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Histology > Ch. 5 - Connective Tissue; Ch. 6 - Adipose Tissue; Ch. 7 - Cartilage; Ch. 8 - Bone; Ch. 12&13 - Blood & Hematopoiesis > Flashcards

Ch. 5 - Connective Tissue; Ch. 6 - Adipose Tissue; Ch. 7 - Cartilage; Ch. 8 - Bone; Ch. 12&13 - Blood & Hematopoiesis Flashcards

1
Q

What is the major component of CT?

A

ECM

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2
Q

Extracellular matrix (ECM)

A

Combinations of protein fibers and ground substance

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3
Q

Ground substance

A

Complex of anionic, hydrophilic proteoglycans, glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), and multi adhesive proteins (laminin, fibronectin, and others)
Provides the medium for exchange of nutrients and metabolic wastes between cells and the blood; transports materials

Part of the matrix

Has a lot of water called solvation water because it is very hydrophilic

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4
Q

Connective tissue (CT)

A

Abundant tissue that connects/holds and protects tissues and organs of the body
Contribute to form and shape

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5
Q

CT can provide a means of _______ and _______.

A

movement; storage

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6
Q

Give an example of how CT can provide a means of movement.

A

Bones are attached to skeletal muscle

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7
Q

Give two examples of how CT can provide a means of storage.

A

Bones store calcium

Adipose stores triglycerides

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8
Q

What are the three important components when describing CT?

A
  1. Cells
  2. Ground substance
  3. Fibers
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9
Q

Matrix

A

Ground substance and fibers

Conduit by which materials go from blood to cell and cell to blood

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10
Q

What are the three components of ground substance?

A

Consists of structural glycoproteins, GAGs, and proteoglycans

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11
Q

Glycoproteins

A

Part of the ground substance
Insoluble anchoring proteins
Fibronectin, collagen, lamanin, and others

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12
Q

GAGs

A

Glucosaminoglycans
Part of the ground substance
Linear polysaccharide made up of units of repeating disaccharides
Hydrophilic –> absorb water

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13
Q

Proteoglycans

A

Part of the ground substance
Protein made up of a central core attached to many GAGs
Absorb water –> hydrophilic due to GAGs

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14
Q

What are the four classifications of CT?

A
  1. Embryonic CT
  2. CT proper
  3. Special CT
  4. Supporting CT
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15
Q

Embryonic CT

A

Forms early in development
Two kinds
1. Mesenchyme embryonic CT
2. Mucous CT

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16
Q

Mesenchyme embryonic CT

A

Develops into all CT cells

Also develops into endothelial, muscle, and blood

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17
Q

CT proper

A

Fibrous CT
Two kinds
1. Loose fibrous CT
2. Dense fibrous CT

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18
Q

Loose fibrous CT proper

A

Surrounds and supports organs and holds them in place
Made up of fibroblasts, matrix, and fibers
Lots of transient cells (i.e. RBC)

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19
Q

Dense fibrous CT proper

A

Two kinds

  1. Dense regular fibrous CT
  2. Dense irregular fibrous CT
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20
Q

Special CT

A 
Special functions 
Three kinds 
1. Adipose 
2. Hematopoietic 
3. Elastic tissue
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21
Q

Adipose

A

Special CT
Fat tissue (found subcutaneously)
Insulator (thermoregulation), shock absorber, stores triglycerides

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22
Q

Hematopoietic tissue

A

Special CT

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23
Q

Elastic tissue

A

Special CT

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24
Q

Supporting CT

A

Provides support
Two kinds
1. Bone
2. Cartilage

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25
Q

Bone

A

Supporting CT

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26
Q

Cartilage

A

Supporting CT

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27
Q

Fibroblasts

A

Cells of the CT proper derived from embryonic mesenchyme CT cells
Long, somewhat fusiform cells with stellate endings
Very active
Fixed cell population
Secrete fibers and ground substance
Can become fibrocytes

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28
Q

Do fibroblasts readily undergo mitosis?

A

No

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29
Q

Fibrocyte

A

Very flat, elongated cells

Not very active

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30
Q

Myofibroblast

A

Intermediate cells
Contract
Found in muscle
Used for tissue repair by pulling wounded ends of tissue together (wound healing)

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31
Q

CT proper also has a transient cell population at times, consisting of _______, _______, _______, _______, and undifferentiated _______.

A

leukocytes; macrophages; mast cells; plasma cells; lymphocytes

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32
Q

What are the fibers of CT proper?

