M2: Timeline of Ethics Codes Flashcards
This was the first international ethics code applied to human experimentation and would serve as a basis for future ethics codes.
Nuremberg Code
TRUE OR FALSE:
The Nuremberg Code Was drafted as a response to the
horrific revelations from the Nuremberg trial, which examinedthe appalling practices of Nazi Physicians.
TRUE
Regulates all nonhuman animal
care and use in the United States.
The Animal Welfare Act
The act covers care and use of animals in many categories, from pets to farm animals and from
education to research.
The Animal Welfare Act
TRUE OR FALSE:
The Animal Welfare Act was followed by a variety of organizations, ranging from the U.S. Department of Agriculture to the American Psychological
Association.
TRUE
Which event revealed the unethical medical experiments conducted during the cold war?
a. The Lancet Paper
b. The Doctor’s Trial
c. The Plutonium Experiment
d. The Tuskegee Syphilis Study
c. The Plutonium Experiment
This act set up a commission to examine the use of humans in medical and behavioral research.
The National Research Act
TRUE OR FALSE:
Largely because of outrage over the
AUTISM-MMR Rubella Vaccine, the National Research Act was passed in the United States to better protect human research participants.
FALSE; because of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study
In 1978, The National Commission for the
Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research, which was created by
the National Research Act, was established.
FALSE; it was in 1979
TRUE OR FALSE:
The National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research, published a set of recommendations in a document titled, The Belmont Report: Ethical Principles and
Guidelines for the Protection of Human Subjects of Research.
TRUE
This law provides detailed information regarding the
application of the Belmont Report principles to research with humans.
The Code of Federal Regulations Title
45 Part 6
TRUE OR FALSE:
Based on the Belmont Report guidelines, the National Research Act was revised and expanded to protect human research participants.
TRUE
The specific part of the National Research Act pertaining to human research participants was the _________?
Code of Federal Regulations Title 45 Part
46 (known as the 45 CFR 46).
Who chaired the hearings about numerous cases of scientific misconduct, most of which involved fraud?
Al Gore
By 1992, the ____________ had formed multiple offices to address this type of misconduct,
which were consolidated into the independent Office of Research Integrity.
National Institutes of Health
The 45 CFR 46 became the ________ – the baseline standard of ethics for most government-funded research.
Common Rule
In addition to following the Common Rule, psychologists also follow the ________ ?
APA Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of
Conduct (also known as the APA
Ethics Code)
1.
TRUE OR FALSE:
The current APA Ethics Code includes ten general principles and five standards that encompass every professional role that psychologists may play with the goal of upholding human rights.
FALSE; it includes five general principles and ten standards
Revisions to the Common Rule took effect on __________?
January 21, 2019
When was the Nuremberg Code developed?
1947
Which principle of the Nuremberg Code emphasizes the idea of informed consent?
a. Research participant must give their informed consent to participate.
b. Research must aim for positive results that benefit society.
c. Participants must not be forced to participate in a study.
d. Research must take all possible steps to avoid harm to the participants
a. Research participant must give their informed consent to participate.
When was The Animal Welfare Act developed?
1966
1.
Which document published in 1979 provided ethical principles and guidelines for the protection of human subjects of research?
The Belmont Report: Ethical Principles and
Guidelines for the Protection of Human Subjects of Research.
When was The National Research Act passed in the United States?
1974
When was The Code of Federal Regulations Title 45 Part 6 developed?
1981
What year did the 45 CFR 46 became the “Common Rule”?
1991
What year did the Current Version of the APA Ethics Code was adopted?
2002
TRUE OR FALSE:
The Belmont Report consists of three core principles that guide ethical biomedical and behavioral research involving human participants.
TRUE
What are the three core principles of The Belmont Report?
- Respect for Persons
- Beneficence
- Justice
CORE PRINCIPLES OF THE BELMONT REPORT
People should be treated as autonomous agents who can determine their goals and how to pursue them. People with diminished autonomy who may not be able to make decisions on their own must be protected.
Respect for Persons
CORE PRINCIPLES OF THE BELMONT REPORT
Researchers must safeguard each participant’s well-being. The research should minimize risks and maximize benefits to individual research participants and to society.
Beneficience
CORE PRINCIPLES OF THE BELMONT REPORT
Researchers must consider the impact of the research on all who could be affected. Participants should be selected based on the scientific question, not merely for convenience.
The benefits to science should apply equally, not only to particular groups.
Justice
