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Histology > Ch. 5 - Connective Tissue; Ch. 6 - Adipose Tissue; Ch. 7 - Cartilage; Ch. 8 - Bone; Ch. 12&13 - Blood & Hematopoiesis > Flashcards

Ch. 5 - Connective Tissue; Ch. 6 - Adipose Tissue; Ch. 7 - Cartilage; Ch. 8 - Bone; Ch. 12&13 - Blood & Hematopoiesis Flashcards

1
Q

What is the major component of CT?

A

ECM

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2
Q

Extracellular matrix (ECM)

A

Combinations of protein fibers and ground substance

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3
Q

Ground substance

A

Complex of anionic, hydrophilic proteoglycans, glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), and multi adhesive proteins (laminin, fibronectin, and others)
Provides the medium for exchange of nutrients and metabolic wastes between cells and the blood; transports materials

Part of the matrix

Has a lot of water called solvation water because it is very hydrophilic

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4
Q

Connective tissue (CT)

A

Abundant tissue that connects/holds and protects tissues and organs of the body
Contribute to form and shape

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5
Q

CT can provide a means of _______ and _______.

A

movement; storage

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6
Q

Give an example of how CT can provide a means of movement.

A

Bones are attached to skeletal muscle

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7
Q

Give two examples of how CT can provide a means of storage.

A

Bones store calcium

Adipose stores triglycerides

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8
Q

What are the three important components when describing CT?

A
  1. Cells
  2. Ground substance
  3. Fibers
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9
Q

Matrix

A

Ground substance and fibers

Conduit by which materials go from blood to cell and cell to blood

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10
Q

What are the three components of ground substance?

A

Consists of structural glycoproteins, GAGs, and proteoglycans

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11
Q

Glycoproteins

A

Part of the ground substance
Insoluble anchoring proteins
Fibronectin, collagen, lamanin, and others

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12
Q

GAGs

A

Glucosaminoglycans
Part of the ground substance
Linear polysaccharide made up of units of repeating disaccharides
Hydrophilic –> absorb water

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13
Q

Proteoglycans

A

Part of the ground substance
Protein made up of a central core attached to many GAGs
Absorb water –> hydrophilic due to GAGs

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14
Q

What are the four classifications of CT?

A
  1. Embryonic CT
  2. CT proper
  3. Special CT
  4. Supporting CT
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15
Q

Embryonic CT

A

Forms early in development
Two kinds
1. Mesenchyme embryonic CT
2. Mucous CT

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16
Q

Mesenchyme embryonic CT

A

Develops into all CT cells

Also develops into endothelial, muscle, and blood

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17
Q

CT proper

A

Fibrous CT
Two kinds
1. Loose fibrous CT
2. Dense fibrous CT

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18
Q

Loose fibrous CT proper

A

Surrounds and supports organs and holds them in place
Made up of fibroblasts, matrix, and fibers
Lots of transient cells (i.e. RBC)

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19
Q

Dense fibrous CT proper

A

Two kinds

  1. Dense regular fibrous CT
  2. Dense irregular fibrous CT
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20
Q

Special CT

A 
Special functions 
Three kinds 
1. Adipose 
2. Hematopoietic 
3. Elastic tissue
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21
Q

Adipose

A

Special CT
Fat tissue (found subcutaneously)
Insulator (thermoregulation), shock absorber, stores triglycerides

