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Biology > M2: Nucleotides & Nucleic Acids > Flashcards

M2: Nucleotides & Nucleic Acids Flashcards

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1
Q

2.1.3 Nucleotides & Nucleic acids: Nucleic Acids

What are Nucleic Acids?

A

Large mol found in nucleus

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2
Q

2.1.3 Nucleotides & Nucleic acids: Nucleic Acids

What’s a Nucleotide?

A

Monomer that makes up DNA & RNA

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3
Q

2.1.3 Nucleotides & Nucleic acids: DNA

What’s DNA?

A

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

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4
Q

2.1.3 Nucleotides & Nucleic acids: DNA

What’s the function of DNA?

A

Storing genetic info

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5
Q

2.1.3 Nucleotides & Nucleic acids: DNA

How many strands does DNA have?

A
  • 2
    ↳ made of 2 polynucleotide chains: each w lots of nucleotides joined together
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6
Q

2.1.3 Nucleotides & Nucleic acids: DNA

What are the Base Pairs in DNA?

A
  • AT
  • CG
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7
Q

2.1.3 Nucleotides & Nucleic acids: RNA

What’s RNA?

A

Ribonucleic Acid

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8
Q

2.1.3 Nucleotides & Nucleic acids: RNA

What’s the function of RNA?

A

Transfers genetic info from DNA to make proteins

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9
Q

2.1.3 Nucleotides & Nucleic acids: RNA

How many strands does RNA have?

A
  • 1
    ↳ a single polynucleotide chain
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10
Q

2.1.3 Nucleotides & Nucleic acids: RNA

What are the Base Pairs of RNA?

A
  • AU
  • CG
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11
Q

2.1.3 Nucleotides & Nucleic acids: Energy & Nucleic Acids

What’s AMP?

A

Adenosine Monophosphate
* Adenine
* Ribose
* 1 Phosphate group

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12
Q

2.1.3 Nucleotides & Nucleic acids: Energy & Nucleic Acids

What’s ADP?

A

Adenosine Diphosphate
* Adenine
* Ribose
* 2 Phosphate groups

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13
Q

2.1.3 Nucleotides & Nucleic acids: Energy & Nucleic Acids

What’s ATP?

A

Adenosine Triphosphate
* Adenine
* Ribose
* 3 Phosphate groups

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14
Q

2.1.3 Nucleotides & Nucleic acids: ATP Uses

What’s ATP’s use in Synthesis?

A

USed to make large molecules e.g. proteins

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15
Q

2.1.3 Nucleotides & Nucleic acids: ATP Uses

What’s ATP’s use in Transport?

A

Could be used to transport molecules across a plasma membrane

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16
Q

2.1.3 Nucleotides & Nucleic acids: ATP Uses

What’s ATP’s use in Movement?

A

Making protein fibres in muscle cells contract

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17
Q

2.1.3 Nucleotides & Nucleic acids: ATP Properties

Why’s ATP Small?

A

So its easily moved around cells

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18
Q

2.1.3 Nucleotides & Nucleic acids: ATP Properties

Why’s ATP Soluble?

A

Most active processes occur in aqueous environments

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19
Q

2.1.3 Nucleotides & Nucleic acids: ATP Properties

Why does ATP release Intermediate amounts of Energy?

A

It releases enough for cellular reactions but not so much that it would be wasted as heat

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20
Q

2.1.3 Nucleotides & Nucleic acids: ATP Properties

Why’s ATP Easily Regenerated?

A

Renewable energy source

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21
Q

2.1.3 Nucleotides & Nucleic acids: Energy Release

Hydrolysing ATP into ADP

30.6 J/Mol

A

Easier to break covalent bond on last phosphate
1) because if its any other one, the whole nucleotide would break
2) hydrolysed because it releases much more energy
↳ by ATP hydrolase
When making/synthesising ATP
↳ by ATP synthase

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22
Q

2.1.3 Nucleotides & Nucleic acids: Energy Release Properties

What’s meant by the Instability of Phosphate bonds in ATP?

