M2: Ethics in Psychological Research Flashcards
In research, this is a set of
principles that guide your research
designs and practices.
Ethical Considerations
Give atleast 2
Ethical Considerations work to:
• Protect the rights of research participants
• Enhance research validity
• Maintain scientific or academic
integrity
TYPES OF ETHICAL ISSUES
All research subjects are free to
choose to participate without any
pressure or coercion.
Voluntary Participation
TYPES OF ETHICAL ISSUES
Participants know the purpose,
benefits, risks, and funding behind
the study before they agree or
decline to join.
Informed Consent
TYPES OF ETHICAL ISSUES
You don’t know who the participants are, and you can’t link any individual participant to their data.
Anonymity
TYPES OF ETHICAL ISSUES
You know who the participants are,
but you keep that information hidden from everyone else.
Confidentiality
TYPES OF ETHICAL ISSUES
Physical, social, psychological, and all other types of harm are kept
to an absolute minimum.
Potential for Harm
TYPES OF ETHICAL ISSUES
It is an act of deception or misrepresentation of one’s own
work, violates these ethical standards.
Scientific Fraud
TYPES OF ETHICAL ISSUES
Making up or falsifying data,
manipulating data analyses, or
misrepresenting results in research
reports. It’s a form of academic
fraud.
Research Misconduct
TYPES OF ETHICAL ISSUES
Involves purposely misleading participants or withholding information that could influence their participation decision.
Deception
You ensure your work is free of
plagiarism or research misconduct, and you accurately represent your results.
Results Communication
Means submitting others’ works as your own.
Plagiarism
It is when you republish or re-submit parts of your own papers or reports without properly citing your
original work.
Self-Plagiarism
TRUE OR FALSE:
The goals of human research often
include understanding real-life phenomena, studying effective
treatments, investigating
behaviors, and improving lives in
other ways. What you decide to
research and how you conduct that
research involve key ethical
considerations.
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE:
Your participants need to provide a reason for leaving the study.
FALSE; they don’t need to provide a reason
TRUE OR FALSE:
All potential participants receive
and understand all the information
they need to decide whether they
want to participate.
TRUE
Although children cannot give
informed consent, it’s best to also
ask for their ___________ to participate, depending on their age and maturity level.
Assent (Agreement)
Although children cannot give
informed consent, it’s best to also
ask for their _________ to participate, depending on their age and maturity level.
Assent (agreement)
TYPES OF POTENTIAL FOR HARM:
Sensitive questions or tasks may trigger
negative emotions such as shame
or anxiety.
Psychological Harm
is an alternative method where you
replace identifying information
about participants with pseudonymous, or fake, identifiers.
Data pseudonymization
TYPES OF POTENTIAL FOR HARM:
Participation can involve social risks, public embarrassment, or stigma.
Social Harm
TYPES OF POTENTIAL FOR HARM
Pain or injury can result from the study procedures.
Physical Harm
TYPES OF POTENTIAL FOR HARM
Reporting sensitive data could lead to legal risks or a breach of privacy.
Legal Harm
TRUE OR FALSE:
Good science communication is
honest, reliable, and credible. It’s
best to make your results as
transparent as possible
TRUE
In 1998, __________ and others published a now-debunked paper claiming that the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine causes autism in children.
Andrew Wakefield
TYPES OF DECEPTION:
Using confederates, staged manipulations in field settings, deceptive instructions.
Deliberate Misleading
TYPES OF DECEPTION:
Failure to disclose full information about the study or creating ambiguity.
Deception by Omission
Serves an educational function and allows researchers to correct misconceptions.
Debriefing
TRUE OR FALSE:
Scientific Fraud can take the form of
plagiarism, falsification of data,
and irresponsible authorship.
TRUE
(GIVE 2)
Some researchers argue that deception
can never be justified and object to this
practice as it:
• Violates an individual’s right to choose to participate
• A questionable basis on which to
build a discipline
• Leads to distrust of psychology in
the community
What was the outcome of the research paper by Andrew Wakefield linking vaccines to autism and gastrointestinal disease?
a. The paper was retracted, and Wakefield lost his medical license.
b. He was awarded a Nobel Prize
c. The research was widely praised and accepted
d. His paper led to significant changes in childhood vaccination practices
a. The paper was retracted, and Wakefield lost his medical license.
Whose tissue sample was used without consent to develop a line of cells known as HeLa?
a. Rebecca Skloot
b. Henrietta Lacks
c. He Jiankui
d. Andrew Wakefield
b. Henrietta Lacks
What was the ethical concern surrounding the birth of genetically edited twin girls in China?
a. The influence of the Chinese government on scientific studies.
b. The potential risks of gene editing technology
c. The research was conducted without proper approval or knowledge
d. The lack of regulation in genetic research
c. The research was conducted without proper approval or knowledge
Which research claimed a link between childhood vaccines and autism, but was later retracted due to misconduct?
a. Three Identical Strangers
b. The Reproducibility Initiative
c. The Plutonium Experiment
d. The Lancet Paper
d. The Lancet Paper
What is the main requirement of the Nuremberg Code?
a. Providing clear and explicit research procedures.
b. Analyzing risks and benefits of the research
c. Including links to other ethical guidelines
d. Obtaining informed consent from research participants.
d. Obtaining informed consent from research participants.
What is the Nuremberg Code?
a. A code of ethics for WWII doctors
b. A code of conduct for psychologists
c. A set of principles for conducting medical experiments
d. A list of ethical guidelines for research with human participants
d. A list of ethical guidelines for research with human participants
What is the sad truth about current ethical guidelines?
a. They were established during World War II
b. They were created by the American Psychological Association
c. They have been effective in preventing unethical research
d. They were introduced only after large-scale ethical breaches
d. They were introduced only after large-scale ethical breaches
When was the Declaration of Helsinki adopted?
a. 1964
b. 2013
c. 1947
d. 1958
a. 1964
What were the Nazi research convicted of in the Nuremberg trials?
a. Forced sterilization
b. War crimes and crimes against humanity
c. Ethical breaches
d. Illegal medical experiments
b. War crimes and crimes against humanity
Which unethical study violated the Nuremberg Code and continued for over 40 years?
a. The Milgram Experiment
b. The Stanford Prison Experiment
c. The Tuskegee Syphilis Study
d. The Belmont Report
c. The Tuskegee Syphilis Study
What was the purpose of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study?
a. To provide treatment to low-income individuals
b. To develop a cure for syphilis
c. To investigate the effects of penicillin on syphilis
d. To study the natural course of untreated syphilis
d. To study the natural course of untreated syphilis
