M1: Scientific Literature

Question 1

the process of locating, reading, and critically synthesizing what is already known about a topic. However, you may also find results that are more relevant to your purpose.

Answer 1

literature review

Question 2

NATURE OF SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE may include:

Answer 2

• Science journal websites
• ScienceDirect.com
• Nature.com
• OUP.com (Oxford University Press)
• RSNA.org (Radiological Society of North America)
• Government clearinghouses
• PubMed.gov (National Library of Medicine)
• Health.gov (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services).

Question 3

Use of specialized search engines such as Google Scholar and PsycINFO.

Answer 3

SCHOLARLY SOURCES

Question 4

TRUE or FALSE
These search engines (Google Scholar and PsycINFO) will give you access to scholarly articles rather than those for the general public.

Answer 4

TRUE

Question 5

Notice two helpful bits of information when exploring the search engine.

First, the number of ____ to the article is listed as a rough indication of how well the author’s peers rated the article and a link to those articles.

Answer 5

citations

Question 6

Notice two helpful bits of information when exploring the search engine.

Second, there is a link to ______ _____. Both allow you to find other potentially relevant articles for your literature review.

Answer 6

related articles

Question 7

TRUE or FALSE
A scholarly source meets a combination of factors.

Answer 7

TRUE

Question 8

A scholarly source meets a combination of factors.

First, scholarly sources are authored by ______ who are noted experts on the article’s topic.

Answer 8

scholars

Question 9

A scholarly source meets a combination of factors.

Second, the _____ process is conducted by other noted experts on the topic and peers of the author.

Answer 9

review

Question 10

A scholarly source meets a combination of factors.

Third, the ________ ________ published in the article adheres to a rigor and methodology sanctioned by the scholars’ field of study and followed by the publishing journal.

Answer 10

research evidence

Question 11

Scholarly sources of information are authored by ________, individuals who often have an advanced degree, as well as rigorous training in research methodology and a particular specialty area.

Answer 11

scholars

Question 12

TRUE or FALSE
A person might be very knowledgeable about a topic that you spent much time reading and writing about for an assignment, but that does not mean they are a scholar.

Answer 12

TRUE

Question 13

TRUE or FALSE
A journalist who publishes an article in a magazine or newspaper might be knowledgeable about a topic but is not necessarily a scholar.

Answer 13

TRUE

Question 14

In the _______ world, a scholar is a highly trained individual who has designed studies, collected and analyzed data, and shared the results through presentations and publications about a specific research topic.

Answer 14

scientific

Question 15

TRUE or FALSE
Some scholars conduct research alone, but most work in collaborative teams.

Answer 15

TRUE

Question 16

In scholarly sources, the author’s claims are based on the presentation of properly collected ______
________.

Answer 16

scientific evidence

Question 17

Depending on the type of scholarly work, the authors may describe the research methodology and findings of a specific scientific study they conducted, explain the current research literature related to the topic, or both.

Answer 17

Research Evidence

Question 18

The authors support their claims with citations to peer-reviewed journals and other scholarly sources.

Answer 18

Research Evidence

Question 19

A ________ source is based primarily on the opinions of the authors.

Answer 19

nonscholarly

Question 20

_______ sources appeal to the readers’ emotions and/or deference to authority, and they do not cite scientific studies.

Answer 20

Nonscholarly

Question 21

______ _______ are reviewed by experts in the same field to ensure accuracy and reliability.

Answer 21

Scholarly works

Question 22

The highest standard of review occurs in _________ journals, which use external experts (i.e., experts who were not involved in the writing of the particular article) to review and approve an article before it is published.

Answer 22

peer-reviewed

Question 23

These experts are called “______” because they specialize in the same scholarly area as the authors; they are not necessarily friends with the authors and often do not even know the authors.

Answer 23

peers

Question 24

This enhanced review helps elevate the published information’s ______ and _______.

Answer 24

quality and validity

Question 25

do not always follow the same strict procedures as peer-reviewed journals.

Answer 25

Scholarly books

Question 26

undergo a review process in which external experts read an initial draft of the book and give recommendations for strengthening it.

Answer 26

Scholarly books

Question 27

The _____ ______ then works with the authors to revise the manuscript according to the reviewers’ feedback.

Answer 27

book publisher

Question 28

TRUE or FALSE Sometimes, a scholarly book is not written by a single author or group of authors but rather is made up of different chapters written by various authors.

Answer 28

TRUE

Question 29

Such a volume is called an “______” book, and the editor is a prominent scholar who works with the chapter authors (also scholars) to ensure quality. This informal, internal review process sometimes occurs with an ______ review process.

Answer 29

edited ; external

Question 30

a collection of articles written by scholars.

Answer 30

academic journal

Question 31

The most important type of journal article.