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22
Q

Hematopoietic tissue

A

Special CT

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23
Q

Elastic tissue

A

Special CT

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24
Q

Supporting CT

A

Provides support
Two kinds
1. Bone
2. Cartilage

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25
Bone
Supporting CT
26
Cartilage
Supporting CT
27
Fibroblasts
Cells of the CT proper derived from embryonic mesenchyme CT cells Long, somewhat fusiform cells with stellate endings Very active Fixed cell population Secrete fibers and ground substance Can become fibrocytes
28
Do fibroblasts readily undergo mitosis?
No
29
Fibrocyte
Very flat, elongated cells | Not very active
30
Myofibroblast
Intermediate cells Contract Found in muscle Used for tissue repair by pulling wounded ends of tissue together (wound healing)
31
CT proper also has a transient cell population at times, consisting of _______, _______, _______, _______, and undifferentiated _______.
leukocytes; macrophages; mast cells; plasma cells; lymphocytes
32
What are the fibers of CT proper?
Collagen, elastin, and reticular fibers
33
Collagen fibers
CT proper fiber Protein (has 28 forms) Synthesis starts in the cell and ends outside the cell
34
Collagen synthesis pathway
(Inside cell) pre-procollagen --> procollagen --> (procollagen peptidase) --> (Outside cell) tropocollagen --> collagen
35
Reticular fibers
``` CT proper fiber Form of collagen (collagen III) Found in the matrix Found in lymph nodes Very thin, can't see with H&E stain Can see with silver dye ```
36
Reticular fibers can be seen in paraffin sections using silver dye because they are _______.
argyrophilic
37
Argyrophilic
Affinity for silver salt
38
Reticular tissue
Reticular fibers and fibroblasts
39
Elastin synthesis pathway
Similar to the of collagen Also needs a receptor Also is finished outside the cell (Inside cell) Pre-proelastin --> proelastin --> (outside cell) elastin
40
What three things is the ground substance of CT proper composed of?
1. GAGs 2. Proteoglycans 3. Glycoproteins
41
Disaccharide units of GAGs are made up of _______ linked to a _______.
uronic acid; hexosamine
42
Hexosamine
6-C amino sugar
43
Uronic acid of GAG disaccharide units
Glucaronic acid | Iduronic acid
44
What is the least abundant component of loose fibrous CT proper? What is their organization?
Fibers | They are very loosely attached and organized
45
What is the most abundant component of dense fibrous CT proper?
Fibers
46
Dense regular fibrous CT
Has many fibers running parallel in the same direction Densely arranged with rows of fibroblasts in between Found in tendons and ligaments (attaches to muscle and bone)
47
Dense irregular fibrous CT
Fibers all running in different directions No rows of fibroblasts, dispersed throughout instead Found in dermis of the skin (can stretch and recoil skin)
48
Elastic tissue
Dense regular fibrous CT made up of elastin
49
Yellow elastic tissue
Elastic tissue that help to hold the vertebrae in place and suspend the penis
50
Adipose tissue is a _______ population of cells.
stable
51
Stable population of cells
Overall population number remains the same | Controlled genetically in adults, so sometimes the numbers change
52
What determines the number of adipocytes?
Postnatal dietary intake
53
Higher caloric intake results in a _______ number of adipocytes for life, postnatally.
higher
54
The _______ cell number stays the same throughout life, however their _______ can fluctuate.
number; size
55
Adipose cells originate from what cells?
Mesenchyme embryonic CT cells
56
Adipose cells acting as _______ glands secrete the substances _______, _______, and _______.
endocrine; leptin; resistin; adiponectin
57
Leptin
Hormone released by adipose cells that regulates appetite by suppressing hunger
58
Resistin
Blocks insulin receptor; can induce diabetes
59
Adiponectin
Increases fatty acid utilization
60
What are the two ford of adipose tissue?
1. White/yellow adipose tissue | 2. Brown adipose tissue
61
White/yellow adipose tissue
Most common adipose tissue in human adults Aka unilocular adipose tissue -> form large clusters Cytoplasm full of triglycerides (fat globule) Very vascular
62
What is the function of white/yellow adipose tissue?
To store fat
63
What determines the color of white/yellow adipose tissue?
Dietary intake | Increased caretenoids --> yellow
64
