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Histology > Lymphoid System > Flashcards

Lymphoid System Flashcards

1
Q

Adaptive immune system

A

Fights off foreign antigen material introduced from the air, ingestion, and breaks in the skin
Specific
Consists of lymphocytes and APCs

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2
Q

Innate immune system

A 
Inflammatory reaction 
Quick 
Granulocytes 
Neutrophils - phagocytic 
Molecules that guide immune cells 
Nonspecific
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3
Q

What are the molecules that guide immune cells?

A

Cytokines and lymphokines

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4
Q

What are the four terms used to describe the inflammatory reaction?

A

Heat, redness, swelling, and pain

Calor, rubor, tubor, and dolor

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5
Q

Lymphocytes consist of _______ and _______.

A

B cells; T cells

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6
Q

What are the organs of the lymphoid system that house and develop mature lymphocytes?

A 
Thymus gland 
Peyer's patches 
Tonsils 
Lymph nodes 
Spleen
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7
Q

B cells

A 
Originate from the bm 
Independent of the thymus 
Humoral response 
Found in blood, ECF, lymph 
Produce Abs
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8
Q

T cells

A

Originate in the bm
Dependent on the thymus for further development
Cell mediated immune response

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9
Q

B cells differentiate into _______ and _______.

A

plasma cells; memory cells

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10
Q

Plasma cells

A

APCs differentiated from B cells

Have surface receptors

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11
Q

Memory cells

A

Differentiated from B cells
Has a “memory” that recognizes antigen that has already been introduced to the body
Programmed to act when antigen is present

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12
Q

Immunoglobulins or Abs have 5 categories, called _______, _______, _______, _______, and _______.

A

IgA; IgD; IgE; IgM; IgG

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13
Q

IgA

A

Immunoglobulin A

Produced by many exocrine glands (mucus-producing cells), saliva, and milk

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14
Q

IgE

A

Immunoglobulin E

Interacts with mast cells that release histamine a upon interaction with IgE

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15
Q

IgM

A

Immunoglobulin M
Small amount
Activates the complement system

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16
Q

IgG

A

Immunoglobulin G
Penetrates placenta and immobilizes fetus
Most abundant

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17
Q

APCs are _______ that are a part of the _______ immunity.

A

macrophages; adaptive

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18
Q

MHC I

A

Major histocompatibility complex
A group of proteins on all cells
Each cell takes fragments of its proteins and attaches them go MHC I complex which is used to recognize and distinguish self from non self
Recognized by CD8+ cytotoxic T cells

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19
Q

Lymphoid system

A

Consists of APCs and effector cells

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20
Q

Perforins

A

Small peptides released by cytotoxic T cells
Attach to infected cells and polymerize, forming perforations in the cell
Causes cell contents to leak out and the cell dies

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21
Q

T cells are divided into _______ and _______.

A

T helper cells; cytotoxic T cells

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22
Q

T helper cells recognize MHC class _______ protein and function to _______.

A

II; mobilize B cells

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23
Q

T helper cells have _______ protein and cytotoxic T cells have _______ protein.

A

CD4; CD8

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24
Q

HIV is so deadly because it attacks _______ cells, therefore inhibiting _______ and _______ cells, which are responsible for the immune responses.

A

CD4; B; cytotoxic T

25
APCs phagocytize foreign material, digest it, and attach it to _______, which tells the immune cells (B and cytotoxic T cells) that it is infected.
MHC II
26
HLA
Human leukocyte receptor | Comparable to MHC molecules, but in human cells
27
There are two forms of lymphatic organization, _______ and _______.
diffuse lymphoid tissue; lymphatic nodules
28
Lymphatic nodules
Lymphatic cells are condensed into nodules
29
What are the lymphoid organs?
Lymph nodes, bone marrow, thymus, tonsils. and spleen
30
Thymus
Encapsulated, lobate gland found in the mediastinum, anterior to the heart Begins growing at birth and reaches max at puberty Guides development of and forms T cells Produces hormone-like substance called thymosin
31
As a person ages, the thymus gland shrinks due to _______.
fat envolution
32
Thymosin
Hormone-like substance produced by the thymus | Directs development of T cells
33
The thymus gland is composed of a _______ and a _______.
cortex; medulla
34
The cortex of the thymus gland is composed of _______.
many lymphocytes
35
The medulla of the thymus gland is composed of _______.
few lymphocytes and many thymoepithelial cells (TECs)
36
What is the distinguishing factor of the medulla of the thymus?
Hassall's corpuscles - clusters of thymoepithelial cells (TECs)
37
Hassall's corpuscles
Distinguishing feature of the medulla of the thymus gland | Clusters of TECs that produce cytokines for the differentiation of T cells and the mobilization on lymphocytes
38
MALT
Mucosa associated lymphoid tissue Fund in the lining of GI, urinary, and respiratory tracts Nodular arrangement of lymphocytes See an unencapsulated basophilic mass of cells
39
When lymphocytes are active due to immune stress, it is common to see _______ of the nodule arrangements of these cells.
a lighter-staining center
40
Tonsils
Lymphoid tissue arranged in encapsulated aggregations of nodules Line of defense against antigenic material taken in through the mouth
41
What are the three kinds of tonsils and how many are there of each?
3 kinds: palatine tonsils (2), lingual tonsils (2), and pharyngeal tonsil (1) aka adenoid tonsil
42
Palatine tonsils
Tonsils found at the back of the throat on either side of the glossopharyngeal arch Harbor streptococcus Commonly removed Encapsulated aggregation of lymphatic nodules with crypt
43
Lingual tonsils
Tonsils found at the back of the tongue (dorsal) Similar arrangement to that of palatine tonsils Covered with stratified squamous epithelium Presence of a crypt Smaller than palatine tonsils
44
Pharyngeal tonsil
Aka adenoid Single, large tonsil of the upper wall of the nasopharynx Similar arrangement to other tonsils with two exceptions
45
The covering of the palatine and lingual tonsils are made up of _______ cells?
stratified squamous epithelium
46
What are the two distinguishing factors of palatine tonsils?
1. Stratified squamous epithelium covering | 2. presence of a crypt
47
What two things about the arrangement of the adenoid makes it different from the other tonsils?
1. Covering is made up of pseudo stratified columnar epithelium instead of stratified squamous epithelium 2. No crypt
48
Peyer's patches
Aggregation of lymphocytes forming nodules Commonly found in the ileum and the gut Makes contact with the contents of the lumen
49
Lymph nodes
Aggregations of lymphatic tissue encapsulated in dense, fibrous CT that function to filter lymph Form chains Two major chains bilaterally from the neck to the groin
50
What is the major cell type of the lymph nodes?
Lymphocytes
51
Lymph goes back to the _______ blood flow in the neck where the _______ come together and it becomes _______ again
venous; subclavian vein and jugular; plasma
52
Spleen
Largest lymph organ Located in the UL quadrant above the stomach Functions to filter both blood AND lymph Encapsulated in dense, fibrous CT Consists of white and red pulp
53
What is the only lymphatic organ with two functions? What are they?
The spleen. 1. Filter blood 2. Filter lymph
54
White pulp of the spleen
20% of the spleen Aka splenic nodule Made up of lymphocytes
55
Red pulp of the spleen
Highly vascularized cords of cells | Everything in between the white pulp
56
Cords of Billroth
Cords of the red pulp of the spleen | Responsible for hemocatheresis - saves reusable parts
57
Hemocatheresis
Removal of old RBCs
58
What is the distinguishing feature of the spleen?
Each white pulp has its own follicular arteriole

Histology (14 decks)

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