Ch. 1 - Histology & Its Methods of Study Flashcards

Question

Eyepiece or Ocular lens

Answer 1

Magnifies the image

Answer 2

Objective X Ocular

Answer 3

The smallest distance between two points at which they can be distinguished

Answer 4

Directly proportional

Answer 5

Tissue sections are irradiated with UV light, which appears brilliant on a dark background

Answer 6

Light Microscope Can be used with living cell cultures Parts of the cell appear lighter or darker depending on how fast light travels through them due to refractive indices No fixation or staining

Answer 7

Light Microscope A modification of phase-contrast Produces an image of living cells in 3D

Answer 8

Light Microscope Uses a small point of light from a laser through a pinhole for better resolution and sharper focus than a bright-field microscope

Answer 9

Light Microscope Based on vibrations Sample is placed between two polarizing filters and the axis of light rotates and the sample appears as a bright structure against a dark background

Answer 10

Ability to rotate the direction of vibration of polarized light Feature of crystalline substances or substances containing highly oriented molecules, such as cellulose, collagen, microtubules, and actin filaments

Answer 11

Light Microscope Ordinary light passes through a thin section of the specimen from below, producing a 2-D image

Answer 12

Microscopy that is based on the interaction of light with tissue components Used to reveal and study tissue features

Answer 13

Microscopy based on the interaction of tissue components with beams of electrons Better resolution that light microscopy due to electron beams shorter wavelength

Answer 14

Electron microscope Permits resolution ~ 3 nm Magnification of up to 40,000 X for isolated macromolecules or particles An electron beam is pointed at the specimen, where some of the electrons pass through the specimen and some interact with it (absorbed or deflected) Creates a 2-D black, white, and gray image depending on the interactions of electrons Brighter where electrons passed readily, and darker (more electron dense) where electrons were absorbed or deflected

Answer 15

Electron microscope The surface of the specimen is dried and coated with a layer of heavy metal (gold), through which electrons do not pass readily Creates a black and white 3-D image by interacting with the metal and producing secondary electrons, which are captured by a detector

Answer 16

A method of localizing newly synthesized macromolecules (DNA, RNA, protein, glycoproteins, and polysaccharides) in cells or tissue sections

Answer 17

Cells cultured from a tissue or organ

Answer 18

Cell types isolated from tissue are maintained in vitro for long periods of time and become immortalized

Answer 19

Certain changes that promote cell immortality

Answer 20

Aka cytochemistry Method for localizing cellular structures using a specific enzymatic activity present in those structures Usually use unfixed or mildly fixed tissue sectioned on a cryostat to preserve the enzymes and avoid adverse effects of heat and organic solvents

Answer 21

1. Tissue sections are immersed in substrate of enzyme to be localized 2. Enzyme is allowed to act on substrate 3. Section is put in contact with a marker compound that reacts with a product of the enzyme-substrate reaction 4. The product from the marker precipitates over the site of enzymes, allowing the region to be localized microscopically The product from the marker must be insoluble and visible by light but having color or electron mic or by having e- density

Answer 22

Enzyme that splits the bond between a phosphate group and phosphorylated molecules Used to ID alkaline and acid phosphates

Answer 23

Enzyme that removed H+ from one substrate and transfers them to another Used to ID mitochondria

Answer 24

Enzyme that promotes oxidation of substrates with the transfer of H+ to H2O2, forming H2O molecules

Answer 25

Using a tagged compound or a macromolecule that binds specifically with the macromolecule of interest Must be visible with light or e- microscope

Answer 26

fluorescent; metal particles

Answer 27

1. Phalloidin 2. Protein A 3. Lectins

Answer 28

Interacts strongly with actin Tagged with fluorescent dyes Commonly used to demonstrate actin filaments in cells

Answer 29

Obtained from S. aureus Binds to the Fc region of IG antibodies Can be used to localize naturally occurring or applied ab bound to cell structures

Answer 30

Proteins or glycoproteins derived mainly from plant seeds Bind to carbohydrates with high affinity and specificity Different lectins bind to specific sugars or sugar residues Tagged with fluorescent dyes Used to stain specific glycoproteins, proteoglycans, and glycolipids

Answer 31

Histologic method using labeled ab used to detect specific proteins or other molecules of interest in cells and tissues Requires an ab against the protein or molecule of interest

Answer 32

The isolated protein is injected into a different animal species If the protein's amino acid sequence is different enough for this animal to recognize it as foreign, then it will produce ab against the protein

Answer 33

1. A tissue section/cells believed to contain the protein of interest is incubated in a solution with the labeled ab to that protein 2. Ab binds specifically to the protein 3. Protein location can then be seen with either light or electron microscope

Answer 34

Different groups (clones) of lymphocytes in the injected animal that recognize different parts of wanted protein x