M4: Classification & Evolution Flashcards by Etin <3

4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution:

Why do we classify organisms?

To allow identification of similar organisms in order to create specific groups

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4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Classification

What’s a Domain?

Highest taxonomic rank

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4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Classification

What are the 3 Domains?

Archaea
Eubacteria
Eukaryote

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4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Classification

What are the 5 Kingdoms?

Protoctists
Plants
Prokaryotes
Animals
Fungi

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4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Classification

What’s the Phylum?

Groups organisms according to body plan
* Backbone or not

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4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Classification

What’s a Species?

Group of organisms that can interbreed to give fertile offspring

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4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Classification

What does Directly Keeping Pants Clean Often Favours Good Sex stand for?

Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

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4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Classification

What Domain do Humans belong to?

Domain: Eukaryote

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4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Classification

Which Kingdom do Humans belong to?

Domain: Animalia

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4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Classification

Which Phylum do Humans belong to?

Phylum: Chordata

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4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Classification

Which Class do Humans belong to?

Class: Mammalia

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4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Classification

Which Order do Humans belong to?

Order: Primates

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4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Classification

Which Family do Humans belong to?

Family: Hominidae

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4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Classification

Which Genus do Humans belong to?

Genus: Homo

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4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Classification

Which Species do Humans belong to?

Species: sapiens

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4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Binomial System

What’s the Binomial System?

( 2 latin names)

Universal across countries & languages
Same organism may have different local names

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4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Classification Features

What Features does the Animalia Kingdom share?

Eukaryotic
No cell wall
Multicellular
Nucleus & other membrane bound organelles
Heterotrophic
Food stored as glycogen

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4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Classification Features

What Features does the Plantae Kingdom share?

Eukaryotic
Multicellular
Autotrophic
Food stored as starch

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4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Classification Features

What Features does the Fungi Kingdom share?

Eukaryotic
Chitin cell wall
Usually multicellular
Can be unicellular (yeast)
Have mycelium
Seprophytic feeders
Food stored as glycogen

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4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Classification Features

What Features does the Prokaryotae Kingdom share?

Prokaryotic
Unicellular
No nucleus (circular DNA)
Absorb nutrients or produce internally by photosynthesis

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4.1.1 Diseases & Immunity: Classification Features

What Features does the Protoctista Kingdom share?

Prokaryotic
Unicellular organism or colony of single cells
Some have chloroplasts
Move using cillia, flagellum & amoeboid mechanism
Autotrophic or Heterotrophic or both

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4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution: Classification Systems

What’s Artificial meant by Classification?

Classification based on observed characteristics

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4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution: Classification Systems

What’s the Issue w Artificial Classification?

Organisms adapt to their environment : often look similar if they live in a similar habitat

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4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution: Classification Systems

What’s meant by Convergent Evolution?

Process where organisms that arent closely related independently evolve similar traits

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# **4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution:** Classification Systems What's meant by Natural Classification?

Classifications based on evolutionary relationships * Evidence used from DNA sequences & amino acid sequences ↳ mutations in DNA alter proteins → characteristics

# **4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution:** Classification Methods How are DNA Sequences used in Classification

* Changes in DNA = mutations * More differences there are = less closely related 2 species are ↳ would've evolved separately for a longer time period

# **4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution:** Classification Methods What's DNA Hybridisation?

Combining 2 complementrary DNA strands forming 1

# **4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution:** Classification Methods What's Step 1 For DNA Hybridisation? | (step 1)

DNA from 2 species is extracted, purified & cut into small species

# **4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution:** Classification Methods What's Step 2 for DNA Hybridisation? | (Step 2)

DNA is heated to about 90°C ↳ breaks H bonds

# **4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution:** Classification Methods What's Step 3 for DNA Hybridisation? | (step 3)

On colling, strands combine w others that have a complementary base sequence * More similar = more H bonds ↳ takes higher temp to separate

# **4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution:** Classification Methods What are the Uses of Hybridisation?

* Recently used to aid in classification of flowering plants ↳ no longer using number of leaves

# **4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution:** Classification Methods Why's Cytochrome C used as a Comparison Amino Acid?

All organisms have mitochondria/similar protein

# **4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution:** Immunological Comparison Methods Why are Antibodies used in Immunological Comparison?

