M3: Exchange Surfaces Flashcards by Etin <3

3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces:

What are reasons for Gas Exchange Systems?

Large Multicellular organisms have a small SA:V ratio
Multicellular organisms have a high metabolic rate
↳ need to exchange lots of materials fast

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3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces:

What is the Volume of a Cuboid?

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3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces:

What is the Surface Area of a Cuboid?

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3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces:

What is the Area of a Cylinder?

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3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces:

What is the Surface Area of a Cylinder?

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3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces:

What is the Volume of a Cylinder?

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3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces:

What is the Area of a Cylinder?

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3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces:

What is the Volume of a Sphere?

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3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces:

What is the Surface Area of a Sphere?

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3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces: Features of Efficient Gas Exchange

What does a Large SA provide?

More space for the exchange of materials to occur

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3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces: Features of Efficient Gas Exchange

What do Thin Layers allow?

Short diffusion pathway for gases
↳ increases speed of exchange

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3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces: Features of Efficient Gas Exchange

What does a Good Blood Supply do?

Maintains a large diffusion gradient
Ensures the exchanged substances are constantly moving to the area needed

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3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces: Features of Efficient Gas Exchange

How does Ventiliation help?

Maintains the diffusion gradient
↳ makes the process faster & more efficient

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3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces:

Why do larger organism carry out Gas Exchange?

Their skin doesn’t provide a small diffusion pathway

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3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces: Pleural Cavity

What’s the Pleural Membrane?

Double membrane that sorrounds lungs

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3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces: Pleural Cavity

What’s the Pleural Cavity?

Space between the 2 membranes

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3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces: Pleural Cavity

What’s the Pleural Cavity filled with?

Small amounts of Pleural Fluid

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3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces: Pleural Cavity

Why is Pleural Fluid present in our lungs?

Lubricate the lungs so when its walls relax & contract the lungs aren’t damaged

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3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces: Pleural Cavity Features

How does a Large SA & Good Blood supply assist its function?

The air warms up as it passes the body

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3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces: Pleural Cavity Features

How does Hairy Lining assist its function?

Hairs trap dust & bacteria in mucus
↳ prevented from reaching lungs → could cause an infection

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3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces: Pleural Cavity Features

How does a Most Surface assist its function?

Increases humidity of incoming air
↳ reduces evaporation of water in lungs

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3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces: Trachea

What prevents the Trachea from collapsing?

Layer of cartilage that holds the Trachea open

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3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces: Trachea

Why are its rings incomplete?

To allow it to bond when food is swallowed down

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3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces: Trachea

What is it lined with?

Goblet cells
↳ prevent dust & bacteria from entering (secrete mucus)
Cilliated Epitheral
↳ beat regularly to move dust,bacteria & mucus (have lots of mitochondria)

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# **3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces:** Bronchus What are Brunchus? | (smaller than trachea)

Extensions of trachea that are split into 2 for the left & right lung

# **3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces:** Bronchus How is the Broncus supported?

Cartilage rings hold the pipe open

# **3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces:** Bronchioles What are Bronchioles?

The small units that the Bronchus is split into

# **3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces:** Bronchioles What size are Bronchioles?

1mm or less in diameter

# **3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces:** Bronchioles What is their structure like?

* They don't have catilage * They're held open by smooth muscle

# **3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces:** Bronchioles What happens when the Smooth Muscles contract?

The Bronchioles also contract but this is dependent to the flow

# **3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces:** Bronchioles How are they adapted to perform their function?

They are lined with a thin layer of epithelial tissue ↳ making some gas exchange possible

# **3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces:** Alveoli What are the Alveoli?

Little air sacs where most of gas exchange occurs

# **3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces:** Alveoli What's their size?

200-300μm in diameter

# **3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces:** Alveoli How are they adapted?

Made up of a thin layer of epithelial cells, some collegen & elastic fibres ↳ cause recoil→helps move air out of alveoli

# **3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces:** Alveoli How is their structure maintained during Inhalation?

We have Lung Surfactant which is a phospholipid that coats the surfaces of the lungs

# **3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces:** Alveoli Why do we need Lung Surfactant?

Without it, the watery lining of the alveoli would create surface tension ↳ causing them to collapse

# **3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces:** Breathing to maintain a Conc Gradient Why do we breathe?

To maintain a concentration gradient across their exchange surface **:**oxygen will diffuse into blood & CO2 will diffuse out

# **3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces:** Breathing to maintain a Conc Gradient How do fish manage to do this?

By keeping a continuous stream of oxygenated water moving over their gills

# **3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces:** Breathing to maintain a Conc Gradient How is this maintained in animals?

By the mechanism of ventilation

# **3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces:** Ventilation How is Ventilation brought about?

Pressure changes in the thoracic cavity

# **3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces:** Ventilation How is breathing facilitated?

Rib cage provides a cage in which pressire changes

# **3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces:** Composition of Air Whats the Oxygen Composition in Inhaled air?

