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PSY114 > M1: Week 2 > Flashcards

M1: Week 2 Flashcards

1
Q

It is a condition or characteristic that varies, taking on different levels, categories, or values.

A

Variable

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2
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

Variables can be grouped into quantitative and qualitative variables.

A

TRUE

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3
Q

Differences in the value of a variable from observation to observation.

A

Variability

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3
Q

Represent groups or categories and cannot be numerically ordered

A

Qualitative Variables

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4
Q

Measured numerically and ordered using a score

A

Quantitative Variables

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5
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

Numerical are categorical and cannot be ordered in a meaningful way, whereas qualitative variables can be meaningfully ordered.

A

FALSE

NUMERICAL - can be meaningfully ordered.

QUALITATIVE - categorical and cannot be ordered in a meaningful way.

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6
Q

A description of a variable in observable, measurable terms.

A

Operational Definition

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6
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

After identifying a variable and confirming its operational definition, the next important step is to measure it.

A

TRUE

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7
Q

Are often used interchangeably, but these concepts carry different meanings in research.

A

Reliability and Validity

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7
Q

The act of assigning a value or score to some behavior, event, or physiological state.

A

Measurement

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8
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

For more well-defined variables, psychologists may use sets of questions, behavior rubrics, or physiological measures to operationalize a variable.

A

FALSE; for less well-defined variables

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9
Q

relates to the consistency of a measure

A

Reliability

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10
Q

relates to the accuracy a measure

A

Validity

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11
Q

Give the two aspects of measurement that must be considered when measuring a psychological variable

A
  • Validity is how accurate the measures are with respect to the psychological construct.
  • Reliability is how consistent the measures are.
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12
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

Regardless of the type of measurement, issues of reliability and validity are not important aspects of research.

A

FALSE; it is important

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13
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:
It is critical to scientific research to determine whether the findings from previous studies hold true with different participants and sometimes with varying circumstances by repeating the survey.

A

TRUE

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14
Q

Repeating a study that has already been completed.

A

Replication

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15
Q

The efforts were made to follow the same procedures as the original research with a new group of participants.

A

Direct Replication

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16
Q

Replicating the original study and extending the findings by adding new variables to answer additional questions.

A

Replication with Extension

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17
Q

Researchers test the hypothesis from the original study using different methods.

A

Conceptual Replication

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18
Q

Also called systematic replication studies

A

Conceptual Replication

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19
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

In Direct Replication, a similar result means consistency.

A

TRUE

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20
Q

MULTIPLE CHOICE:

Determine if the Operational Definition is Similarity or Attraction

Hypothesis: Those with similar personality traits will spend more time together.

Operational Definition: Number of Shared Personality Traits

A

Operational Definition of Similarity

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21
Q

MULTIPLE CHOICE:

Determine if the Operational Definition is Similarity or Attraction

Hypothesis: People with similar physical fitness will hold each other’s attention longer.

Operational Definition: Duration of Direct Eye Gaze

A

Operational Definition of Attraction

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22
Q

MULTIPLE CHOICE:

Determine if the Operational Definition is Similarity or Attraction

Hypothesis: A couple with similar social skills will have a healthy romantic relationship.

Operational Definition: Length of Relationship

A

Operational Definition of Attraction

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23
Q

Defines and describes the research hypothesis or question(s), along with the broad method that will be used to solve the problem.

A

Statement of the Problem

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24
Q

What are the elements of SOP?

A
  • General Problem
  • Specific Problem
25
Q

It is consistent as the opening of SOP

A

General Problem

25
Q

TRUE OR FALSE:

A formulated SOP sets the stage for the rest of the study, including how we will address the problem and any anticipated outcomes or answers.

26
Q

Questions that a research project aims to answer that will be answerable in a Question form.

A

Specific Problem

27
Q

What are the steps in formulating a SOP?

A
  • Go back to your title
  • Identify the main research problem
  • General Problem
  • Specific Problem
28
Q

What are 8 steps of the Scientific Method?

A
  1. Observe a Phenomenon
  2. Ask a question
  3. Review the Literature
  4. Form a Hypothesis
  5. Test the Hypothesis
  6. Analyze the Data
  7. Draw Conclusions
  8. Revise Theory
29
Q

IDENTIFICATION:
Determine the steps of scientific method based on the given situation:

A student notices that studying in one large block of time does not help her remember the material.

A

Observe a Phenomenon

30
Q

IDENTIFICATION:
Determine the steps of scientific method based on the given situation:

She makes the prediction: “Studying for 10 minutes daily will lead to recall of more material than studying for 70 minutes once.”

A

Form a Hypothesis

30
Q

IDENTIFICATION:
Determine the steps of scientific method based on the given situation:

She wonders, “Will I understand my notes better if I review them each day or at the end of the week?”

A

Ask a Question

31
Q

IDENTIFICATION:
Determine the steps of scientific method based on the given situation:

She looks for past research that tested various study techniques and measured learning.

A

Review the Literature

32
Q

IDENTIFICATION:
Determine the steps of scientific method based on the given situation:

In Week 1, five participants study for 10 minutes each day and then take the Chapter 1 quiz. During Week 2, the same participants study for 70 minutes in one sitting and then take the Chapter 2 quiz.

