M1: Non-Experimental Approach

Question 1

Non-experimental Methods

Answer 1

1. Naturalistic Observation
2. Interobserver Reliability
3. Participant Observation
4. Case Study
5. Survey

Question 2

Scientific observation does not differ from everyday observation by being infallible although it is quantitatively less fallible than ordinary observation. Rather, it differs from everyday observation in that the scientist gradually uncovers his previous errors and corrects them. . . . Indeed, the history of psychology as a science has been the development of procedural and instrumental aids that gradually eliminate or correct for biases and distortions in making observations.

Answer 2

RAY HYMAN

Question 3

The most obvious and perhaps the most venerable way of gathering data.

Answer 3

Naturalistic Observation

Question 4

birdwatchers

Answer 4

Naturalistic Observation

Question 5

Observers are _____. Seeing should not always be believing

Answer 5

fallible

Question 6

Scientists, being human, also commit errors of ________.

Answer 6

observation

Question 7

TRUE or FALSE
Scientists employ research techniques, including logic, complicated apparatus, controlled conditions, and so on, to guard against errors of perception and ensure that observations accurately reflect the state of nature.

Answer 7

TRUE

Question 8

_________ is extremely useful in the early stages of research, when one desires simply to gain some idea of the breadth and range of the problem of interest (Miller, 1977)

Answer 8

Naturalistic observation

Question 9

The primary problem unique to naturalistic observation is that it is simply ______ in nature and does not allow us to ______ relationships among events.

Answer 9

descriptive ; assess

Question 10

measures whether two or more observers yield
similar results when they simultaneously observe the same behavior (Martin & Bateson, 1993).

Answer 10

Interobserver reliability

Question 11

The degree of interobserver reliability is typically measured by a coefficient of ________.

Answer 11

correlation

Question 12

High agreement between two observers would be shown by a _______ coefficient of correlation.

Answer 12

high positive

Question 13

_______ usually have a maximum value of 1.00, and the accepted criterion for high interobserver reliability is when the coefficient is greater than .70 (Martin & Bateson, 1993)

Answer 13

Correlations

Question 14

Correlations usually have a maximum value of _______

Answer 14

1.00

Question 15

the accepted criterion for high interobserver reliability is when the coefficient is _______

Answer 15

greater than .70

Question 16

a field approach to gathering data in which the researcher enters a specific site for purposes of engagement or observation.

Answer 16

Participant observation (PO)

Question 17

_______ and _______ can be conceptualized as a continuum

Answer 17

Participation and observation

Question 18

researcher is a member of the community or organization being studied

Answer 18

full participation

Question 19

researcher pretends to be a fly on the wall surreptitiously but mostly by permission, recording what happens

Answer 19

observation

Question 20

Participant observation forms the heart of ________ research, an approach, that seeks to understand and write about a particular culture or subculture.

Answer 20

ethnographic

Question 21

usually involves the detailed examination of one individual, but it may also involve a comparison of a small number of individuals.

Answer 21

Case Study

Question 22

TRUE or FALSE
Disadvantage of Case Study: Usually do not allow firm inferences to be made about the cause of the phenomenon.

Answer 22

TRUE

Question 23

Often, provide implicit comparisons that allow the researcher to make some reasonable guesses as to the cause of the phenomenon.

Answer 23

Case Study

Question 24

gather detailed, self-reported information from a large number of individuals.

Answer 24

Survey

Question 25

more common in some areas of psychology than in others. For example, this technique is used quite frequently in industrial/organizational, clinical, and social psychology but rarely in cognitive psychology.

Answer 25

Survey research

Question 26

TRUE or FALSE
One advantage of survey research is that, given the precise sampling procedures now available, a researcher can survey a relatively small number of people to generalize well to the population at large.

Answer 26

TRUE

Question 27

Because the survey leads to results that are generally descriptive, this technique is not particularly popular with psychologists in areas with a strong experimental orientation, such as _______ psychology or ___________.

Answer 27

cognitive ; psychophysics

Question 28

clever use of ______ may allow contributions to almost all areas of psychology.

Answer 28

Surveys

Question 29

______’s statement is eloquent testimony of how difficult it is to establish objective methods so that we can all see the facts in the same way

Answer 29

Pavlov

Question 30

_________ determine and bias what we “see” as the facts.

Answer 30

Conceptual schemes

Question 31

TRUE or FALSE
Pavlov had found it initially “astounding” and “extraordinary” that this was so and was surprised at the elaborate precautions needed to ensure objectivity.

Answer 31

TRUE

Question 32

TRUE or FALSE
Philosophers of science have pointed out that our observations are always influenced by our conceptions of the world—if in no other way, at least by the particular observations we make.

Answer 32

TRUE

Question 33

“____________,” according to Pavlov’s phrase, is quite elusive, if not impossible.

Answer 33

Pure objectivity