Where are the three places that fat in adipose cells come from?
1. Dietary intake of fat 2. Excess carbohydrates --> converted to fat 3. Liver makes fats --> goes to blood --> combined with protein --> stored in fat cells
65
Adipose can respond to _______ and the _______, because they have _______.
hormones; ANS; receptors
66
Brown adipose
Most common in newborns and hibernating animals In humans, it turns to white/yellow as we age Produces heat Stores fat in small vesicles instead of one large globule
67
What is the main function of brown adipose tissue?
Heat production
68
Thermogenin
Enzyme that uncouples oxidative phosphorylation ATP from cellular respiration is released as heat, not stored as ATP Aka uncoupling protein
69
Irisin
Hormone released from skeletal muscle when exercise is increased Over time it turns white/yellow adipose to brown adipose
70
Quiescent
Non-active
71
What three components make up special CT?
Ground substance Fibers Cells
72
What is the ground substance of special CT composed of?
GAGs, hyaluronic acid, proteoglycans, glycoproteins specialized for attachment (chondronectin)
73
Cartilage
Special CT Very flexible; shock absorber Very resistant to mechanical absorption Has a perichondrium
74
Perichondrium
Thick layer of fibrous CT surrounding the cartilage Provides blood supply to cartilage Contains blood and lymphatic vessels and nerves
75
What are the three types of cartilage?
1. Hyaline cartilage 2. Elasatic cartilage 3. Fibrous cartilage or Fibrocartilage
76
Hyaline cartilage
``` Most abundant cartilage Slightly blue and translucent Makes up embryonic skeleton Found in articular surfaces of bones, walls of trachea, ends of ribs attaching them to the sternum, and forms the epiphyseal disk Has a perichondrium ```
77
What are the cells of hyaline cartilage?
Chondroblasts (young) and chondrocytes (mature)
78
Chrondoblasts and chondrocytes produce _______.
matrix
79
Chondroblasts and chondrocytes become _______ in the matrix they secrete, called _______.
entrapped; lacunae
80
Hyaline cartilage cells grow via _______ growth.
appositional
81
Hyaline cartilage cells can _______, resulting in clusters of mature chondrocytes in _______. This results in an _______ group of chondrocytes within a single lacunae.
mitose; lacunae. isogenous
82
Isogenous
Derived from the same cell
83
Appositional growth
Most common | Cells divide and move outward, causing thickening of tissue
84
Interstitial growth
Restricted to early development | Articular cartilage and epiphyseal plate
85
Elastic cartilage
Cartilage that is identical to hyaline cartilage; same structure and method of growth, except for its abundant elastin fibers that increase flexibility Found in the ear, nose, eustation tube, epiglottis, and voice box
86
Eustation tube
Tube in the back of the throat that connects the throat to the inner ear
87
Fibrous cartilage or Fibrocartilage
Cartilage that resembles both dense fibrous CT and hyaline cartilage; hybrid tissue No perichondrium Not as common Found in intervertebral disks and the pubic symphysis
88
Pubic symphysis
Plate of cartilage found between the pubic bones of the hip bones and connects them
89
Bone
``` Specialized CT Movement and support Main storage site for insoluble calcium Also stores phosphate Matrix is insoluble and highly calcified Has periosteum ```
90
What are the cells that make up bone?
Osteoprogenitor - embryonic-type cell that differentiates into osteoblasts Osteoblasts - young Osteocytes - mature Osteoclasts
91
Bone growth is _______.
appositional
92
Metaphysis
Closed-off growth plate
93
Where is the bone marrow formed?
Cancellous/spongy tissue
94
Periosteum
Thick layer of fibrous CT, found near bone, rich in bv, lv, and nerves
95
Before slide prep, we must _______ bone.
decalcify
96
Compact bone
Bone made up of osteons | Found in the diaphysis of long bones
97
Osteon or Haversian system
Osteocytes entrapped in lacunae arranged in concentric circles around a central Haversian canal containing bv, lv, and nerves Hava canaliculi
98
Canaliculi
Means "little legs" | Interconnect with one another and eventually to the Haversian canal where nutrients are transported
99
Bones cells communicate via _______.
gap junctions
100
Osteolasts
Highly phagocytic cells that phagocytize bone matrix Found on bone surface Up to 50 nuclei per cell
101
Where does the calcium from broken down bone matrix go?
It is absorbed by capillaries
102
How do osteoclasts break down bone matrix?
