M1: Non-Experimental Approach Flashcards
Non-experimental Methods
- Naturalistic Observation
- Interobserver Reliability
- Participant Observation
- Case Study
- Survey
Scientific observation does not differ from everyday observation by being infallible although it is quantitatively less fallible than ordinary observation. Rather, it differs from everyday observation in that the scientist gradually uncovers his previous errors and corrects them. . . . Indeed, the history of psychology as a science has been the development of procedural and instrumental aids that gradually eliminate or correct for biases and distortions in making observations.
RAY HYMAN
The most obvious and perhaps the most venerable way of gathering data.
Naturalistic Observation
birdwatchers
Naturalistic Observation
Observers are _____. Seeing should not always be believing
fallible
Scientists, being human, also commit errors of ________.
observation
TRUE or FALSE
Scientists employ research techniques, including logic, complicated apparatus, controlled conditions, and so on, to guard against errors of perception and ensure that observations accurately reflect the state of nature.
TRUE
_________ is extremely useful in the early stages of research, when one desires simply to gain some idea of the breadth and range of the problem of interest (Miller, 1977)
Naturalistic observation
The primary problem unique to naturalistic observation is that it is simply ______ in nature and does not allow us to ______ relationships among events.
descriptive ; assess
measures whether two or more observers yield
similar results when they simultaneously observe the same behavior (Martin & Bateson, 1993).
Interobserver reliability
The degree of interobserver reliability is typically measured by a coefficient of ________.
correlation
High agreement between two observers would be shown by a _______ coefficient of correlation.
high positive
_______ usually have a maximum value of 1.00, and the accepted criterion for high interobserver reliability is when the coefficient is greater than .70 (Martin & Bateson, 1993)
Correlations
Correlations usually have a maximum value of _______
1.00
the accepted criterion for high interobserver reliability is when the coefficient is _______
greater than .70
a field approach to gathering data in which the researcher enters a specific site for purposes of engagement or observation.
Participant observation (PO)
_______ and _______ can be conceptualized as a continuum
Participation and observation
researcher is a member of the community or organization being studied
full participation
researcher pretends to be a fly on the wall surreptitiously but mostly by permission, recording what happens
observation
Participant observation forms the heart of ________ research, an approach, that seeks to understand and write about a particular culture or subculture.
ethnographic
usually involves the detailed examination of one individual, but it may also involve a comparison of a small number of individuals.
Case Study
TRUE or FALSE
Disadvantage of Case Study: Usually do not allow firm inferences to be made about the cause of the phenomenon.
TRUE
Often, provide implicit comparisons that allow the researcher to make some reasonable guesses as to the cause of the phenomenon.
Case Study
gather detailed, self-reported information from a large number of individuals.
Survey
more common in some areas of psychology than in others. For example, this technique is used quite frequently in industrial/organizational, clinical, and social psychology but rarely in cognitive psychology.
Survey research
TRUE or FALSE
One advantage of survey research is that, given the precise sampling procedures now available, a researcher can survey a relatively small number of people to generalize well to the population at large.
TRUE
Because the survey leads to results that are generally descriptive, this technique is not particularly popular with psychologists in areas with a strong experimental orientation, such as _______ psychology or ___________.
cognitive ; psychophysics
clever use of ______ may allow contributions to almost all areas of psychology.
Surveys
______’s statement is eloquent testimony of how difficult it is to establish objective methods so that we can all see the facts in the same way
Pavlov
_________ determine and bias what we “see” as the facts.
Conceptual schemes
TRUE or FALSE
Pavlov had found it initially “astounding” and “extraordinary” that this was so and was surprised at the elaborate precautions needed to ensure objectivity.
TRUE
TRUE or FALSE
Philosophers of science have pointed out that our observations are always influenced by our conceptions of the world—if in no other way, at least by the particular observations we make.
TRUE
“____________,” according to Pavlov’s phrase, is quite elusive, if not impossible.
Pure objectivity