A

Collagen, elastin, and reticular fibers

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33
Q

Collagen fibers

A

CT proper fiber
Protein (has 28 forms)
Synthesis starts in the cell and ends outside the cell

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34
Q

Collagen synthesis pathway

A

(Inside cell) pre-procollagen –> procollagen –> (procollagen peptidase) –> (Outside cell) tropocollagen –> collagen

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35
Q

Reticular fibers

A 
CT proper fiber 
Form of collagen (collagen III) 
Found in the matrix 
Found in lymph nodes
Very thin, can't see with H&E stain 
Can see with silver dye
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36
Q

Reticular fibers can be seen in paraffin sections using silver dye because they are _______.

A

argyrophilic

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37
Q

Argyrophilic

A

Affinity for silver salt

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38
Q

Reticular tissue

A

Reticular fibers and fibroblasts

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39
Q

Elastin synthesis pathway

A

Similar to the of collagen
Also needs a receptor
Also is finished outside the cell

(Inside cell) Pre-proelastin –> proelastin –> (outside cell) elastin

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40
Q

What three things is the ground substance of CT proper composed of?

A
  1. GAGs
  2. Proteoglycans
  3. Glycoproteins
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41
Q

Disaccharide units of GAGs are made up of _______ linked to a _______.

A

uronic acid; hexosamine

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42
Q

Hexosamine

A

6-C amino sugar

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43
Q

Uronic acid of GAG disaccharide units

A

Glucaronic acid

Iduronic acid

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44
Q

What is the least abundant component of loose fibrous CT proper? What is their organization?

A

Fibers

They are very loosely attached and organized

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45
Q

What is the most abundant component of dense fibrous CT proper?

A

Fibers

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46
Q

Dense regular fibrous CT

A

Has many fibers running parallel in the same direction
Densely arranged with rows of fibroblasts in between
Found in tendons and ligaments (attaches to muscle and bone)

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47
Q

Dense irregular fibrous CT

A

Fibers all running in different directions
No rows of fibroblasts, dispersed throughout instead
Found in dermis of the skin (can stretch and recoil skin)

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48
Q

Elastic tissue

A

Dense regular fibrous CT made up of elastin

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49
Q

Yellow elastic tissue

A

Elastic tissue that help to hold the vertebrae in place and suspend the penis

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50
Q

Adipose tissue is a _______ population of cells.

A

stable

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51
Q

Stable population of cells

A

Overall population number remains the same

Controlled genetically in adults, so sometimes the numbers change

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52
Q

What determines the number of adipocytes?

A

Postnatal dietary intake

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53
Q

Higher caloric intake results in a _______ number of adipocytes for life, postnatally.

A

higher

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54
Q

The _______ cell number stays the same throughout life, however their _______ can fluctuate.

A

number; size

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55
Q

Adipose cells originate from what cells?

A

Mesenchyme embryonic CT cells

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56
Q

Adipose cells acting as _______ glands secrete the substances _______, _______, and _______.

A

endocrine; leptin; resistin; adiponectin

57
Q

Leptin

A

Hormone released by adipose cells that regulates appetite by suppressing hunger

58
Q

Resistin

A

Blocks insulin receptor; can induce diabetes

59
Q

Adiponectin

A

Increases fatty acid utilization

60
Q

What are the two ford of adipose tissue?

A
  1. White/yellow adipose tissue

2. Brown adipose tissue

61
Q

White/yellow adipose tissue

A

Most common adipose tissue in human adults
Aka unilocular adipose tissue -> form large clusters
Cytoplasm full of triglycerides (fat globule)
Very vascular

62
Q

What is the function of white/yellow adipose tissue?

A

To store fat

63
Q

What determines the color of white/yellow adipose tissue?

A

Dietary intake

Increased caretenoids –> yellow

64
Q

Where are the three places that fat in adipose cells come from?

A
  1. Dietary intake of fat
  2. Excess carbohydrates –> converted to fat
  3. Liver makes fats –> goes to blood –> combined with protein –> stored in fat cells
65
Q

Adipose can respond to _______ and the _______, because they have _______.

A

hormones; ANS; receptors

66
Q

Brown adipose

A

Most common in newborns and hibernating animals
In humans, it turns to white/yellow as we age
Produces heat
Stores fat in small vesicles instead of one large globule

67
Q

What is the main function of brown adipose tissue?

A

Heat production

68
Q

Thermogenin

A

Enzyme that uncouples oxidative phosphorylation
ATP from cellular respiration is released as heat, not stored as ATP
Aka uncoupling protein

69
Q

Irisin

A

Hormone released from skeletal muscle when exercise is increased
Over time it turns white/yellow adipose to brown adipose

70
Q

Quiescent

A

Non-active

71
Q

What three components make up special CT?