A

Test the Hypothesis

33
Q

She concludes that spreading out studying over the week was more effective than studying in a large block of time.

A

Draw Conclusions

33
Q

IDENTIFICATION:
Determine the steps of scientific method based on the given situation:

She compares the differences in percentage of questions answered correctly between weeks 1 and 2.

A

Analyze the Data

34
Q

A tentative prediction about the result of the study.

A

Hypothesis

35
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

If the result of the experiment is the EXACT OPPOSITE OF THE HYPOTHESIS, then the hypothesis is REJECTED.

36
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

If the result of the experiment is the EXACT OPPOSITE OF THE HYPOTHESIS, then the hypothesis is REJECTED.

37
Q

Give 1 characteristics of Hypothesis

A
  • States the relationship between variables
  • Testable
  • Derived from the problem statement
  • Simple and concise
38
Q

TYPES OF HYPOTHESIS

Formulated when predicting a relationship between an independent variable and a dependent variable.

A

SIMPLE HYPOTHESIS

39
Q

TYPES OF HYPOTHESIS

Formulated when predicting the relationship of two or more independent variables to two or more dependent variables.

A

Complex Hypothesis

40
Q

TYPES OF HYPOTHESIS

Specifies not only the existence but also the expected direction of the relationship between the independent and dependent variables.

A

Directional Hypothesis

41
Q

TYPES OF HYPOTHESIS

Does not stipulate the direction of relationship between the independent and dependent variable.

A

Non-Directional Hypothesis

42
Q

TYPES OF HYPOTHESIS

Formulated for the purpose of statistical analysis. Always expressed as a negative statement.

A

Null Hypothesis

43
Q

SITUATIONAL

Determine the type of hypothesis used in the example below.

Peer tutoring has no significant effect to student’s mathematical skills

A

Null Hypothesis

44
Q

What are the commonly used in Experimental Quantitative?

A
  • Null Hypothesis
  • Alternate Hypothesis
45
Q

SITUATIONAL

Determine the type of hypothesis used in the example below.

The stress level of college students is related to the academic difficulty of their courses.

A

Simple Hypothesis

46
Q

SITUATIONAL

Determine the type of hypothesis used in the example below.

The teaching methodology and hours of study of students have no relationship with the result of the final exam.

A

Complex Hypothesis

47
Q

SITUATIONAL

Determine the type of hypothesis used in the example below.

The types of TikTok advertisement positively affect the level of buying power of consumers.

A

Directional Hypothesis

48
Q

SITUATIONAL

Determine the type of hypothesis used in the example below.

The number of hours reviewing is associated with the level of performance in the final exam.

A

Non-Directional Hypothesis

49
Q

SITUATIONAL

Determine the type of hypothesis used in the example below.

There is a significant relationship between peer tutoring and student’s level of mathematical skills.

A

Alternative Hypothesis

50
Q

It can be categorized as basic research, which is aimed at a better understanding of a given phenomenon, or applied research, which is aimed at solving an immediate, practical problem.

A

Research Question

51
Q

How to write a Research Question?

A
  • Choose your topic
  • Do some preliminary reading about the current state of the field
  • Narrow your focus to a specific niche
  • Identify the research problem that you will address.
51
Q

SITUATIONAL

Determine the type of research used on the example below:

What percentage of women in the United States aged 40 to 49 have an IQ of 120 or above? Or what is the average time that a 6-week-old baby sleeps per day?

A

Research questions may be about the numeric value of a variable

52
Q

SITUATIONAL

Determine the type of research used on the example below:

Does taking a 5-minute break every hour increase productivity at work? Or which of three therapeutic approaches causes the greatest reduction in anxiety?

A

Research questions may be about a causal relationship between variables.

52
Q

This variable can potentially influence the outcome of the study and obscure the true relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable.

A

Confounding Variable

53
Q

SITUATIONAL

Determine the type of research used on the example below:

Does reading frequency during childhood predict the likelihood of high school graduation? Or what is the relationship between the amount of time a person exercises and their level of happiness?

A

Research questions may be about an associate relationship between variables.

54
Q

Any variable that you’re not investigating that can potentially affect the dependent variable of your research study.

A

Extraneous Variable

55
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

“Correlation does not imply causation” just because two variables are associated (correlated) does not mean that there is a cause-and-effect relationship between them.

56
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Research Question ask about the value of a variable or about an association between variables or about a causal relationship between variables

57
Q

Give 1 characteristic of a strong research question

A
  • Pinpoints exactly what you want to discover in your work.
  • Essential to guide your research paper, dissertation, or thesis.
  • Focused on a single problem or issue
  • Researchable using primary and/or secondary sources
  • Feasible to answer within the timeframe and practical constraints.
  • Specific enough to answer thoroughly
  • Complex enough to develop the answer over the space of a paper or thesis.
  • Relevant to your field of study and/or society more broadly.
  • Guides our progress in a research paper or academic essay.
  • Necessary for a thesis or dissertation.
  • Your answer then forms your thesis statement – the central assertion or position that your paper will argue for.
  • They should all be clearly connected and focused on a central research problem.

PSY114 (22 decks)

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