M2: Nucleotides & Nucleic Acids

Question 1

2.1.3 Nucleotides & Nucleic acids: Nucleic Acids

What are Nucleic Acids?

Answer 1

Large mol found in nucleus

Question 2

2.1.3 Nucleotides & Nucleic acids: Nucleic Acids

What’s a Nucleotide?

Answer 2

Monomer that makes up DNA & RNA

Question 3

2.1.3 Nucleotides & Nucleic acids: DNA

What’s DNA?

Answer 3

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

Question 4

2.1.3 Nucleotides & Nucleic acids: DNA

What’s the function of DNA?

Answer 4

Storing genetic info

Question 5

2.1.3 Nucleotides & Nucleic acids: DNA

How many strands does DNA have?

Answer 5

• 2
  ↳ made of 2 polynucleotide chains: each w lots of nucleotides joined together

Question 6

2.1.3 Nucleotides & Nucleic acids: DNA

What are the Base Pairs in DNA?

Answer 6

• AT
• CG

Question 7

2.1.3 Nucleotides & Nucleic acids: RNA

What’s RNA?

Answer 7

Ribonucleic Acid

Question 8

2.1.3 Nucleotides & Nucleic acids: RNA

What’s the function of RNA?

Answer 8

Transfers genetic info from DNA to make proteins

Question 9

2.1.3 Nucleotides & Nucleic acids: RNA

How many strands does RNA have?

Answer 9

• 1
  ↳ a single polynucleotide chain

Question 10

2.1.3 Nucleotides & Nucleic acids: RNA

What are the Base Pairs of RNA?

Answer 10

• AU
• CG

Question 11

2.1.3 Nucleotides & Nucleic acids: Energy & Nucleic Acids

What’s AMP?

Answer 11

Adenosine Monophosphate
* Adenine
* Ribose
* 1 Phosphate group

Question 12

2.1.3 Nucleotides & Nucleic acids: Energy & Nucleic Acids

What’s ADP?

Answer 12

Adenosine Diphosphate
* Adenine
* Ribose
* 2 Phosphate groups

Question 13

2.1.3 Nucleotides & Nucleic acids: Energy & Nucleic Acids

What’s ATP?

Answer 13

Adenosine Triphosphate
* Adenine
* Ribose
* 3 Phosphate groups

Question 14

2.1.3 Nucleotides & Nucleic acids: ATP Uses

What’s ATP’s use in Synthesis?

Answer 14

USed to make large molecules e.g. proteins

Question 15

2.1.3 Nucleotides & Nucleic acids: ATP Uses

What’s ATP’s use in Transport?

Answer 15

Could be used to transport molecules across a plasma membrane

Question 16

2.1.3 Nucleotides & Nucleic acids: ATP Uses

What’s ATP’s use in Movement?

Answer 16

Making protein fibres in muscle cells contract

Question 17

2.1.3 Nucleotides & Nucleic acids: ATP Properties

Why’s ATP Small?

Answer 17

So its easily moved around cells

Question 18

2.1.3 Nucleotides & Nucleic acids: ATP Properties

Why’s ATP Soluble?

Answer 18

Most active processes occur in aqueous environments

Question 19

2.1.3 Nucleotides & Nucleic acids: ATP Properties

Why does ATP release Intermediate amounts of Energy?

Answer 19

It releases enough for cellular reactions but not so much that it would be wasted as heat

Question 20

2.1.3 Nucleotides & Nucleic acids: ATP Properties

Why’s ATP Easily Regenerated?

Answer 20

Renewable energy source

Question 21

2.1.3 Nucleotides & Nucleic acids: Energy Release

Hydrolysing ATP into ADP

30.6 J/Mol

Answer 21

Easier to break covalent bond on last phosphate
1) because if its any other one, the whole nucleotide would break
2) hydrolysed because it releases much more energy
↳ by ATP hydrolase
When making/synthesising ATP
↳ by ATP synthase

Question 22

2.1.3 Nucleotides & Nucleic acids: Energy Release Properties

What’s meant by the Instability of Phosphate bonds in ATP?

Answer 22

It’s not a good long term energy source

Question 23

2.1.3 Nucleotides & Nucleic acids: Energy Release Properties

What’s meant by Rapid Phosphorylation?

