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Histology > Lymphoid System > Flashcards

Lymphoid System Flashcards

1
Q

Adaptive immune system

A

Fights off foreign antigen material introduced from the air, ingestion, and breaks in the skin
Specific
Consists of lymphocytes and APCs

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2
Q

Innate immune system

A 
Inflammatory reaction 
Quick 
Granulocytes 
Neutrophils - phagocytic 
Molecules that guide immune cells 
Nonspecific
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3
Q

What are the molecules that guide immune cells?

A

Cytokines and lymphokines

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4
Q

What are the four terms used to describe the inflammatory reaction?

A

Heat, redness, swelling, and pain

Calor, rubor, tubor, and dolor

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5
Q

Lymphocytes consist of _______ and _______.

A

B cells; T cells

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6
Q

What are the organs of the lymphoid system that house and develop mature lymphocytes?

A 
Thymus gland 
Peyer's patches 
Tonsils 
Lymph nodes 
Spleen
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7
Q

B cells

A 
Originate from the bm 
Independent of the thymus 
Humoral response 
Found in blood, ECF, lymph 
Produce Abs
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8
Q

T cells

A

Originate in the bm
Dependent on the thymus for further development
Cell mediated immune response

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9
Q

B cells differentiate into _______ and _______.

A

plasma cells; memory cells

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10
Q

Plasma cells

A

APCs differentiated from B cells

Have surface receptors

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11
Q

Memory cells

A

Differentiated from B cells
Has a “memory” that recognizes antigen that has already been introduced to the body
Programmed to act when antigen is present

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12
Q

Immunoglobulins or Abs have 5 categories, called _______, _______, _______, _______, and _______.

A

IgA; IgD; IgE; IgM; IgG

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13
Q

IgA

A

Immunoglobulin A

Produced by many exocrine glands (mucus-producing cells), saliva, and milk

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14
Q

IgE

A

Immunoglobulin E

Interacts with mast cells that release histamine a upon interaction with IgE

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15
Q

IgM

A

Immunoglobulin M
Small amount
Activates the complement system

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16
Q

IgG

A

Immunoglobulin G
Penetrates placenta and immobilizes fetus
Most abundant

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17
Q

APCs are _______ that are a part of the _______ immunity.

A

macrophages; adaptive

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18
Q

MHC I

A

Major histocompatibility complex
A group of proteins on all cells
Each cell takes fragments of its proteins and attaches them go MHC I complex which is used to recognize and distinguish self from non self
Recognized by CD8+ cytotoxic T cells

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19
Q

Lymphoid system

A

Consists of APCs and effector cells

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20
Q

Perforins

A

Small peptides released by cytotoxic T cells
Attach to infected cells and polymerize, forming perforations in the cell
Causes cell contents to leak out and the cell dies

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21
Q

T cells are divided into _______ and _______.

A

T helper cells; cytotoxic T cells

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22
Q

T helper cells recognize MHC class _______ protein and function to _______.

A

II; mobilize B cells

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23
Q

T helper cells have _______ protein and cytotoxic T cells have _______ protein.

A

CD4; CD8

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24
Q

HIV is so deadly because it attacks _______ cells, therefore inhibiting _______ and _______ cells, which are responsible for the immune responses.

A

CD4; B; cytotoxic T

25
Q

APCs phagocytize foreign material, digest it, and attach it to _______, which tells the immune cells (B and cytotoxic T cells) that it is infected.

A

MHC II

26
Q

HLA

A

Human leukocyte receptor

Comparable to MHC molecules, but in human cells

27
Q

There are two forms of lymphatic organization, _______ and _______.

A

diffuse lymphoid tissue; lymphatic nodules

28
Q

Lymphatic nodules

A

Lymphatic cells are condensed into nodules

29
Q

What are the lymphoid organs?

A

Lymph nodes, bone marrow, thymus, tonsils. and spleen

30
Q

Thymus

A

Encapsulated, lobate gland found in the mediastinum, anterior to the heart
Begins growing at birth and reaches max at puberty
Guides development of and forms T cells
Produces hormone-like substance called thymosin

31
Q

As a person ages, the thymus gland shrinks due to _______.

