Ch. 17 - The Respiratory System Flashcards
The two portions of the respiratory system are the _______ and the _______.
conducting portion; respiratory portion
Conducting portion
Tubes/airways of the respiratory system
Strictly function in conducting air
No gas exchange
Respiratory portion
Alveoli
Function in gas exchange
What is the main tissue type of the respiratory system?
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
The cilia of respiratory epithelium functions to do what?
Move mucus up towards the throat, away from the lungs, where it gets swallowed
Why is swallowing mucus beneficial?
The low pH of the stomach kills bacteria
Goblet cells interspersed with respiratory epithelia produce _______.
mucus
Mucus produced by goblet cells is very _______ and functions to _______ and _______.
viscous; keep tissues moist; trap dust and bacteria
Name the 5 cell types of the respiratory system.
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium Goblet cells Basal cells Brush cells Granule cells
Basal cells
Stem cells of the respiratory system
Brush cells
Small sensory cells with microvilli
Probably function to sense the environment
Granule cells
Small cells with granules containing serotonin, catecholamines, and calcitonin
Endocrine function
What are the components of the conducting portion?
Nose (nasal cavities) Nasopharynx/pharynx Larynx (voice box) Trachea Primary bronchi (2) Secondary bronchi Terminal bronchioles
What are the components of the respiratory portion?
Alveoli
As air passes through the conducting system, it is _______, _______, and _______ before it hits the alveoli.
warmed; filtered; humidified
Nasal cavities
Two nasal cavities (right and left)
Composed of external, dilated vestibule and an internal nasal cavity
Nares
Nostrils
Vibrissae
Nose hairs that filter out particulate material
Skin of the nose enters the nares partway into the _______ and has _______, _______, and _______.
vestibules; sweat glands; sebaceous glands; vibrissae
Within the vestibule, the epithelium loses its _______ nature and undergoes a transition to typical _______ epithelium before entering the nasal cavities.
keratinized; pseudostratified columnar
The nasal cavities within the skull are separated by the _______.
osseous nasal septum
Conchae
Aka turbinates
Three bony projections extending from each lateral wall of the nasal cavities
Superior, middle, and inferior conchae
The middle and inferior conchae are covered with _______ epithelium.
respiratory
The roof of the nasal cavities and the superior conchae are covered with specialized _______ epithelium.
olfactory
Olfactory epithelium
Thick, pseudostratified columnar epithelium containing three major cell types
Olfactory neurons
Supporting cells
Basal cells
Contain chemoreceptors for sense of smell
Olfactory neurons
Bipolar neurons present throughout olfactory epithelium
Apical pole is its dendrite end and has a knoblike swelling with ~12 basal bodies
Cilia emerge from basal bodies (nonmotile) and provide surface area for chemoreceptors
Supporting cells
Tall columnar cells with broad, cylindrical apexes found in the olfactory epithelium
Contain microvilli submerged in a fluid layer
Basal cells
Small, spherical, or cone-shaped stem cells near the basal lamina that differentiate into both olfactory neurons and supporting cells
The lamina propria of the olfactory epithelium contains large, serous _______ which produce a constant flow of fluid surrounding the _______ and facilitating access of new odoriferous substances.
olfactory glands (of Bowman); olfactory cells
The lamina propria of the conchae (turbinates) contains _______.
swell bodies
Swell bodies
Plexus of small veins in the lamina propria of the nasal conchae that alternate swelling on either side (either nasal cavity) every 20-30 min
Swelling causes tissue to become thicker, allowing less air to come through
Guards against excessive desiccation (drying out)
Why it is hard to breathe when you have a cold?
The swell bodies of both nasal cavities swell at the same time, allowing less air to come through
Olfactory/Bowman’s gland
Gland found in the lamina propria of the olfactory epithelium
Has a watery secretion that clears the surface of the epithelium so new odoriferous material can come in
VNO
Vomeronasal organ
Region in the conchae
May be vestigial in humans
Very prominent in other mammals; used for pheromone detection
Paranasal sinuses
Spongy cavity lined with pseudostratified columnar epithelium Maxillary sinus Frontal sinus Ethmoid air cells (near eyes) Sphenoid sinuses (near temples)
Contain goblet cells that constantly drain into the nasal fossa (cavity)
The pharynx consists of the _______, _______, _______, and the _______.
nasopharynx; pharyngeal (adenoid) tonsil; oropharynx; laryngopharynx
The nasal cavities open up into the _______.
nasopharynx
Nasopharynx
First part of the pharynx located behind the nasal fossa (cavities)
Lined with pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Contains 2 bilateral Eustachian tubes that connect to the middle ear
Eustachian tubes function to do what?
Regulate air pressure
Larynx
Aka voicebox
Short passage for air between the pharynx and trachea
Has a rigid wall, reinforced by hyaline and elastic cartilage
Has specialized folds that function for vocalization
What are the hyaline and elastic cartilages of the larynx?
Thyroid cartilages
Cuneiform cartilages
Corniculate cartilages
Arytenoid cartilages (paired)
True vocal cords function to _______, while false vocal cords are _______.
make noise; vestibular folds
Epiglottis
Cartilaginous structure projecting from the upper rim of the larynx that prevents swallowed food from entering the larynx
Laryngeal prominence
Aka Adam’s apple
Prominence of the larynx
Trachea
Fibroelastic tube of the respiratory tract that leads down the mid thorax region where it terminates
Epithelium of mucosal lining is respiratory epithelium with a very thick basement membrane
Contains C-shaped rings of cartilage that keep the tube open
Distinguishing features of the trachea.
Respiratory epithelium of the mucosal lining has a very thick basement membrane
In the lamina propria, hyaline cartilage forms C-shaped rings located at regular intervals that keep the tube of the trachea open
The lamina propria and submucosa of the trachea contain _______.
BALT (bronchial associated lymphoid tissue)
The submucosa of the trachea contains _______ glands.
seromucous
Does the trachea have a serosa or an adventitia?
Adventitia
Primary bronchi
Same structure as the trachea
Branch into secondary bronchi
Secondary bronchi
2 on the left side and 3 on the right side
Service the lobes of the lungs
Cartilage is broken up (distinguishing feature)
Bronchioles
Tubes of less than 5 mm in diameter
Terminal and respiratory bronchioles
Goblet cells are only found in larger bronchioles
Contain Clara cells
Clara cells
Large, dome-shaped cells found only in the terminal bronchioles
Produce an antioxidant called Clara cell protein (CC16) and lipoprotein that prevents collapsing of bronchiole
There are over _______ alveoli per lung.
300 million
The wall of the alveoli are made up of simple epithelium called _______.
pneumocytes
Type I pneumocytes
Simple squamous epithelium
Define the wall of the alveoli
Type II pneumocytes
Aka great alveolar cell
Simple cuboidal epithelium
Differentiate late in development under the influence of the stress hormone cortisol produced by the fetus
Each alveolus has a _______ beneath it.
capillary bed
Type II pneumocytes produce _______.
surfactant
Surfactant
A wetting agent that decreases surface tension and allows the alveoli to expand
PAF
Platelet activating factor
Controls secretion of surfactant
_______ roam in the alveoli to clean them of debris.
Macrophages
Dust cells
Macrophages in the lungs and respiratory tract that have grainy particles in their cytoplasm
Brush cells detect _______.
air quality