A

Ground substance
Fibers
Cells

72
Q

What is the ground substance of special CT composed of?

A

GAGs, hyaluronic acid, proteoglycans, glycoproteins specialized for attachment (chondronectin)

73
Q

Cartilage

A

Special CT
Very flexible; shock absorber
Very resistant to mechanical absorption
Has a perichondrium

74
Q

Perichondrium

A

Thick layer of fibrous CT surrounding the cartilage
Provides blood supply to cartilage
Contains blood and lymphatic vessels and nerves

75
Q

What are the three types of cartilage?

A
  1. Hyaline cartilage
  2. Elasatic cartilage
  3. Fibrous cartilage or Fibrocartilage
76
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A 
Most abundant cartilage 
Slightly blue and translucent 
Makes up embryonic skeleton 
Found in articular surfaces of bones, walls of trachea, ends of ribs attaching them to the sternum, and forms the epiphyseal disk 
Has a perichondrium
77
Q

What are the cells of hyaline cartilage?

A

Chondroblasts (young) and chondrocytes (mature)

78
Q

Chrondoblasts and chondrocytes produce _______.

79
Q

Chondroblasts and chondrocytes become _______ in the matrix they secrete, called _______.

A

entrapped; lacunae

80
Q

Hyaline cartilage cells grow via _______ growth.

A

appositional

81
Q

Hyaline cartilage cells can _______, resulting in clusters of mature chondrocytes in _______. This results in an _______ group of chondrocytes within a single lacunae.

A

mitose; lacunae. isogenous

82
Q

Isogenous

A

Derived from the same cell

83
Q

Appositional growth

A

Most common

Cells divide and move outward, causing thickening of tissue

84
Q

Interstitial growth

A

Restricted to early development

Articular cartilage and epiphyseal plate

85
Q

Elastic cartilage

A

Cartilage that is identical to hyaline cartilage; same structure and method of growth, except for its abundant elastin fibers that increase flexibility

Found in the ear, nose, eustation tube, epiglottis, and voice box

86
Q

Eustation tube

A

Tube in the back of the throat that connects the throat to the inner ear

87
Q

Fibrous cartilage or Fibrocartilage

A

Cartilage that resembles both dense fibrous CT and hyaline cartilage; hybrid tissue
No perichondrium
Not as common
Found in intervertebral disks and the pubic symphysis

88
Q

Pubic symphysis

A

Plate of cartilage found between the pubic bones of the hip bones and connects them

89
Q

Bone

A 
Specialized CT 
Movement and support 
Main storage site for insoluble calcium 
Also stores phosphate 
Matrix is insoluble and highly calcified 
Has periosteum
90
Q

What are the cells that make up bone?

A

Osteoprogenitor - embryonic-type cell that differentiates into osteoblasts
Osteoblasts - young
Osteocytes - mature
Osteoclasts

91
Q

Bone growth is _______.

A

appositional

92
Q

Metaphysis

A

Closed-off growth plate

93
Q

Where is the bone marrow formed?

A

Cancellous/spongy tissue

94
Q

Periosteum

A

Thick layer of fibrous CT, found near bone, rich in bv, lv, and nerves

95
Q

Before slide prep, we must _______ bone.

96
Q

Compact bone

A

Bone made up of osteons

Found in the diaphysis of long bones

97
Q

Osteon or Haversian system

A

Osteocytes entrapped in lacunae arranged in concentric circles around a central Haversian canal containing bv, lv, and nerves

Hava canaliculi

98
Q

Canaliculi

A

Means “little legs”

Interconnect with one another and eventually to the Haversian canal where nutrients are transported

99
Q

Bones cells communicate via _______.

A

gap junctions

100
Q

Osteolasts

A

Highly phagocytic cells that phagocytize bone matrix
Found on bone surface
Up to 50 nuclei per cell

101
Q

Where does the calcium from broken down bone matrix go?

A

It is absorbed by capillaries

102
Q

How do osteoclasts break down bone matrix?

A

Osteoclasts pumo H+ into space to change pH so it’s suitable for proteolytic enzymes
Ca2+ level drops in the body, causing parathyroid to secrete PTH –> effects osteoclasts to break down matrix and move Ca2+ into blood

However, osteoclasts don’t have PTH receptors, so they don’t respond directly to PTH

Osteoblasts have PTH receptors and will release RANKL in response to PTH, which stimulates the osteoclasts

103
Q

RANKL

A

Osteoclast stimulating factor
Released by osteoblasts in response to PTH
Signals osteoclasts to break down bone matrix

104
Q

Bone matrix is made up of _______ and _______ material.