Antibodies = proteins = amino sequence * Hence antibodies of 1 species will respond to specific antigens on proteins in the blood serum of another

# **4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution:** Immunological Comparison Methods What's the 1st Step of Immunological Comparison? | (step 1)

Take serum from 2 different species

# **4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution:** Immunological Comparison Methods What's the 2nd Step of Immunological Comparison? | (step 2)

Mix serums together

# **4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution:** Immunological Comparison Methods What's the 3rd Step of Immunological Comparison? | (step 3)

Response= formation of precipitate ↳ antigens clump together * Greater precipitate = more antigens in common ↳ more closely related the species

# **4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution:** Carl Woose Why do we have 3 Domains?

Extremophiles found theirselves fitting in multiple categories * New based on: **ribosomal RNA**, ** cell membrane structure** & **flagella** structure

# **4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution:** Carl Woose Whose Carl Woese?

* Introduced Domain as a new taxonomic rank * Molecular bio now given greater weight than other features

# **4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution:** Features of 3 Domains What's the Cell Structure like of Bacteria?

Prokaryotic

# **4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution:** Features of 3 Domains What's the Cell Structure like of Archaea?

Prokaryotic

# **4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution:** Features of 3 Domains What's the Cell Structure like of Eukarya?

Eukaryotic

# **4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution:** Features of 3 Domains What's the DNA like in Bacteria?

Circular

# **4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution:** Features of 3 Domains What's the DNA like in Archaea?

Circular

# **4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution:** Features of 3 Domains What's the DNA like in Eukarya?

Linear

# **4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution:** Features of 3 Domains What are Membrane Bound Organelles like in Bacteria?

None * 70S ribosomes

# **4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution:** Features of 3 Domains What are Membrane Bound Organelles like in Archaea?

None * 70S ribosomes

# **4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution:** Features of 3 Domains What are Membrane Bound Organelles like in Eukarya?

Present * 80S ribosomes

# **4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution:** Features of 3 Domains Are Intons present in Bacteria?

# **4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution:** Features of 3 Domains Are Intons present in Archaea?

Some

# **4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution:** Features of 3 Domains Are Introns present in Eukarya?

Yes

# **4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution:** Features of 3 Domains What's RNA polymerase like in Bacteria?

5 proteins

# **4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution:** Features of 3 Domains What's RNA polymerase like in Archaea?

8-10 proteins

# **4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution:** Features of 3 Domains What's RNA polymerase like in Eukarya?

12 proteins

# **4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution:** Features of 3 Domains Can Bacteria grow at 100°C?

# **4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution:** Features of 3 Domains Can Archaea grow at 100°C?

Some can

# **4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution:** Features of 3 Domains Can Eukarya grow at 100°C?

# **4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution:** Features of 3 Domains Does Bacteria have a Cell Wall made of Peptidoglycan?

Yes

# **4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution:** Features of 3 Domains Does Archaea have a Cell Wall made of Peptidoglycan?

# **4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution:** Features of 3 Domains Does Eukarya have a Cell Wall made of Peptidoglycan?

# **4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution:** Features of 3 Domains Does Bacteria have a Cytoskeleton?

# **4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution:** Features of 3 Domains Does Archaea have a Cytoskeleton?

Yes

# **4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution:** Features of 3 Domains Does Eukarya have a Cytoskeleton?

Yes

# **4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution:** Features of 3 Domains Can Bacteria be poisoned by Diptherite Toxins? | (beacterial toxins)

# **4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution:** Features of 3 Domains Can Archaea be poisoned by Diptherite Toxins? | (beacterial toxins)

Yes

# **4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution:** Features of 3 Domains Can Eukarya be poisoned by Diptherite Toxins? | (beacterial toxins)

Yes

# **4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution:** Features of 3 Domains Is Bacteria sensitive to Streptomycin? | (antibiotic?

Yes

# **4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution:** Features of 3 Domains Is Archaea sensitive to Streptomycin? | (antibiotic?

# **4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution:** Features of 3 Domains Is Eukarya sensitive to Streptomycin? | (antibiotic?

# **4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution:** Phylogeny What's meant by Phylogeny?

Evolutionary relationshios between organisms ↳ looks t how closely organisms are related

# **4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution:** Phylogeny What's meant by Monophyletic?

Belongs to same phylogenetic group * e.g humans & gorillas

# **4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution:** Theory of Evolution What's Evolution?

Slow & continuous change of organisms from a generation to the next

# **4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution:** Theory of Evolution (Darwin) What are the 4 Observations Darwin made about Evolution?