A

It’s not a good long term energy source

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23
Q

2.1.3 Nucleotides & Nucleic acids: Energy Release Properties

What’s meant by Rapid Phosphorylation?

A

Occurs when energy is required
↳ we need relative small amount of ATP

24
Q

2.1.3 Nucleotides & Nucleic acids: Energy Release Properties

What’s meany by Phosphorylation?

A

Inorganic Phosphate group is reattached to ADP molecule
↳ makes ATP

25
Q

2.1.3 Nucleotides & Nucleic acids: Nucleic Acids

What are Nucleic Acids made up of?

A
  • Carbon
  • Hydrogen
  • Oxygen
  • Nitrogen
  • Phosphorous
26
Q

2.1.3 Nucleotides & Nucleic acids: Nucleic Acids

Which 3 Groups do Nucleic Acids have?

A
  • Phosphate Group
  • Pentose Sugar
  • Nitrogen containing base
27
Q

2.1.3 Nucleotides & Nucleic acids: Nucleic Acids

What are the Purine Bases?

Two Ring Structures

A
  • Adenine
  • Guanine
28
Q

2.1.3 Nucleotides & Nucleic acids: Nucleic Acids

What are Pyrimidine Bases?

Single Ring Structures

A
  • Thymine
  • Cytosine
  • Uracil
29
Q

2.1.3 Nucleotides & Nucleic acids: Nucleic Acids

Why do Purines ALWAYS BOND w Pyrimidine?

A

To make the chain match sizes
↳ causes double helix shape of DNA

30
Q

2.1.3 Nucleotides & Nucleic acids: Condensation Reaction

What does the joining of nucleotides form?

A

Polynucleotides

31
Q

2.1.3 Nucleotides & Nucleic acids: Condensation Reaction

What Bond is formed in the condensation reaction of Nucleotides?

A

Phosphodiester bond

32
Q

2.1.3 Nucleotides & Nucleic acids: Condensation Reaction

What’s the Sugar-Phosphate backbone?

A

Chain of sugars & phosphates

33
Q

2.1.3 Nucleotides & Nucleic acids: Condensation Reaction

How are 2 DNA Polynucleotide strands joined together?

A

Hydrogen bonding between the complementary bases

34
Q

2.1.3 Nucleotides & Nucleic acids: Condensation Reaction

How many Hydrogen bonds are between AT?

A

Two

35
Q

2.1.3 Nucleotides & Nucleic acids: Condensation Reaction

How many Hydrogen bonds are between CG?

A

Three

36
Q

2.1.3 Nucleotides & Nucleic acids: Condensation Reaction

How is the double helix shape of DNA formed?

A

2 antiparallel polunucleotide strand twist

37
Q

2.1.3 Nucleotides & Nucleic acids: DNA Replication & Genetic Code

What are Chromosomes?

23 pairs (46)

A

Strand of DNA

38
Q

2.1.3 Nucleotides & Nucleic acids: DNA Replication & Genetic Code

What’s a Chromatid?

1 chromatid is made of 2 chromosomes

A

Replicated chromosome

39
Q

2.1.3 Nucleotides & Nucleic acids: DNA Replication & Genetic Code

What’s a Centromere?

A

Band that hold chromatids

40
Q

2.1.3 Nucleotides & Nucleic acids: DNA Replication & Genetic Code

What’s a Gene?

A

Section of DNA that codes for certain proteins

41
Q

2.1.3 Nucleotides & Nucleic acids: DNA Replication & Genetic Code

What are the Reasons for Replication of DNA?

A
  • Cell Division
    New cells need new DNA for growth & tissue repair
  • Reproduction
    Gametes require DNA to pass on genetic info
42
Q

2.1.3 Nucleotides & Nucleic acids: DNA Replication & Genetic Code

What’s the function of DNA Helicase?

A

Breaks hydrogen bonds & unwinds molecule

43
Q

2.1.3 Nucleotides & Nucleic acids: DNA Replication & Genetic Code

What’s the function of DNA Polymerase?