Answer 31

academic journal

Question 32

are well-known scholarly psychology journals

Answer 32

1. American Psychologist 2. The Journal of Applied Psychology

Question 33

TRUE or FALSE University libraries subscribe to many academic journals on the library shelves and in their online collection.

Answer 33

TRUE

Question 34

There are several types of academic journal articles. You can determine the type of journal article by reading the _________.

Answer 34

abstract

Question 35

Research articles, also called _____ ______, describe in detail the methodology used to conduct a specific study and the corresponding results.

Answer 35

empirical articles

Question 35

a summary that typically appears at the beginning of the article

Answer 35

abstract

Question 36

are considered primary sources because they are the original (first) source of information regarding a specific study, written by the researchers who conducted the study.

Answer 36

empirical articles

Question 37

Critically synthesize the results of multiple published, empirical articles on a given topic and provide a comprehensive reference list of related sources.

Answer 37

Review articles

Question 38

Like research articles, most review articles are published in ________.

Answer 38

peer-reviewed journals

Question 39

are considered secondary sources because they do not include new research evidence but rather discuss evidence that has already been published elsewhere.

Answer 39

Review articles

Question 40

are reviews that describe a theory or model of a phenomenon along with relevant evidence or discussion of aspects of the theory for which evidence does not exist

Answer 40

Theoretical articles

Question 41

When using a ______ _______, you rely on the authors’ interpretations of primary sources.

Answer 41

secondary source

Question 42

_______ does not provide enough information for you to critically evaluate the studies included in the review.

Answer 42

Review articles

Question 43

TRUE or FALSE When citing a review article, you should focus on the authors' main points and conclusions, but you should not cite any of the primary articles that the authors cited unless you have read the corresponding research articles yourself.

Answer 43

TRUE

Question 44

TRUE or FALSE A review article might be a narrative review that describes research that has been published on a topic, the strengths and weaknesses of the research conducted thus far, and future directions for research on that topic.

Answer 44

TRUE

Question 45

A review article could also be a ______ that statistically summarizes a body of research by mathematically combining the results of previously published studies.

Answer 45

meta-analysis

Question 46

Most of the information we encounter in our daily lives comes from ________ sources, such as magazine and news articles, web pages, blog posts, interviews, and books written for a general audience (i.e., readers who are not scholars on that topic).

Answer 46

nonscholarly

Question 47

identified based on the authors’ qualifications, the presence or lack of expert review, and the extent to which claims are supported by scientific evidence.

Answer 47

Nonscholarly sources

Question 48

Although some scholars produce nonscholarly work, most of this work is created by individuals who are not considered scholars.

Answer 48

Nonscholarly authors

Question 49

Nonscholarly sources are not reviewed by other experts in the field. These sources may go through an editorial review to ensure they are well written, but not an expert review to verify adequate and accurate coverage of a topic and to minimize potential biases.

Answer 49

Lack of expert review

Question 50

Nonscholarly sources usually do not contain a thorough discussion of the topic based on substantial evidence from multiple cited scholarly sources.

Answer 50

Little or no scientific evidence.

Question 51

TRUE or FALSE Unlike scholarly sources, nonscholarly sources rarely include references.

Answer 51

TRUE

Question 52

TRUE or FALSE Nonscholarly sources are not necessarily “bad” sources. In fact, nonscholarly sources often provide a good starting point by inspiring interest in a topic, highlighting scholars who conduct research in a topical area, and providing keywords that can be used to search for scholarly sources.

Answer 52

TRUE

Question 53

They are not the kinds of sources you should use in an academic paper, to design a research study, or to make evidence-based personal or professional decisions.

Answer 53

Nonscholarly sources

Question 54

Research reports and other documents that are not published in academic journals are sometimes called the _______

Answer 54

gray literature

Question 55

Some of these reports are generated by governmental and nongovernmental agencies.

Answer 55

gray literature

Question 56

The content may seem similar (i.e., method, results, interpretation) to a peer-reviewed journal article, but the resulting documents are published by the agency rather than in a journal, are not typically peer reviewed, typically do not list individuals as authors (i.e., the agency itself is usually the author), and are usually made freely available to the public for download directly from the agency.

Answer 56

gray literature

Question 57

Policy documents, speeches, and so-called white papers that may report, or at least appear to report, the findings of research are __________.

Answer 57

gray literature

Question 58

TRUE or FALSE Not all nongovernmental organization reports can be considered scholarly.

Answer 58

TRUE

Question 59

TRUE or FALSE Some organizations are biased because of the special interests they represent.

Answer 59

TRUE

Question 60

To determine whether a nongovernmental organization’s report is biased, you must learn about the organization, its mission, and the _________ of the report itself.

Answer 60

scholarly merit

Question 61

The approach to finding sources depends on what you already know about your topic.