A

fat envolution

32
Q

Thymosin

A

Hormone-like substance produced by the thymus

Directs development of T cells

33
Q

The thymus gland is composed of a _______ and a _______.

A

cortex; medulla

34
Q

The cortex of the thymus gland is composed of _______.

A

many lymphocytes

35
Q

The medulla of the thymus gland is composed of _______.

A

few lymphocytes and many thymoepithelial cells (TECs)

36
Q

What is the distinguishing factor of the medulla of the thymus?

A

Hassall’s corpuscles - clusters of thymoepithelial cells (TECs)

37
Q

Hassall’s corpuscles

A

Distinguishing feature of the medulla of the thymus gland

Clusters of TECs that produce cytokines for the differentiation of T cells and the mobilization on lymphocytes

38
Q

MALT

A

Mucosa associated lymphoid tissue
Fund in the lining of GI, urinary, and respiratory tracts
Nodular arrangement of lymphocytes
See an unencapsulated basophilic mass of cells

39
Q

When lymphocytes are active due to immune stress, it is common to see _______ of the nodule arrangements of these cells.

A

a lighter-staining center

40
Q

Tonsils

A

Lymphoid tissue arranged in encapsulated aggregations of nodules
Line of defense against antigenic material taken in through the mouth

41
Q

What are the three kinds of tonsils and how many are there of each?

A

3 kinds: palatine tonsils (2), lingual tonsils (2), and pharyngeal tonsil (1) aka adenoid tonsil

42
Q

Palatine tonsils

A

Tonsils found at the back of the throat on either side of the glossopharyngeal arch
Harbor streptococcus
Commonly removed
Encapsulated aggregation of lymphatic nodules with crypt

43
Q

Lingual tonsils

A

Tonsils found at the back of the tongue (dorsal)
Similar arrangement to that of palatine tonsils
Covered with stratified squamous epithelium
Presence of a crypt
Smaller than palatine tonsils

44
Q

Pharyngeal tonsil

A

Aka adenoid
Single, large tonsil of the upper wall of the nasopharynx
Similar arrangement to other tonsils with two exceptions

45
Q

The covering of the palatine and lingual tonsils are made up of _______ cells?

A

stratified squamous epithelium

46
Q

What are the two distinguishing factors of palatine tonsils?

A
  1. Stratified squamous epithelium covering

2. presence of a crypt

47
Q

What two things about the arrangement of the adenoid makes it different from the other tonsils?

A
  1. Covering is made up of pseudo stratified columnar epithelium instead of stratified squamous epithelium
  2. No crypt
48
Q

Peyer’s patches

A

Aggregation of lymphocytes forming nodules
Commonly found in the ileum and the gut
Makes contact with the contents of the lumen

49
Q

Lymph nodes

A

Aggregations of lymphatic tissue encapsulated in dense, fibrous CT that function to filter lymph
Form chains
Two major chains bilaterally from the neck to the groin

50
Q

What is the major cell type of the lymph nodes?

A

Lymphocytes

51
Q

Lymph goes back to the _______ blood flow in the neck where the _______ come together and it becomes _______ again

A

venous; subclavian vein and jugular; plasma

52
Q

Spleen

A

Largest lymph organ
Located in the UL quadrant above the stomach
Functions to filter both blood AND lymph
Encapsulated in dense, fibrous CT
Consists of white and red pulp

53
Q

What is the only lymphatic organ with two functions? What are they?

A

The spleen.

  1. Filter blood
  2. Filter lymph
54
Q

White pulp of the spleen

A

20% of the spleen
Aka splenic nodule
Made up of lymphocytes

55
Q

Red pulp of the spleen

A

Highly vascularized cords of cells

Everything in between the white pulp

56
Q

Cords of Billroth

A

Cords of the red pulp of the spleen

Responsible for hemocatheresis - saves reusable parts

57
Q

Hemocatheresis

A

Removal of old RBCs

58
Q

What is the distinguishing feature of the spleen?

A

Each white pulp has its own follicular arteriole

Histology (14 decks)

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