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M4: Classification & Evolution Flashcards

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1
Q

4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution:

Why do we classify organisms?

A

To allow identification of similar organisms in order to create specific groups

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2
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Classification

What’s a Domain?

A

Highest taxonomic rank

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3
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Classification

What are the 3 Domains?

A
  • Archaea
  • Eubacteria
  • Eukaryote
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4
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Classification

What are the 5 Kingdoms?

A
  • Protoctists
  • Plants
  • Prokaryotes
  • Animals
  • Fungi
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5
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Classification

What’s the Phylum?

A

Groups organisms according to body plan
* Backbone or not

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6
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Classification

What’s a Species?

A

Group of organisms that can interbreed to give fertile offspring

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7
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Classification

What does Directly Keeping Pants Clean Often Favours Good Sex stand for?

A
  • Domain
  • Kingdom
  • Phylum
  • Class
  • Order
  • Family
  • Genus
  • Species
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8
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Classification

What Domain do Humans belong to?

A

Domain: Eukaryote

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9
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Classification

Which Kingdom do Humans belong to?

A

Domain: Animalia

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10
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Classification

Which Phylum do Humans belong to?

A

Phylum: Chordata

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11
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Classification

Which Class do Humans belong to?

A

Class: Mammalia

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12
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Classification

Which Order do Humans belong to?

A

Order: Primates

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13
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Classification

Which Family do Humans belong to?

A

Family: Hominidae

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14
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Classification

Which Genus do Humans belong to?

A

Genus: Homo

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15
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Classification

Which Species do Humans belong to?

A

Species: sapiens

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16
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Binomial System

What’s the Binomial System?

( 2 latin names)

A
  • Universal across countries & languages
  • Same organism may have different local names
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17
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Classification Features

What Features does the Animalia Kingdom share?

A
  • Eukaryotic
  • No cell wall
  • Multicellular
  • Nucleus & other membrane bound organelles
  • Heterotrophic
  • Food stored as glycogen
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18
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Classification Features

What Features does the Plantae Kingdom share?

A
  • Eukaryotic
  • Multicellular
  • Autotrophic
  • Food stored as starch
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19
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Classification Features

What Features does the Fungi Kingdom share?

A
  • Eukaryotic
  • Chitin cell wall
  • Usually multicellular
  • Can be unicellular (yeast)
  • Have mycelium
  • Seprophytic feeders
  • Food stored as glycogen
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20
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Classification Features

What Features does the Prokaryotae Kingdom share?

A
  • Prokaryotic
  • Unicellular
  • No nucleus (circular DNA)
  • Absorb nutrients or produce internally by photosynthesis
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21
Q

4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Classification Features

What Features does the Protoctista Kingdom share?

A
  • Prokaryotic
  • Unicellular organism or colony of single cells
  • Some have chloroplasts
  • Move using cillia, flagellum & amoeboid mechanism
  • Autotrophic or Heterotrophic or both
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22
Q

4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution: Classification Systems

What’s Artificial meant by Classification?

A

Classification based on observed characteristics

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23
Q

4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution: Classification Systems

What’s the Issue w Artificial Classification?

A

Organisms adapt to their environment : often look similar if they live in a similar habitat

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24
Q

4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution: Classification Systems

What’s meant by Convergent Evolution?

A

Process where organisms that arent closely related independently evolve similar traits

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25
Q

4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution: Classification Systems

What’s meant by Natural Classification?

A

Classifications based on evolutionary relationships

  • Evidence used from DNA sequences & amino acid sequences
    ↳ mutations in DNA alter proteins → characteristics
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26
Q

4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution: Classification Methods

How are DNA Sequences used in Classification

A
  • Changes in DNA = mutations
  • More differences there are = less closely related 2 species are
    ↳ would’ve evolved separately for a longer time period
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27
Q

4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution: Classification Methods

What’s DNA Hybridisation?

A

Combining 2 complementrary DNA strands forming 1

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28
Q

4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution: Classification Methods

What’s Step 1 For DNA Hybridisation?

(step 1)

A

DNA from 2 species is extracted, purified & cut into small species

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29
Q

4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution: Classification Methods

What’s Step 2 for DNA Hybridisation?

(Step 2)

A

DNA is heated to about 90°C
↳ breaks H bonds

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30
Q

4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution: Classification Methods

What’s Step 3 for DNA Hybridisation?

(step 3)

A

On colling, strands combine w others that have a complementary base sequence

  • More similar = more H bonds
    ↳ takes higher temp to separate
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31
Q

4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution: Classification Methods

What are the Uses of Hybridisation?

A
  • Recently used to aid in classification of flowering plants
    ↳ no longer using number of leaves
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32
Q

4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution: Classification Methods

Why’s Cytochrome C used as a Comparison Amino Acid?

A

All organisms have mitochondria/similar protein

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33
Q

4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution: Immunological Comparison Methods

Why are Antibodies used in Immunological Comparison?