Answer 61

FINDING RELEVANT RESEARCH ARTICLES

Question 62

5 other methods for beginning a search for scholarly sources:

Answer 62

1. Nonscholarly sources 2. Database of scholarly articles 3. Introduction to a scholarly article 4. Reference list in a scholarly article. 5. Scholarly journals.

Question 63

Sources such as magazines, news feeds, blog posts, and popular books can give you an accessible overview of a topic and introduce you to key terminology and concepts that will inform the rest of your search.

Answer 63

Nonscholarly sources

Question 64

TRUE or FALSE Often, nonscholarly sources can also point you to scholarly sources where you can learn more.

Answer 64

TRUE

Question 65

You can use a scholarly database to see what other sources have cited this work. Scholarly databases will allow you to search for who has cited an article. By checking to see who else has cited the source you have, you can find more recent and potentially more relevant information on your topic.

Answer 65

Database of scholarly articles.

Question 66

A scholarly article’s introduction typically contains descriptions for each cited source that is used as background information.

Answer 66

Introduction to a scholarly article

Question 67

You can check the reference list within a scholarly article or chapter that you have read so you can see what sources are cited by that author. Some nonscholarly publications also cite sources that may be scholarly.

Answer 67

Reference list in a scholarly article

Question 68

If you know the names of journals that publish on the topic you are interested in, you can search for keywords within those journals (i.e., narrow your database search to those particular journals). Additionally, if you want to search for sources across multiple journals, you can search keywords in databases that cover multiple journals.

Answer 68

Scholarly journals

Question 69

Researchers use a common set of terms to refer to concepts related to a topic. Sometimes the terms researchers use are the same as those used in everyday language.

Answer 69

Terminology

Question 70

There are similarities and differences in the way concepts are defined by researchers.

Answer 70

Conceptual definitions

Question 71

Scholars tend to publish more than one article or chapter on a topic, and scholars tend to collaborate with one another.

Answer 71

Authors

Question 72

Just as scholars are experts on a topic, journals and books are the place to find expert knowledge on a topic. Many journals specialize in areas of research.

Answer 72

Journals and books

Question 73

Citations appear in the body of a paper and point the reader to the references. For that reason, they are called _________.

Answer 73

in-text citations

Question 74

citations in the psychological literature appear in the following two ways in papers:

Answer 74

1. parenthetically 2. narratively

Question 75

“... studies of aerobic exercise and recovery from stress (Bernstein & McNally, 2017)”

Answer 75

parenthetically

Question 76

“In their studies of aerobic exercise and recovery from stress, Bernstein and McNally (2017) found…”

Answer 76

narratively

Question 77

appear at the end of a paper

Answer 77

References

Question 78

Depending on the journal’s formatting style, they tend to follow a ____-____-____-____ format to list the authors, the date of publication, the title of the article, and the source, which includes the journal name and volume number and often a DOI (digital object identifier, which should be a stable link to the article).

Answer 78

who–when–what–where For example: Bernstein, E. E., & McNally, R. J. (2017). Acute aerobic exercise hastens emotional recovery from a subsequent stressor. Health Psychology, 36(6), 560-567. https://doi.org/10.1037/hea0000482

Question 79

A careful analysis and comparison of the most relevant research studies will give you information to refine your research question and write a hypothesis.

Answer 79

ANALYZING A RESEARCH ARTICLE

Question 80

TRUE or FALSE The ability to analyze an article will improve as you learn more about research methods and practice reading empirical articles.

Answer 80

TRUE

Question 81

An ___________ should not focus on the writing style nor indicate whether you agree with the authors because the findings are similar to, or different from, your own anecdotal experiences. Rather, an analysis should focus on questions where there may be overlap with your research.

Answer 81

article analysis

Question 82

Compare multiple research articles on the same topic.

Answer 82

ANALYZING A RESEARCH ARTICLE

Question 83

TRUE or FALSE The research that goes into a literature review involves scholarly sources, which include academic journals that are indexed in specialized databases like Google Scholar and PsycInfo.

Answer 83

TRUE

Question 84

_______ sources in a scientific field are most typically empirical journal articles authored by experts in the relevant field of study, are reviewed by the scholar’s peers, and adhere to the consensus scientific standards of that field.

Answer 84

Scholarly

Question 85

Other relevant journal articles include ______ reviews, ______, and _______ reviews.

Answer 85

narrative meta-analyses theoretical

Question 86

________ sources can be useful for developing interests and research questions, and may well be completely trustworthy, but they do not necessarily meet the standards required of scholarly sources.

Answer 86

Nonscholarly

Question 87

_______ research articles are structured by an outline that includes an abstract, introduction, method section, results section, discussion, and list of references.

Answer 87

Empirical

Question 88

An analysis of an _______ article requires close scrutiny of the research questions, methods, results, and conclusions, as well as cross-comparison with related articles on the same research topic.

Answer 88

empirical