3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces: Bronchioles

What happens when the Smooth Muscles contract?

A

The Bronchioles also contract but this is dependent to the flow

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31
Q

3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces: Bronchioles

How are they adapted to perform their function?

A

They are lined with a thin layer of epithelial tissue
↳ making some gas exchange possible

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32
Q

3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces: Alveoli

What are the Alveoli?

A

Little air sacs where most of gas exchange occurs

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33
Q

3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces: Alveoli

What’s their size?

A

200-300μm in diameter

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34
Q

3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces: Alveoli

How are they adapted?

A

Made up of a thin layer of epithelial cells, some collegen & elastic fibres
↳ cause recoil→helps move air out of alveoli

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35
Q

3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces: Alveoli

How is their structure maintained during Inhalation?

A

We have Lung Surfactant which is a phospholipid that coats the surfaces of the lungs

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36
Q

3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces: Alveoli

Why do we need Lung Surfactant?

A

Without it, the watery lining of the alveoli would create surface tension
↳ causing them to collapse

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37
Q

3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces: Breathing to maintain a Conc Gradient

Why do we breathe?

A

To maintain a concentration gradient across their exchange surface :oxygen will diffuse into blood & CO2 will diffuse out

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38
Q

3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces: Breathing to maintain a Conc Gradient

How do fish manage to do this?

A

By keeping a continuous stream of oxygenated water moving over their gills

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39
Q

3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces: Breathing to maintain a Conc Gradient

How is this maintained in animals?

A

By the mechanism of ventilation

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40
Q

3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces: Ventilation

How is Ventilation brought about?

A

Pressure changes in the thoracic cavity

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41
Q

3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces: Ventilation

How is breathing facilitated?

A

Rib cage provides a cage in which pressire changes

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42
Q

3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces: Composition of Air

Whats the Oxygen Composition in Inhaled air?

A

21%

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43
Q

3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces: Composition of Air

Whats the Oxygen Composition in Exhaled air?

A

16%

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44
Q

3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces: Composition of Air

Whats the Carbon Dioxide Composition in Inhaled air?

A

0.04%

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45
Q

3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces: Composition of Air

Whats the Carbon Dioxide Composition in Exhaled air?

A

4%

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46
Q

3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces: Composition of Air

Whats the Nitrogen Composition in Inhaled air?

A

79%

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47
Q

3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces: Composition of Air

Whats the Nitrogen Composition in Exhaled air?

A

79%

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48
Q

3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces: Composition of Air

Whats the Water Vapour Composition in Inhaled air?

A

Variable

49
Q

3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces: Composition of Air

Whats the Water Vapour Composition in Exhaled air?

A

Variable but a lot more

50
Q

3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces: Inspiration

What type of energy is required for this process?

A

Active Energy

51
Q

3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces: Inspiration

What happens to the Rib Cage?

(Step 1)

A

Moves/goes out

52
Q

3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces: Inspiration

What happens to the Intercostal Muscles?

(Step 2)

A

They contract

53
Q

3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces: Inspiration

What happens to the Diaphram?

(Step 3)

A

It moves down
↳ flattens & contracts

54
Q

3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces: Inspiration

What happens to the Thorastic Volume?

(Step 4)

A

It increases
↳ inversely proportional to pressure

55
Q

3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces: Inspiration

What happens to the Pressure in Lungs?

(Step 5)

A

It decreases
↳ inversely propotional to volume

56
Q

3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces: Inspiration

How does air move?

(Step 6)

A

Into lungs
↳ equalises the pressure difference

57
Q

3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces: Expiration

What type of energy is required for this process?

A

Passive Energy

58
Q

3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces: Expiration

What happens to the Rib Cage?

(Step 1)

A

Moves/goes in

59
Q

3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces: Expiration

What happens to the Intercostal Muscles?

(Step 2)

A

They relax

60
Q

3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces: Expiration

What happens to the Diaphraem?

(Step 3)

A

It moves up
↳ enlargens & relaxes

61
Q

3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces: Expiration

What happens to the Thorastic Volume?

(Step 4)

A

It decreases
↳ inversely proportional to pressure

62
Q

3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces: Expiration

What happens to the Pressure in Lungs?