21%

# **3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces:** Composition of Air Whats the Oxygen Composition in Exhaled air?

16%

# **3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces:** Composition of Air Whats the Carbon Dioxide Composition in Inhaled air?

0.04%

# **3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces:** Composition of Air Whats the Carbon Dioxide Composition in Exhaled air?

# **3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces:** Composition of Air Whats the Nitrogen Composition in Inhaled air?

79%

# **3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces:** Composition of Air Whats the Nitrogen Composition in Exhaled air?

79%

# **3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces:** Composition of Air Whats the Water Vapour Composition in Inhaled air?

Variable

# **3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces:** Composition of Air Whats the Water Vapour Composition in Exhaled air?

Variable but a lot more

# **3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces:** Inspiration What type of energy is required for this process?

Active Energy

# **3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces:** Inspiration What happens to the Rib Cage? | (Step 1)

Moves/goes out

# **3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces:** Inspiration What happens to the Intercostal Muscles? | (Step 2)

They contract

# **3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces:** Inspiration What happens to the Diaphram? | (Step 3)

It moves down ↳ flattens & contracts

# **3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces:** Inspiration What happens to the Thorastic Volume? | (Step 4)

It increases ↳ inversely proportional to pressure

# **3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces:** Inspiration What happens to the Pressure in Lungs? | (Step 5)

It decreases ↳ inversely propotional to volume

# **3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces:** Inspiration How does air move? | (Step 6)

Into lungs ↳ equalises the pressure difference

# **3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces:** Expiration What type of energy is required for this process?

Passive Energy

# **3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces:** Expiration What happens to the Rib Cage? | (Step 1)

Moves/goes in

# **3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces:** Expiration What happens to the Intercostal Muscles? | (Step 2)

They relax

# **3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces:** Expiration What happens to the Diaphraem? | (Step 3)

It moves up ↳ enlargens & relaxes

# **3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces:** Expiration What happens to the Thorastic Volume? | (Step 4)

It decreases ↳ inversely proportional to pressure

# **3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces:** Expiration What happens to the Pressure in Lungs? | (Step 5)

It increases ↳ inversely proportional to volume

# **3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces:** Expiration How does air move?

Out of the lungs ↳ equalises pressure difference

# **3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces:** Attacking Asthma How do Reliever medicines help overcome symptoms of an asthma attack? | (Immediate respond)

The chemicals attach to the Active Site on the plasms membrane of smooth muscle cells in bronchioles ↳ help by making them relax & dialate (enlargen) the airways

# **3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces:** Attacking Asthma How do Steroid help reduce the likelyhood of an asthma attack? | (Preventers but have to be taken regularly)

They reduce the sensitivity of the lining of the airways

# **3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces:** The First Breath Why is the First Breath taken so much harder than any subsequent one?

Because the lungs are enormously stretched as air flows in ↳ the elastic tissue never returns to its OG length

# **3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces:** The First Breath Why werethe survival rates for premature babies initially low?

It takes 30 weeks of pregnancy for alveoli to produce enough surfactant for the lungs to work properly

# **3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces:** The First Breath How do Artificial Lung Surfactants help improve survival rates for premature babies?

A tiny amount is sprayed into their lungs ↳ coats alveoli like the natural surfactant

# **3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces:** Spirometer What does it measure?

* The volume of air u can breathe out in a seconds * The total volume of air u can exhale in a forced breath

# **3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces:** Peak Flow Meters What do they measure?

The rate at which air can be expelled from the lungs

# **3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces:** Peak Flow Meters What is a Vitalograph?

A complex version of the peak flow meter

# **3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces:** Peak Flow Meters What does a Vitalograph produce?

A graph abount the amount of air they breathe out & how quickly this is done

# **3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces:** Peak Flow Meters What happens to the Trace when Inspiring?

It will go down

# **3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces:** Peak Flow Meters What happens to the Trace when Expiring?

It will go up

# **3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces:** Peak Flow Meters How is the Volume of a single breath shown?

Through the peak of expiration to the trough of inspiration

# **3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces:** Spirometry How are CO2 levels reduced in a spirometer?

It contains Soda Lime ↳ absorbs CO2

# **3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces:** Spirometry What's Tidal Volume?

The volume of air that moves into & out of the lungs w each resting breath

# **3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces:** Spirometry What is the averge Tidal Volume in an adult?

* 500 cm3 * 0.5 dm3

# **3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces:** Spirometry What is Tidal Volume in relation to Vital Capacity?

15% of the Vital Capacity

# **3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces:** Spirometry What is Vital Capacity?

The largest volume of air that can be breathed in

# **3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces:** Spirometry How would you describe Vital Capacity?

The strongest exhale followed by the strongest inhale

# **3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces:** Spirometry What is the average Vital Capacity in an adult?

