M2: Timeline of Ethics Codes

Question 1

This was the first international ethics code applied to human experimentation and would serve as a basis for future ethics codes.

Answer 1

Nuremberg Code

Question 2

TRUE OR FALSE:

The Nuremberg Code Was drafted as a response to the
horrific revelations from the Nuremberg trial, which examinedthe appalling practices of Nazi Physicians.

Answer 2

TRUE

Question 3

Regulates all nonhuman animal
care and use in the United States.

Answer 3

The Animal Welfare Act

Question 4

The act covers care and use of animals in many categories, from pets to farm animals and from
education to research.

Answer 4

The Animal Welfare Act

Question 5

TRUE OR FALSE:

The Animal Welfare Act was followed by a variety of organizations, ranging from the U.S. Department of Agriculture to the American Psychological
Association.

Answer 5

TRUE

Question 6

Which event revealed the unethical medical experiments conducted during the cold war?

a. The Lancet Paper
b. The Doctor’s Trial
c. The Plutonium Experiment
d. The Tuskegee Syphilis Study

Answer 6

c. The Plutonium Experiment

Question 6

This act set up a commission to examine the use of humans in medical and behavioral research.

Answer 6

The National Research Act

Question 7

TRUE OR FALSE:

Largely because of outrage over the
AUTISM-MMR Rubella Vaccine, the National Research Act was passed in the United States to better protect human research participants.

Answer 7

FALSE; because of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study

Question 8

In 1978, The National Commission for the
Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research, which was created by
the National Research Act, was established.

Answer 8

FALSE; it was in 1979

Question 9

TRUE OR FALSE:

The National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research, published a set of recommendations in a document titled, The Belmont Report: Ethical Principles and
Guidelines for the Protection of Human Subjects of Research.

Answer 9

TRUE

Question 9

This law provides detailed information regarding the
application of the Belmont Report principles to research with humans.

Answer 9

The Code of Federal Regulations Title
45 Part 6

Question 10

TRUE OR FALSE:

Based on the Belmont Report guidelines, the National Research Act was revised and expanded to protect human research participants.

Answer 10

TRUE

Question 11

The specific part of the National Research Act pertaining to human research participants was the _________?

Answer 11

Code of Federal Regulations Title 45 Part
46 (known as the 45 CFR 46).

Question 12

Who chaired the hearings about numerous cases of scientific misconduct, most of which involved fraud?

Answer 12

Al Gore

Question 13

By 1992, the ____________ had formed multiple offices to address this type of misconduct,
which were consolidated into the independent Office of Research Integrity.

Answer 13

National Institutes of Health

Question 14

The 45 CFR 46 became the ________ – the baseline standard of ethics for most government-funded research.

Answer 14

Common Rule

Question 15

In addition to following the Common Rule, psychologists also follow the ________ ?

Answer 15

APA Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of
Conduct (also known as the APA
Ethics Code)

Question 16

1.

TRUE OR FALSE:

The current APA Ethics Code includes ten general principles and five standards that encompass every professional role that psychologists may play with the goal of upholding human rights.

Answer 16

FALSE; it includes five general principles and ten standards

Question 17

Revisions to the Common Rule took effect on __________?

Answer 17

January 21, 2019

Question 18

When was the Nuremberg Code developed?

Answer 18

1947

Question 19

Which principle of the Nuremberg Code emphasizes the idea of informed consent?

a. Research participant must give their informed consent to participate.
b. Research must aim for positive results that benefit society.
c. Participants must not be forced to participate in a study.
d. Research must take all possible steps to avoid harm to the participants

Answer 19

a. Research participant must give their informed consent to participate.

Question 20

When was The Animal Welfare Act developed?

Answer 20

1966

Question 20

1.

Which document published in 1979 provided ethical principles and guidelines for the protection of human subjects of research?

Answer 20

The Belmont Report: Ethical Principles and
Guidelines for the Protection of Human Subjects of Research.

Question 21

When was The National Research Act passed in the United States?

Answer 21

1974

Question 22

When was The Code of Federal Regulations Title 45 Part 6 developed?

Answer 22

1981

Question 23

What year did the 45 CFR 46 became the “Common Rule”?

Answer 23

1991

Question 24

What year did the Current Version of the APA Ethics Code was adopted?

Answer 24

2002

Question 25

TRUE OR FALSE:

The Belmont Report consists of three core principles that guide ethical biomedical and behavioral research involving human participants.

Answer 25

TRUE

Question 26

What are the three core principles of The Belmont Report?

Answer 26

• Respect for Persons
• Beneficence
• Justice

Question 27

CORE PRINCIPLES OF THE BELMONT REPORT

People should be treated as autonomous agents who can determine their goals and how to pursue them. People with diminished autonomy who may not be able to make decisions on their own must be protected.

Answer 27

Respect for Persons

Question 28

CORE PRINCIPLES OF THE BELMONT REPORT

Researchers must safeguard each participant’s well-being. The research should minimize risks and maximize benefits to individual research participants and to society.

Answer 28

Beneficience

Question 29

CORE PRINCIPLES OF THE BELMONT REPORT

Researchers must consider the impact of the research on all who could be affected. Participants should be selected based on the scientific question, not merely for convenience.
The benefits to science should apply equally, not only to particular groups.

Answer 29

Justice