A

organic; inorganic

105
Q

What is the inorganic material that makes up bone matrix?

A

Most of the dry weight is calcium and phosphorus in insoluble form, called hydroxypatite

106
Q

What is the organic material that makes up the bone matrix?

A

Collagen I, proteoglycans, and structural glycoproteins

107
Q

Hydroxypatite

A

Insoluble calcium and phosphorus
forms crystals in bone matrix of very hard consistency
Crystals attract water around them, called a hydration cell

108
Q

Spongy/Cancellous bone

A

Found in the ends of long bones, and in the bones of the pelvis, ribs, vertebrae, and skull
Bone marrow is found here and supplies nutrients
No periosteum nor Haversian canal

109
Q

What are the two types of bone formation?

A

Appositional and interstitial growth

110
Q

Blood

A

Specialized CT with liquid matrix
Composed of matrix and formed elements
Functions for gas exchange, delivers nutrients, hormones and bioregulator molecules to cells, thermoregulation, provides buffers, immune response, removes wastes

111
Q

Formed elements

A

RBC, WBC, platelets

112
Q

RBC

A

Aka erythrocytes
Formed in bone marrow
Cells are biconcave disks that carry O2 molecules
Have a flexibility protein called spectrin that allows RBCs to pass through capillaries

113
Q

Spectrin

A

Protein that gives flexibility to RBCs

114
Q

Monophyletic theory

A

Theory that all blood cells originate from one single progenitor cell that gave rise to two main stem cells that gave rise to all other blood cells

115
Q

What three gases do RBCs exchange?

A

O2, CO2, nitrous oxide

116
Q

What component of RBCs allows them to carry O2? How?

A

Hemoglobin (HbA). HbA is made up of 4 heme groups, each connected to a globin protein. Each heme group can bind to one O2 molecule.

117
Q

How many O2 molecules can bind to one hemoglobin?

118
Q

WBC

A

Aka leukocytes

Split into granulocytes and agranulocytes

119
Q

Granulocytes

A

Leukocytes with granules in their cytoplasm
Stain with Wright’s stain
Eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils

120
Q

Eosinophils

A

Granulocytes with a strong affinity for the dye eosin

121
Q

Basophils

A

Granulocytes with a strong affinity for the dye methylene blue
Rarest of the granulocytes
Closely related to mast cells; have the same CD marker protein and may be related

122
Q

Neutrophils

A

Granulocytes with a neutral affinity for both of the dyes eosin and methylene blue

123
Q

Agranulocytes

A

Leukocytes without granules in their cytoplasm

monocytes, lymphocytes thrombocytes

124
Q

Monocyte

A

Agranulocyte with a large “kidney bean” nucleus

125
Q

Lymphocyte

A

Agranulocyte immune cell

B cells and T cells

126
Q

B cell

A

Lymphocyte
Differentiate into plasma cells
Ab cells
Humoral response

127
Q

T cells

A

Lymphocyte

Adaptive response

128
Q

Thrombocyte

A

Agranulocyte
Aka platelets
Formed in the bone marrow from megakaryocytes

129
Q

How are thrombocytes formed?

A

The hormone thrombopoieten causes megakaryocytes to fractionate and pinch off
They are then carried to the circulation

130
Q

Hematopoiesis

A

Blood cell formation

Occurs in the bone marrow

131
Q

The progenitor blood cell gives rise to what two main stem cells?

A

Lymphoid stem cells and myeloid stem cells

132
Q

Lymphoid stem cells give rise to what two types of blood cells?

A

T cells and B cells (lymphocytes)

133
Q

Myeloid stem cells give rise to what three types of blood cells?

A

RBC, granulocytes, and thrombocytes

134
Q

What is blood plasma made up of?

A

90% water

Solutes: various proteins, dissolved gases, nutrients, electrolytes, hormone-like substances, and wastes

135
Q

What are some of the various proteins found in blood plasma?

A

Globulins, albumins, and fibrinogen

136
Q

Globulin

A

Protein found in blood plasma are by the liver

137
Q

Albumin

A

Protein found in blood plasma that regulate osmotic pressure of the blood

138
Q

Fibrinogen

A

Protein found in blood plasma that aids in the formation of blood clots

Histology (14 decks)

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