* Organisms produce more offsprings than survive * There's variation in characteristics of members of the same species * Some characteristics are passed off randomly from a generation to the next * Best adapted individuals = more likely to survive

# **4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution:** Theory of Evolution (Darwin) How do individuals in a population show Variation?

Their phenotypes ↳ physical characteristics

# **4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution:** Theory of Evolution (Darwin) What's meant by Selection Pressures?

Biotic factors ( predators, diseases & competition) ↳ create struggles for survival

# **4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution:** Theory of Evolution (Darwin) How are different characteristics passed onto an offspring?

* Variation allows an individual to develop a random characteristic through mutation * Characteristic could be advantageous & individual reproduces to produce an offspring w that characteristic * Over time, this is passed onto a wider population ↳ causes evolution

# **4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution:** Theory of Evolution (Wallace) How did Wallace contribute to Evolution?

Came up w Natural Selection

# **4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution:** Theory of Evolution (Wallace) What's meant by Natural Selection?

Best adapted organism survives to reproduce & pass on its characteristics to its offsprings

# **4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution:** Evidence for Evolution How's Fossil Record Evidence for Evolution? | ( fossils = organism's preserved remains as rocks )

* Arranged into chronological order * Observe gradual changes in organisms

# **4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution:** Evidence for Evolution How's DNA Evidence for Evolution?

* Closely related species **diverged** more recently * Evolution caused by gradual changes in DNA sequences * Organisms that have **diverged** more recently, have more similar DNA ↳ less time for DNA sequence to change

# **4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution:** Evidence for Evolution What's Molecular Evidence for Evolution?

Scientists compare sequences of amino acids in proteins & compare antibodies * Organisms **diverged** more quickly have similar amino acid sequence

# **4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution:** Evolution of Pesticide Resistance What's Pesticide?

Chemicals that kills pests

# **4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution:** Evolution of Pesticide Resistance Which type of organisms have become Pesticide Resistant?

Insects

# **4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution:** Evolution of Pesticide Resistance How have Insects become Pesticide Resistant?

Process of Natural Selection * exposure to pesticide only = development of resistance ↳ later passed onto offsprings

# **4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution:** Evolution of Pesticide Resistance How have Pesticide Resistant Insects affected Humans?

* Difficult to control crop infestations ↳ insects = resistant to lots of different pesticides ↳ hard to identify which would kill it & crop is damaged * Use of broaded pesticides (kills range of insects) ↳ may kill beneficial insects * If disease-carrying insect becomes pesticide resistant ↳ there's an increase in spread of disease

# **4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution:** Evolution of Pesticide Resistance How are Implications caused by Pesticide Resistant Insects Solved?

New pesticides are produced ↳ takes time & is expensive

# **4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution:** Evolution of Drug Resistance How have Drug Resistant Microorganisms caused Implications onto Humans?

* Infections caused by drug-resistant microorganisms = harder to treat ↳ difficult to discovery what would get rid of infection ↳ patient will become more ill or die * Pathogen may become resitance to all drugs

# **4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution:** Evolution of Pesticide Resistance How are Implications caused by Drug Resistant Microorganisms Solved?

New drugs developed ↳ takes time & expensive

# **4.2.2 Classifications & Evolution:** What's meant by Interspecific Variation?

Variation (differences) between members of different species

What's meant by Intraspecific Variation?

Variation (differences) between members of the same species

What's meant by Continuous Variation?

Variation controlled by both genes & environment * Quantitative: features can be measured

What are Examples of Continuous Variation?

* Height * Weight * Heart rate * Finger Length * Leaf Length

How's Continuous Variatioj representated?

Line graph

What's Continuous Variation controlled by?

A lot of genes & environment * range of phenotypes between 2 extremes

What's meant by Discontinuous Variation?

Controlled by genes * Qualitative: features that can't be measured

What are Examples of Discontinuous Variation?

* Tongue rolling * Finger prints * Eye colour * Blood group

How's Discontinuous Variation represented?

Bar graph

What's Discontinuous Variation controlled by?

A few genes * limited number of phenotypes with no intermediates