A

Forms the phosphodiester bonds between nucleotides

44
Q

2.1.3 Nucleotides & Nucleic acids: DNA Replication & Genetic Code

Why is DNA Semi-Conservative?

A

1) Hydrogen bonds break by DNA helicase (enzyme)
2) Double helix structure unwinds
3) Free nucleotides join w unpaired bases by DNA polymerase (enzyme)
4) Hydrogen bonds form
5) Phosphodiester bonds formed between nucleotides
↳ forms a complete polynucleotide chain using DNA polymerase

45
Q

2.1.3 Nucleotides & Nucleic acids: DNA Replication & Genetic Code

What’s a Mutation?

A

Change of a certain materal (nucleic acid)

46
Q

2.1.3 Nucleotides & Nucleic acids: DNA Replication & Genetic Code

What’s a Gene/Point Mutation?

A

Change of whole nucleotide sequence of a gene

47
Q

2.1.3 Nucleotides & Nucleic acids: DNA Replication & Genetic Code

What are the Types of Gene/Point Mutations?

A
  • Substitution
    Wrong base is matched
  • Insertion
    Extra base is added
  • Deletion
    Base is deleted
48
Q

2.1.3 Nucleotides & Nucleic acids: DNA Replication & Genetic Code

What’s the Gentic Code?

A

Sequence of bases along its DNA
↳ contains 1000s of sections (genes/cistons) → needed bc they make a certain protein
↳ each gene codes for a specific polypeptide

49
Q

2.1.3 Nucleotides & Nucleic acids: DNA Replication & Genetic Code

What’s meany by GC being Universal?

Reason why genetic enginerring is possible

A

Same sequence of bases code for the same amino acids in different organisms

50
Q

2.1.3 Nucleotides & Nucleic acids: DNA Replication & Genetic Code

What’s meany by GC being Degenerate?

Triplet Code

A

There are 4 bases & 20 amino acids
-codons are made up of 3 bases → 64 codons
↳ each amino acid is coded for by more than 1 triplet
↳ each amino acid can have up to 4 combinations

51
Q

2.1.3 Nucleotides & Nucleic acids: DNA Replication & Genetic Code

What’s meant by GC being Non-overlapping?

A

Sequence is read in codons

52
Q

2.1.3 Nucleotides & Nucleic acids: Protein Synthesis

What’s the function of mRNA?

Messanger RNA

A

Carries the GC of DNA: nucleus → cytoplasm
↳ then used to make protein in translation

53
Q

2.1.3 Nucleotides & Nucleic acids: Protein Synthesis

What’s the function of tRNA?

Transfer RNA

A

Carries amino acids from cytoplasm → ribosomes during translation
* Has anti-codons

54
Q

2.1.3 Nucleotides & Nucleic acids: Protein Synthesis

What’s the function of rRNA?

Ribosomial RNA

A

Forms 2 subunits in ribosomes
↳ ribosome moves along RNA strand during protein synthesis
↳ rRNA helps catalyse formation of peptide bonds between amino acids

55
Q

2.1.3 Nucleotides & Nucleic acids: Protein Synthesis

What are the steps for Transcription?

A

1) DNA helicase breaks hydrogen bonds between DNA strands
2) RNA polymerase moves along the template strand & matches up RNA complementary nucleotides
3) RNA nucleotides join together, pre-mRNA is formed
4) DNA behind RNA polymearase rejoins into double helix
5) When RNA polymerase reaches ‘stop’ cadon → chain = terminated & pre-mRNA detaches

56
Q

2.1.3 Nucleotides & Nucleic acids: Protein Synthesis

What are the steps for Translation?

A

1) mRNA attached to ribosomes at start cadon (AUG)
2) tRNA matches to mRNA complementary anti-codons
3) Ribosomes move along mRNA
4) tRNA carries amino acid = activated
5) 2 tRNA sitting next to each other at codons the amino acuds they carry form a peptide bond
6) tRNA detach from mRNA & return to cytoplasm
7) Continues until stop codon is met

Biology (14 decks)

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