Answer 23

Occurs when energy is required
↳ we need relative small amount of ATP

Question 24

2.1.3 Nucleotides & Nucleic acids: Energy Release Properties

What’s meany by Phosphorylation?

Answer 24

Inorganic Phosphate group is reattached to ADP molecule
↳ makes ATP

Question 25

# **2.1.3 Nucleotides & Nucleic acids:** Nucleic Acids What are Nucleic Acids made up of?

Answer 25

* Carbon * Hydrogen * Oxygen * Nitrogen * Phosphorous

Question 26

# **2.1.3 Nucleotides & Nucleic acids:** Nucleic Acids Which 3 Groups do Nucleic Acids have?

Answer 26

* Phosphate Group * Pentose Sugar * Nitrogen containing base

Question 27

# **2.1.3 Nucleotides & Nucleic acids:** Nucleic Acids What are the Purine Bases? | Two Ring Structures

Answer 27

* **A**denine * **G**uanine

Question 28

# **2.1.3 Nucleotides & Nucleic acids:** Nucleic Acids What are Pyrimidine Bases? | Single Ring Structures

Answer 28

* **T**hymine * **C**ytosine * **U**racil

Question 29

# **2.1.3 Nucleotides & Nucleic acids:** Nucleic Acids Why do Purines **ALWAYS BOND** w Pyrimidine?

Answer 29

To make the **chain match sizes** ↳ causes **double helix** shape of DNA

Question 30

# **2.1.3 Nucleotides & Nucleic acids:** Condensation Reaction What does the joining of nucleotides form?

Answer 30

Polynucleotides

Question 31

# **2.1.3 Nucleotides & Nucleic acids:** Condensation Reaction What Bond is formed in the condensation reaction of Nucleotides?

Answer 31

Phosphodiester bond

Question 32

# **2.1.3 Nucleotides & Nucleic acids:** Condensation Reaction What's the Sugar-Phosphate backbone?

Answer 32

Chain of sugars & phosphates

Question 33

# **2.1.3 Nucleotides & Nucleic acids:** Condensation Reaction How are 2 DNA Polynucleotide strands joined together?

Answer 33

Hydrogen bonding between the complementary bases

Question 34

# **2.1.3 Nucleotides & Nucleic acids:** Condensation Reaction How many Hydrogen bonds are between AT?

Answer 34

Two

Question 35

# **2.1.3 Nucleotides & Nucleic acids:** Condensation Reaction How many Hydrogen bonds are between CG?

Answer 35

Three

Question 36

# **2.1.3 Nucleotides & Nucleic acids:** Condensation Reaction How is the double helix shape of DNA formed?

Answer 36

2 antiparallel polunucleotide strand twist

Question 37

# **2.1.3 Nucleotides & Nucleic acids:** DNA Replication & Genetic Code What are Chromosomes? | 23 pairs (46)

Answer 37

Strand of DNA

Question 38

# **2.1.3 Nucleotides & Nucleic acids:** DNA Replication & Genetic Code What's a Chromatid? | 1 chromatid is made of 2 chromosomes

Answer 38

Replicated chromosome

Question 39

# **2.1.3 Nucleotides & Nucleic acids:** DNA Replication & Genetic Code What's a Centromere?

Answer 39

Band that hold chromatids

Question 40

# **2.1.3 Nucleotides & Nucleic acids:** DNA Replication & Genetic Code What's a Gene?

Answer 40

Section of DNA that codes for certain proteins

Question 41

# **2.1.3 Nucleotides & Nucleic acids:** DNA Replication & Genetic Code What are the Reasons for Replication of DNA?

Answer 41

* **Cell Division** New cells need new DNA for growth & tissue repair * **Reproduction** Gametes require DNA to pass on genetic info