* 5000 cm3 * 5 dm3

# **3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces:** Spirometry What is the Inspiratory Reserve Volume?

The max volume of air you can breathe in over normal inhalation

# **3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces:** Spirometry What is the Expiratory Reserve Volume?

Max volume of air you can force out of your longs over the normal tidal volume of air you breathe out

# **3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces:** Spirometry What is Residual Volume?

The volume of air that is left in your lungs when you have exhaled as hard as possible

# **3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces:** Spirometry Why can't Residual Volume be directly measured?

We can't workout the volume of air remaining in the lungs

# **3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces:** Spirometry Why must there always be some air in your lungs?

So oxygen can be delivered to body cells & continue your function

# **3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces:** Spirometry What is the Total Lung Capacity?

Vital Volume + Residual Volume

# **3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces:** Spirometry What could Total Lung Capacity be described as?

The total potential amount of air in the lungs at any time

# **3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces:** In Fish What's the function of the Gills?

To absorb oxygen dissolved in water & release CO2 into the water

# **3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces:** In Fish How's the O2 concentration in water?

It is much lower than in air

# **3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces:** In Fish How many pairs of Gills do bony fish have?

4 to 5

# **3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces:** In Fish What is the Operculum?

The bony plate that covers the gill pairs

# **3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces:** In Fish What do each gill consist of?

Two rows of Gill Filaments that are attached to a bony arch ↳ Primary Lamellae

# **3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces:** In Fish What's the structure like in Gill Filaments?

* Very Thin * Surface is folded into many Secondary Lamellae ↳ Gill Plates

# **3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces:** In Fish How does the structure of Gill Filaments optimise their function?

Large SA is provided

# **3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces:** In Fish What do the Blood Capillaries do?

They carry deoxygenated blood close to the surface of the Secondary Lamellae ↳ exchange takes place

# **3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces:** In Fish Which mechanism optimises Gas Exchange in fish?

Countercurrent Flow

# **3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces:** In Fish How does Countercurrent Flow help optimise Gas Exchange in fish?

It maintains a constant concentration gradient

# **3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces:** In Fish How does the Countercurrent Flow function?

Blood & water flow in different directions over the lamellae

# **3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces:** In Fish How is Ventilation maintained in a fish?

Water is kept flowing over the gills using a Buccal-Opercular pump

# **3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces:** In Fish How does the Buccal Cavity assist Ventilation? | (mouth)

It can change volume ↳ draws water in, pushing water through gills → operculum moves outwards ↳ reduces pressure in opercular cavity helping water flow through gills

# **3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces:** In Insects Why don't Insect transport Oxygen in their blood?

They're smaller organisms

# **3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces:** In Insects What type of Circulatory System do Insects have?

Open single circulatory system

# **3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces:** In Insects What affects Circulation in Insects?

Its slow & affected by body movements

# **3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces:** In Insects How is Oxygen transported in Insects?

Through the Tracheal System

# **3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces:** In Insects What's the function of the Tracheal System?

Supplies air directly to all respiring tissues

# **3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces:** In Insects How does air enter the system?

Spiracles ↳ pores in each segment

# **3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces:** In Insects How's air transported through the body?

Tracheae ↳ through a series of tubes

# **3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces:** In Insects What are Tracheoles?

What the Tracheae is divided into smaller & smaller tubes

# **3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces:** In Insects What's Tracheal Fluid?

Fluid that fills the ends of open tracheoles

# **3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces:** In Insects How does Gas Exchange occur in Insects?

* Between air in tracheole & tracheal fluid * Across thin walls of tracheoles

# **3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces:** In Insects Why do Insects have a good supply of oxygen?

They're very active

# **3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces:** In Insects How is this oxygen demand met?

When tissues are active, tracheal fluid can be withdrawn into body fluid ↳ increases SA of tracheole wall exposed to air ↳ more oxygen can be absorbed when the insects are active

# **3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces:** In Insects How can Larger Insects ventilate their Tracheal System?

Movements of body

# **3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces:** In Insects In what ways can Larger Insects ventile their Tracheal System? | (first)

Sections of TS are expanded & have flexible walls ↳ acts as air sacs → squeezed by the action of flight muscles ↳ repetitive expansions & contractions of these sacs ventilate TS

# **3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces:** In Insects In what ways can Larger Insects ventile their Tracheal System? | (second)

Movement of wings alter the volume of the Thorax ↳ as thorax volume decreases, air in TS is put under pressure & pushed out of TS ↳ as thorax volume increases, pressure inside drops & air is pushed into TS from outside

# **3.1.1 Exchange Surfaces:** In Insects In what ways can Larger Insects ventile their Tracheal System? | (third)

Locusts can alter the volume of their abdomen by specialised breathing movements ↳ coordinated w opening & closing valves in spiracles ↳ as abdomen expands, spiracles at front end of body open & air enters TS ↳ as abdomen reduces in volume, spiracles at rear of body open & air can leave TS