A

Antibodies = proteins = amino sequence
* Hence antibodies of 1 species will respond to specific antigens on proteins in the blood serum of another

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34
Q

4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution: Immunological Comparison Methods

What’s the 1st Step of Immunological Comparison?

(step 1)

A

Take serum from 2 different species

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35
Q

4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution: Immunological Comparison Methods

What’s the 2nd Step of Immunological Comparison?

(step 2)

A

Mix serums together

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36
Q

4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution: Immunological Comparison Methods

What’s the 3rd Step of Immunological Comparison?

(step 3)

A

Response= formation of precipitate
↳ antigens clump together

  • Greater precipitate = more antigens in common
    ↳ more closely related the species
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37
Q

4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution: Carl Woose

Why do we have 3 Domains?

A

Extremophiles found theirselves fitting in multiple categories

  • New based on: ribosomal RNA, ** cell membrane structure** & flagella structure
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38
Q

4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution: Carl Woose

Whose Carl Woese?

A
  • Introduced Domain as a new taxonomic rank
  • Molecular bio now given greater weight than other features
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39
Q

4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution: Features of 3 Domains

What’s the Cell Structure like of Bacteria?

A

Prokaryotic

40
Q

4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution: Features of 3 Domains

What’s the Cell Structure like of Archaea?

A

Prokaryotic

41
Q

4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution: Features of 3 Domains

What’s the Cell Structure like of Eukarya?

A

Eukaryotic

42
Q

4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution: Features of 3 Domains

What’s the DNA like in Bacteria?

A

Circular

43
Q

4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution: Features of 3 Domains

What’s the DNA like in Archaea?

A

Circular

44
Q

4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution: Features of 3 Domains

What’s the DNA like in Eukarya?

A

Linear

45
Q

4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution: Features of 3 Domains

What are Membrane Bound Organelles like in Bacteria?

A

None
* 70S ribosomes

46
Q

4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution: Features of 3 Domains

What are Membrane Bound Organelles like in Archaea?

A

None
* 70S ribosomes

47
Q

4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution: Features of 3 Domains

What are Membrane Bound Organelles like in Eukarya?

A

Present
* 80S ribosomes

48
Q

4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution: Features of 3 Domains

Are Intons present in Bacteria?

A

No

49
Q

4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution: Features of 3 Domains

Are Intons present in Archaea?

A

Some

50
Q

4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution: Features of 3 Domains

Are Introns present in Eukarya?

A

Yes

51
Q

4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution: Features of 3 Domains

What’s RNA polymerase like in Bacteria?

A

5 proteins

52
Q

4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution: Features of 3 Domains

What’s RNA polymerase like in Archaea?

A

8-10 proteins

53
Q

4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution: Features of 3 Domains

What’s RNA polymerase like in Eukarya?

A

12 proteins

54
Q

4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution: Features of 3 Domains

Can Bacteria grow at 100°C?

A

No

55
Q

4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution: Features of 3 Domains

Can Archaea grow at 100°C?

A

Some can

56
Q

4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution: Features of 3 Domains

Can Eukarya grow at 100°C?

A

No

57
Q

4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution: Features of 3 Domains

Does Bacteria have a Cell Wall made of Peptidoglycan?

A

Yes

58
Q

4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution: Features of 3 Domains

Does Archaea have a Cell Wall made of Peptidoglycan?

A

No

59
Q

4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution: Features of 3 Domains

Does Eukarya have a Cell Wall made of Peptidoglycan?

A

No

60
Q

4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution: Features of 3 Domains

Does Bacteria have a Cytoskeleton?

A

No

61
Q

4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution: Features of 3 Domains

Does Archaea have a Cytoskeleton?

A

Yes

62
Q

4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution: Features of 3 Domains

Does Eukarya have a Cytoskeleton?

A

Yes

63
Q

4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution: Features of 3 Domains

Can Bacteria be poisoned by Diptherite Toxins?

(beacterial toxins)

A

No

64
Q

4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution: Features of 3 Domains

Can Archaea be poisoned by Diptherite Toxins?

(beacterial toxins)

A

Yes

65
Q

4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution: Features of 3 Domains

Can Eukarya be poisoned by Diptherite Toxins?

(beacterial toxins)

A

Yes

66
Q

4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution: Features of 3 Domains

Is Bacteria sensitive to Streptomycin?

(antibiotic?

A

Yes

67
Q

4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution: Features of 3 Domains

Is Archaea sensitive to Streptomycin?

(antibiotic?

A

No

68
Q

4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution: Features of 3 Domains

Is Eukarya sensitive to Streptomycin?

(antibiotic?

A

No

69
Q

4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution: Phylogeny

What’s meant by Phylogeny?

A

Evolutionary relationshios between organisms
↳ looks t how closely organisms are related

70
Q

4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution: Phylogeny

What’s meant by Monophyletic?

