M2: Ethics in Psychological Research Flashcards by Jullana Bareng

In research, this is a set of
principles that guide your research
designs and practices.

Ethical Considerations

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Give atleast 2

Ethical Considerations work to:

• Protect the rights of research participants
• Enhance research validity
• Maintain scientific or academic
integrity

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TYPES OF ETHICAL ISSUES

All research subjects are free to
choose to participate without any
pressure or coercion.

Voluntary Participation

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TYPES OF ETHICAL ISSUES

Participants know the purpose,
benefits, risks, and funding behind
the study before they agree or
decline to join.

Informed Consent

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TYPES OF ETHICAL ISSUES

You don’t know who the participants are, and you can’t link any individual participant to their data.

Anonymity

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TYPES OF ETHICAL ISSUES

You know who the participants are,
but you keep that information hidden from everyone else.

Confidentiality

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TYPES OF ETHICAL ISSUES

Physical, social, psychological, and all other types of harm are kept
to an absolute minimum.

Potential for Harm

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TYPES OF ETHICAL ISSUES

It is an act of deception or misrepresentation of one’s own
work, violates these ethical standards.

Scientific Fraud

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TYPES OF ETHICAL ISSUES

Making up or falsifying data,
manipulating data analyses, or
misrepresenting results in research
reports. It’s a form of academic
fraud.

Research Misconduct

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TYPES OF ETHICAL ISSUES

Involves purposely misleading participants or withholding information that could influence their participation decision.

Deception

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You ensure your work is free of
plagiarism or research misconduct, and you accurately represent your results.

Results Communication

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Means submitting others’ works as your own.

Plagiarism

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It is when you republish or re-submit parts of your own papers or reports without properly citing your
original work.

Self-Plagiarism

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TRUE OR FALSE:

The goals of human research often
include understanding real-life phenomena, studying effective
treatments, investigating
behaviors, and improving lives in
other ways. What you decide to
research and how you conduct that
research involve key ethical
considerations.

TRUE

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TRUE OR FALSE:

Your participants need to provide a reason for leaving the study.

FALSE; they don’t need to provide a reason

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TRUE OR FALSE:

All potential participants receive
and understand all the information
they need to decide whether they
want to participate.

TRUE

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Although children cannot give
informed consent, it’s best to also
ask for their ___________ to participate, depending on their age and maturity level.

Assent (Agreement)

Although children cannot give
informed consent, it’s best to also
ask for their _________ to participate, depending on their age and maturity level.

Assent (agreement)

TYPES OF POTENTIAL FOR HARM:

Sensitive questions or tasks may trigger
negative emotions such as shame
or anxiety.

Psychological Harm

is an alternative method where you
replace identifying information
about participants with pseudonymous, or fake, identifiers.

Data pseudonymization

TYPES OF POTENTIAL FOR HARM:

Participation can involve social risks, public embarrassment, or stigma.

Social Harm

TYPES OF POTENTIAL FOR HARM

Pain or injury can result from the study procedures.

Physical Harm

TYPES OF POTENTIAL FOR HARM

Reporting sensitive data could lead to legal risks or a breach of privacy.

Legal Harm

TRUE OR FALSE:

Good science communication is
honest, reliable, and credible. It’s
best to make your results as
transparent as possible

TRUE

In 1998, __________ and others published a now-debunked paper claiming that the **measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine causes autism in children.**

Andrew Wakefield

**TYPES OF DECEPTION:** Using confederates, staged manipulations in field settings, deceptive instructions.

Deliberate Misleading

**TYPES OF DECEPTION:** Failure to disclose full information about the study or creating ambiguity.

Deception by Omission

Serves an **educational function** and allows researchers to correct misconceptions.

Debriefing

**TRUE OR FALSE:** Scientific Fraud can take the form of **plagiarism, falsification of data, and irresponsible authorship.**

TRUE

(GIVE 2) Some researchers argue that deception can never be justified and object to this practice as it:

• Violates an individual’s right to choose to participate • A questionable basis on which to build a discipline • Leads to distrust of psychology in the community

What was the outcome of the research paper by Andrew Wakefield linking vaccines to autism and gastrointestinal disease? a. The paper was retracted, and Wakefield lost his medical license. b. He was awarded a Nobel Prize c. The research was widely praised and accepted d. His paper led to significant changes in childhood vaccination practices

a. The paper was retracted, and Wakefield lost his medical license.

Whose tissue sample was used without consent to develop a line of cells known as HeLa? a. Rebecca Skloot b. Henrietta Lacks c. He Jiankui d. Andrew Wakefield

b. Henrietta Lacks

What was the ethical concern surrounding the birth of genetically edited twin girls in China? a. The influence of the Chinese government on scientific studies. b. The potential risks of gene editing technology c. The research was conducted without proper approval or knowledge d. The lack of regulation in genetic research

c. The research was conducted without proper approval or knowledge

Which research claimed a link between childhood vaccines and autism, but was later retracted due to misconduct? a. Three Identical Strangers b. The Reproducibility Initiative c. The Plutonium Experiment d. The Lancet Paper

d. The Lancet Paper

What is the main requirement of the Nuremberg Code? a. Providing clear and explicit research procedures. b. Analyzing risks and benefits of the research c. Including links to other ethical guidelines d. Obtaining informed consent from research participants.

d. Obtaining informed consent from research participants.

What is the Nuremberg Code? a. A code of ethics for WWII doctors b. A code of conduct for psychologists c. A set of principles for conducting medical experiments d. A list of ethical guidelines for research with human participants

d. A list of ethical guidelines for research with human participants

What is the sad truth about current ethical guidelines? a. They were established during World War II b. They were created by the American Psychological Association c. They have been effective in preventing unethical research d. They were introduced only after large-scale ethical breaches

d. They were introduced only after large-scale ethical breaches

When was the Declaration of Helsinki adopted? a. 1964 b. 2013 c. 1947 d. 1958

a. 1964

What were the Nazi research convicted of in the Nuremberg trials? a. Forced sterilization b. War crimes and crimes against humanity c. Ethical breaches d. Illegal medical experiments

b. War crimes and crimes against humanity

Which unethical study violated the Nuremberg Code and continued for over 40 years? a. The Milgram Experiment b. The Stanford Prison Experiment c. The Tuskegee Syphilis Study d. The Belmont Report

c. The Tuskegee Syphilis Study

What was the purpose of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study? a. To provide treatment to low-income individuals b. To develop a cure for syphilis c. To investigate the effects of penicillin on syphilis d. To study the natural course of untreated syphilis

d. To study the natural course of untreated syphilis