M1: Research Techniques & Relational Approach Flashcards
TRUE OR FALSE
The purpose of experimental design is to maximize extraneous or uncontrolled variation, thereby increasing the likelihood that an experiment will produce valid, consistent results.
FALSE; to minimize
TRUE OR FALSE
The between-subjects (two groups) design is conservative.
TRUE
It calls for you to **divide participants by halves **
Between Subject Design
TRUE OR FALSE
In any between-subjects design, the experimenter must try to minimize differences among the subjects in the two or more treatment groups.
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE
Within Subject Design is more efficient, since each subject is compared with himself or herself.
TRUE
It has all thirty subjects learning with both levels of the independent variable
Within Subject Design
The effect of the early part of the experiment on the later part of the experiment varies depending on which treatment comes first.
Differential Carryover Effects
TRUE OR FALSE
The effect of the first treatment on the second treatment differs depending on which treatment came first.
TRUE
Types of Carryover Effects
Participants perform better during later treatment conditions because they’ve had time to practice and improve.
Practice Effect
Types of Carryover Effects
Participants perform worse during later treatment conditions because they’re tired or fatigued from previous treatment conditions.
Fatigue Effect
Can be controlled largely through counterbalancing, the experimenter determines the order in which treatments should be given to subjects.
General Practice Effects
TRUE OR FALSE
Small n-Designs is rare in psychophysical, clinical, and operant-conditioning research.
FALSE; it is common
TRUE OR FALSE
Counterbalancing eliminates the effects of order.
FALSE; it does not eliminate
It present the levels of the independent variable or treatments to a small number of subjects or a single subject
Small-n Designs
It is not as efficient or economical as a pure-within subjects’ design, but it is often safer.
Mixed Design
TRUE OR FALSE
Experiments need not be exclusively of within-subjects or between-subjects design.
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE
Independent variables must be varied (or manipulated) by the experimenter.
TRUE
This implies that each independent variable must vary either in amount (quantitative variation) or in kind (qualitative variation) within the experiment.
Control Conditions
TRUE OR FALSE
The important characteristic of a control condition is the fact that it does not provide a baseline against which some variable of interest can be compared.
FALSE; it provides a baseline
TRUE OR FALSE:
Mixed design is used, in which some variable is imposed between subjects to see its effect across a second, within-subjects variable.
TRUE
The data that are related come from naturally occurring events and do not result from direct manipulation by the researcher.
Ex Post Facto Data
Attempts to determine how two or more variables are related to each other.
Relational Approach
Something that can be measured or manipulated.
Variable
Data on two variables are compared to see whether the values of one variable depend on the values of the other.
Contingency Research
A tabular presentation of all combinations of categories of two variables, which allows the relationships between the two to be examined.
Contingency Table
Allows the researcher to determine simultaneously the degree and direction of a relationship with a single statistic.
Correlational Research
Measures the degree and direction of the relationship between two variables
Correlation Coefficient
Usually composed of several complex and interacting parts, any one or set of which may cause some effect.
Manipulated Variable
TRUE OR FALSE:
Correlation Coefficient varies in between -1.00 through .00 to +1.00 but not exactly
TRUE
**TRUE OR FALSE: **
It is not important to put the appropriate sign in front of the correlation coefficient, otherwise one cannot know which way the two variables are related, positively or negatively.
FALSE; it is important