A

Belongs to same phylogenetic group
* e.g humans & gorillas

71
Q

4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution: Theory of Evolution

What’s Evolution?

A

Slow & continuous change of organisms from a generation to the next

72
Q

4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution: Theory of Evolution (Darwin)

What are the 4 Observations Darwin made about Evolution?

A
  • Organisms produce more offsprings than survive
  • There’s variation in characteristics of members of the same species
  • Some characteristics are passed off randomly from a generation to the next
  • Best adapted individuals = more likely to survive
73
Q

4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution: Theory of Evolution (Darwin)

How do individuals in a population show Variation?

A

Their phenotypes
↳ physical characteristics

74
Q

4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution: Theory of Evolution (Darwin)

What’s meant by Selection Pressures?

A

Biotic factors ( predators, diseases & competition)
↳ create struggles for survival

75
Q

4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution: Theory of Evolution (Darwin)

How are different characteristics passed onto an offspring?

A
  • Variation allows an individual to develop a random characteristic through mutation
  • Characteristic could be advantageous & individual reproduces to produce an offspring w that characteristic
  • Over time, this is passed onto a wider population
    ↳ causes evolution
76
Q

4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution: Theory of Evolution (Wallace)

How did Wallace contribute to Evolution?

A

Came up w Natural Selection

77
Q

4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution: Theory of Evolution (Wallace)

What’s meant by Natural Selection?

A

Best adapted organism survives to reproduce & pass on its characteristics to its offsprings

78
Q

4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution: Evidence for Evolution

How’s Fossil Record Evidence for Evolution?

( fossils = organism’s preserved remains as rocks )

A
  • Arranged into chronological order
  • Observe gradual changes in organisms
79
Q

4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution: Evidence for Evolution

How’s DNA Evidence for Evolution?

A
  • Closely related species diverged more recently
  • Evolution caused by gradual changes in DNA sequences
  • Organisms that have diverged more recently, have more similar DNA
    ↳ less time for DNA sequence to change
80
Q

4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution: Evidence for Evolution

What’s Molecular Evidence for Evolution?

A

Scientists compare sequences of amino acids in proteins & compare antibodies

  • Organisms diverged more quickly have similar amino acid sequence
81
Q

4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution: Evolution of Pesticide Resistance

What’s Pesticide?

A

Chemicals that kills pests

82
Q

4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution: Evolution of Pesticide Resistance

Which type of organisms have become Pesticide Resistant?

A

Insects

83
Q

4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution: Evolution of Pesticide Resistance

How have Insects become Pesticide Resistant?

A

Process of Natural Selection
* exposure to pesticide only = development of resistance
↳ later passed onto offsprings

84
Q

4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution: Evolution of Pesticide Resistance

How have Pesticide Resistant Insects affected Humans?

A
  • Difficult to control crop infestations
    ↳ insects = resistant to lots of different pesticides
    ↳ hard to identify which would kill it & crop is damaged
  • Use of broaded pesticides (kills range of insects)
    ↳ may kill beneficial insects
  • If disease-carrying insect becomes pesticide resistant
    ↳ there’s an increase in spread of disease
85
Q

4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution: Evolution of Pesticide Resistance

How are Implications caused by Pesticide Resistant Insects Solved?

A

New pesticides are produced
↳ takes time & is expensive

86
Q

4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution: Evolution of Drug Resistance

How have Drug Resistant Microorganisms caused Implications onto Humans?

A
  • Infections caused by drug-resistant microorganisms = harder to treat
    ↳ difficult to discovery what would get rid of infection
    ↳ patient will become more ill or die
  • Pathogen may become resitance to all drugs
87
Q

4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution: Evolution of Pesticide Resistance

How are Implications caused by Drug Resistant Microorganisms Solved?

A

New drugs developed
↳ takes time & expensive

88
Q

4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution:

What’s meant by Interspecific Variation?

A

Variation (differences) between members of different species

89
Q

What’s meant by Intraspecific Variation?

A

Variation (differences) between members of the same species

90
Q

What’s meant by Continuous Variation?

A

Variation controlled by both genes & environment

  • Quantitative: features can be measured
91
Q

What are Examples of Continuous Variation?

A
  • Height
  • Weight
  • Heart rate
  • Finger Length
  • Leaf Length
92
Q

How’s Continuous Variatioj representated?

A

Line graph

93
Q

What’s Continuous Variation controlled by?

A

A lot of genes & environment
* range of phenotypes between 2 extremes

94
Q

What’s meant by Discontinuous Variation?

A

Controlled by genes
* Qualitative: features that can’t be measured

95
Q

What are Examples of Discontinuous Variation?

A
  • Tongue rolling
  • Finger prints
  • Eye colour
  • Blood group
96
Q

How’s Discontinuous Variation represented?

A

Bar graph

97
Q

What’s Discontinuous Variation controlled by?

A

A few genes
* limited number of phenotypes with no intermediates

Biology (14 decks)

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