(Step 5)

A

It increases
↳ inversely proportional to volume

63
Q

3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces: Expiration

How does air move?

A

Out of the lungs
↳ equalises pressure difference

64
Q

3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces: Attacking Asthma

How do Reliever medicines help overcome symptoms of an asthma attack?

(Immediate respond)

A

The chemicals attach to the Active Site on the plasms membrane of smooth muscle cells in bronchioles
↳ help by making them relax & dialate (enlargen) the airways

65
Q

3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces: Attacking Asthma

How do Steroid help reduce the likelyhood of an asthma attack?

(Preventers but have to be taken regularly)

A

They reduce the sensitivity of the lining of the airways

66
Q

3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces: The First Breath

Why is the First Breath taken so much harder than any subsequent one?

A

Because the lungs are enormously stretched as air flows in
↳ the elastic tissue never returns to its OG length

67
Q

3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces: The First Breath

Why werethe survival rates for premature babies initially low?

A

It takes 30 weeks of pregnancy for alveoli to produce enough surfactant for the lungs to work properly

68
Q

3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces: The First Breath

How do Artificial Lung Surfactants help improve survival rates for premature babies?

A

A tiny amount is sprayed into their lungs
↳ coats alveoli like the natural surfactant

69
Q

3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces: Spirometer

What does it measure?

A
  • The volume of air u can breathe out in a seconds
  • The total volume of air u can exhale in a forced breath
70
Q

3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces: Peak Flow Meters

What do they measure?

A

The rate at which air can be expelled from the lungs

71
Q

3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces: Peak Flow Meters

What is a Vitalograph?

A

A complex version of the peak flow meter

72
Q

3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces: Peak Flow Meters

What does a Vitalograph produce?

A

A graph abount the amount of air they breathe out & how quickly this is done

73
Q

3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces: Peak Flow Meters

What happens to the Trace when Inspiring?

A

It will go down

74
Q

3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces: Peak Flow Meters

What happens to the Trace when Expiring?

A

It will go up

75
Q

3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces: Peak Flow Meters

How is the Volume of a single breath shown?

A

Through the peak of expiration to the trough of inspiration

76
Q

3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces: Spirometry

How are CO2 levels reduced in a spirometer?

A

It contains Soda Lime
↳ absorbs CO2

77
Q

3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces: Spirometry

What’s Tidal Volume?

A

The volume of air that moves into & out of the lungs w each resting breath

78
Q

3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces: Spirometry

What is the averge Tidal Volume in an adult?

A
  • 500 cm3
  • 0.5 dm3
79
Q

3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces: Spirometry

What is Tidal Volume in relation to Vital Capacity?

A

15% of the Vital Capacity

80
Q

3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces: Spirometry

What is Vital Capacity?

A

The largest volume of air that can be breathed in

81
Q

3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces: Spirometry

How would you describe Vital Capacity?

A

The strongest exhale followed by the strongest inhale

82
Q

3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces: Spirometry

What is the average Vital Capacity in an adult?

A
  • 5000 cm3
  • 5 dm3
83
Q

3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces: Spirometry

What is the Inspiratory Reserve Volume?

A

The max volume of air you can breathe in over normal inhalation

84
Q

3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces: Spirometry

What is the Expiratory Reserve Volume?

A

Max volume of air you can force out of your longs over the normal tidal volume of air you breathe out

85
Q

3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces: Spirometry

What is Residual Volume?

A

The volume of air that is left in your lungs when you have exhaled as hard as possible

86
Q

3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces: Spirometry

Why can’t Residual Volume be directly measured?

A

We can’t workout the volume of air remaining in the lungs

87
Q

3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces: Spirometry

Why must there always be some air in your lungs?

A

So oxygen can be delivered to body cells & continue your function

88
Q

3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces: Spirometry

What is the Total Lung Capacity?

A

Vital Volume + Residual Volume

89
Q

3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces: Spirometry

What could Total Lung Capacity be described as?

A

The total potential amount of air in the lungs at any time

90
Q

3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces: In Fish

What’s the function of the Gills?

A

To absorb oxygen dissolved in water & release CO2 into the water

91
Q

3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces: In Fish

How’s the O2 concentration in water?