Osteoclasts pumo H+ into space to change pH so it's suitable for proteolytic enzymes Ca2+ level drops in the body, causing parathyroid to secrete PTH --> effects osteoclasts to break down matrix and move Ca2+ into blood However, osteoclasts don't have PTH receptors, so they don't respond directly to PTH Osteoblasts have PTH receptors and will release RANKL in response to PTH, which stimulates the osteoclasts
103
RANKL
Osteoclast stimulating factor Released by osteoblasts in response to PTH Signals osteoclasts to break down bone matrix
104
Bone matrix is made up of _______ and _______ material.
organic; inorganic
105
What is the inorganic material that makes up bone matrix?
Most of the dry weight is calcium and phosphorus in insoluble form, called hydroxypatite
106
What is the organic material that makes up the bone matrix?
Collagen I, proteoglycans, and structural glycoproteins
107
Hydroxypatite
Insoluble calcium and phosphorus forms crystals in bone matrix of very hard consistency Crystals attract water around them, called a hydration cell
108
Spongy/Cancellous bone
Found in the ends of long bones, and in the bones of the pelvis, ribs, vertebrae, and skull Bone marrow is found here and supplies nutrients No periosteum nor Haversian canal
109
What are the two types of bone formation?
Appositional and interstitial growth
110
Blood
Specialized CT with liquid matrix Composed of matrix and formed elements Functions for gas exchange, delivers nutrients, hormones and bioregulator molecules to cells, thermoregulation, provides buffers, immune response, removes wastes
111
Formed elements
RBC, WBC, platelets
112
RBC
Aka erythrocytes Formed in bone marrow Cells are biconcave disks that carry O2 molecules Have a flexibility protein called spectrin that allows RBCs to pass through capillaries
113
Spectrin
Protein that gives flexibility to RBCs
114
Monophyletic theory
Theory that all blood cells originate from one single progenitor cell that gave rise to two main stem cells that gave rise to all other blood cells
115
What three gases do RBCs exchange?
O2, CO2, nitrous oxide
116
What component of RBCs allows them to carry O2? How?
Hemoglobin (HbA). HbA is made up of 4 heme groups, each connected to a globin protein. Each heme group can bind to one O2 molecule.
117
How many O2 molecules can bind to one hemoglobin?
4
118
WBC
Aka leukocytes | Split into granulocytes and agranulocytes
119
Granulocytes
Leukocytes with granules in their cytoplasm Stain with Wright's stain Eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils
120
Eosinophils
Granulocytes with a strong affinity for the dye eosin
121
Basophils
Granulocytes with a strong affinity for the dye methylene blue Rarest of the granulocytes Closely related to mast cells; have the same CD marker protein and may be related
122
Neutrophils
Granulocytes with a neutral affinity for both of the dyes eosin and methylene blue
123
Agranulocytes
Leukocytes without granules in their cytoplasm | monocytes, lymphocytes thrombocytes
124
Monocyte
Agranulocyte with a large "kidney bean" nucleus
125
Lymphocyte
Agranulocyte immune cell | B cells and T cells
126
B cell
Lymphocyte Differentiate into plasma cells Ab cells Humoral response
127
T cells
Lymphocyte | Adaptive response
128
Thrombocyte
Agranulocyte Aka platelets Formed in the bone marrow from megakaryocytes
129
How are thrombocytes formed?
The hormone thrombopoieten causes megakaryocytes to fractionate and pinch off They are then carried to the circulation
130
Hematopoiesis
Blood cell formation | Occurs in the bone marrow
131
The progenitor blood cell gives rise to what two main stem cells?
Lymphoid stem cells and myeloid stem cells
132
Lymphoid stem cells give rise to what two types of blood cells?
T cells and B cells (lymphocytes)
133
Myeloid stem cells give rise to what three types of blood cells?
RBC, granulocytes, and thrombocytes
134
What is blood plasma made up of?
90% water | Solutes: various proteins, dissolved gases, nutrients, electrolytes, hormone-like substances, and wastes
135
What are some of the various proteins found in blood plasma?
Globulins, albumins, and fibrinogen
136
Globulin
Protein found in blood plasma are by the liver
137
Albumin
Protein found in blood plasma that regulate osmotic pressure of the blood
138
Fibrinogen
Protein found in blood plasma that aids in the formation of blood clots

Histology (14 decks)

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