Question 42

# **2.1.3 Nucleotides & Nucleic acids:** DNA Replication & Genetic Code What's the function of DNA Helicase?

Answer 42

Breaks hydrogen bonds & unwinds molecule

Question 43

# **2.1.3 Nucleotides & Nucleic acids:** DNA Replication & Genetic Code What's the function of DNA Polymerase?

Answer 43

Forms the phosphodiester bonds between nucleotides

Question 44

# **2.1.3 Nucleotides & Nucleic acids:** DNA Replication & Genetic Code Why is DNA Semi-Conservative?

Answer 44

1) Hydrogen bonds break by DNA helicase (enzyme) 2) Double helix structure unwinds 3) Free nucleotides join w unpaired bases by DNA polymerase (enzyme) 4) Hydrogen bonds form 5) Phosphodiester bonds formed between nucleotides ↳ forms a complete polynucleotide chain using DNA polymerase

Question 45

# **2.1.3 Nucleotides & Nucleic acids:** DNA Replication & Genetic Code What's a Mutation?

Answer 45

Change of a certain materal (nucleic acid)

Question 46

# **2.1.3 Nucleotides & Nucleic acids:** DNA Replication & Genetic Code What's a Gene/Point Mutation?

Answer 46

Change of whole nucleotide sequence of a gene

Question 47

# **2.1.3 Nucleotides & Nucleic acids:** DNA Replication & Genetic Code What are the Types of Gene/Point Mutations?

Answer 47

* **Substitution** Wrong base is matched * **Insertion** Extra base is added * **Deletion** Base is deleted

Question 48

# **2.1.3 Nucleotides & Nucleic acids:** DNA Replication & Genetic Code What's the Gentic Code?

Answer 48

Sequence of bases along its DNA ↳ contains 1000s of sections (genes/cistons) → needed bc they make a certain protein ↳ each gene codes for a specific polypeptide

Question 49

# **2.1.3 Nucleotides & Nucleic acids:** DNA Replication & Genetic Code What's meany by GC being **Universal**? | Reason why genetic enginerring is possible

Answer 49

Same sequence of bases code for the same amino acids in different organisms

Question 50

# **2.1.3 Nucleotides & Nucleic acids:** DNA Replication & Genetic Code What's meany by GC being **Degenerate**? | Triplet Code

Answer 50

There are 4 bases & 20 amino acids -codons are made up of 3 bases → 64 codons ↳ each amino acid is coded for by more than 1 triplet ↳ each amino acid can have up to 4 combinations

Question 51

# **2.1.3 Nucleotides & Nucleic acids:** DNA Replication & Genetic Code What's meant by GC being **Non-overlapping**?

Answer 51

Sequence is read in codons

Question 52

# **2.1.3 Nucleotides & Nucleic acids:** Protein Synthesis What's the function of mRNA? | Messanger RNA

Answer 52

Carries the GC of DNA: nucleus → cytoplasm ↳ then used to make protein in translation

Question 53

# **2.1.3 Nucleotides & Nucleic acids:** Protein Synthesis What's the function of tRNA? | Transfer RNA

Answer 53

Carries amino acids from cytoplasm → ribosomes during translation * Has anti-codons

Question 54

# **2.1.3 Nucleotides & Nucleic acids:** Protein Synthesis What's the function of rRNA? | Ribosomial RNA

Answer 54

Forms 2 subunits in ribosomes ↳ ribosome moves along RNA strand during **protein synthesis** ↳ **rRNA** helps **catalyse** formation of **peptide bonds** between amino acids

Question 55

# **2.1.3 Nucleotides & Nucleic acids:** Protein Synthesis What are the steps for Transcription?

Answer 55

1) DNA helicase breaks hydrogen bonds between DNA strands 2) RNA polymerase moves along the template strand & matches up RNA complementary nucleotides 3) RNA nucleotides join together, pre-mRNA is formed 4) DNA behind RNA polymearase rejoins into double helix 5) When RNA polymerase reaches 'stop' cadon → chain = terminated & pre-mRNA detaches

Question 56

# **2.1.3 Nucleotides & Nucleic acids:** Protein Synthesis What are the steps for Translation?

Answer 56

1) mRNA attached to ribosomes at start cadon (AUG) 2) tRNA matches to mRNA complementary anti-codons 3) Ribosomes move along mRNA 4) tRNA carries amino acid = activated 5) 2 tRNA sitting next to each other at codons the amino acuds they carry form a peptide bond 6) tRNA detach from mRNA & return to cytoplasm 7) Continues until stop codon is met