A

It is much lower than in air

92
Q

3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces: In Fish

How many pairs of Gills do bony fish have?

A

4 to 5

93
Q

3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces: In Fish

What is the Operculum?

A

The bony plate that covers the gill pairs

94
Q

3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces: In Fish

What do each gill consist of?

A

Two rows of Gill Filaments that are attached to a bony arch
↳ Primary Lamellae

95
Q

3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces: In Fish

What’s the structure like in Gill Filaments?

A
  • Very Thin
  • Surface is folded into many Secondary Lamellae
    ↳ Gill Plates
96
Q

3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces: In Fish

How does the structure of Gill Filaments optimise their function?

A

Large SA is provided

97
Q

3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces: In Fish

What do the Blood Capillaries do?

A

They carry deoxygenated blood close to the surface of the Secondary Lamellae
↳ exchange takes place

98
Q

3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces: In Fish

Which mechanism optimises Gas Exchange in fish?

A

Countercurrent Flow

99
Q

3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces: In Fish

How does Countercurrent Flow help optimise Gas Exchange in fish?

A

It maintains a constant concentration gradient

100
Q

3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces: In Fish

How does the Countercurrent Flow function?

A

Blood & water flow in different directions over the lamellae

101
Q

3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces: In Fish

How is Ventilation maintained in a fish?

A

Water is kept flowing over the gills using a Buccal-Opercular pump

102
Q

3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces: In Fish

How does the Buccal Cavity assist Ventilation?

(mouth)

A

It can change volume
↳ draws water in, pushing water through gills → operculum moves outwards
↳ reduces pressure in opercular cavity helping water flow through gills

103
Q

3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces: In Insects

Why don’t Insect transport Oxygen in their blood?

A

They’re smaller organisms

104
Q

3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces: In Insects

What type of Circulatory System do Insects have?

A

Open single circulatory system

105
Q

3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces: In Insects

What affects Circulation in Insects?

A

Its slow & affected by body movements

106
Q

3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces: In Insects

How is Oxygen transported in Insects?

A

Through the Tracheal System

107
Q

3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces: In Insects

What’s the function of the Tracheal System?

A

Supplies air directly to all respiring tissues

108
Q

3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces: In Insects

How does air enter the system?

A

Spiracles
↳ pores in each segment

109
Q

3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces: In Insects

How’s air transported through the body?

A

Tracheae
↳ through a series of tubes

110
Q

3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces: In Insects

What are Tracheoles?

A

What the Tracheae is divided into smaller & smaller tubes

111
Q

3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces: In Insects

What’s Tracheal Fluid?

A

Fluid that fills the ends of open tracheoles

112
Q

3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces: In Insects

How does Gas Exchange occur in Insects?

A
  • Between air in tracheole & tracheal fluid
  • Across thin walls of tracheoles
113
Q

3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces: In Insects

Why do Insects have a good supply of oxygen?

A

They’re very active

114
Q

3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces: In Insects

How is this oxygen demand met?

A

When tissues are active, tracheal fluid can be withdrawn into body fluid
↳ increases SA of tracheole wall exposed to air
↳ more oxygen can be absorbed when the insects are active

115
Q

3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces: In Insects

How can Larger Insects ventilate their Tracheal System?

A

Movements of body

116
Q

3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces: In Insects

In what ways can Larger Insects ventile their Tracheal System?

(first)

A

Sections of TS are expanded & have flexible walls
↳ acts as air sacs → squeezed by the action of flight muscles
↳ repetitive expansions & contractions of these sacs ventilate TS

117
Q

3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces: In Insects

In what ways can Larger Insects ventile their Tracheal System?

(second)

A

Movement of wings alter the volume of the Thorax
↳ as thorax volume decreases, air in TS is put under pressure & pushed out of TS
↳ as thorax volume increases, pressure inside drops & air is pushed into TS from outside

118
Q

3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces: In Insects

In what ways can Larger Insects ventile their Tracheal System?

(third)

A

Locusts can alter the volume of their abdomen by specialised breathing movements
↳ coordinated w opening & closing valves in spiracles
↳ as abdomen expands, spiracles at front end of body open & air enters TS
↳ as abdomen reduces in volume, spiracles at rear of body open & air can leave TS

Biology (14 decks)

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