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Histology > Ch. 17 - The Respiratory System > Flashcards

Ch. 17 - The Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

The two portions of the respiratory system are the _______ and the _______.

A

conducting portion; respiratory portion

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2
Q

Conducting portion

A

Tubes/airways of the respiratory system
Strictly function in conducting air
No gas exchange

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3
Q

Respiratory portion

A

Alveoli

Function in gas exchange

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4
Q

What is the main tissue type of the respiratory system?

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

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5
Q

The cilia of respiratory epithelium functions to do what?

A

Move mucus up towards the throat, away from the lungs, where it gets swallowed

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6
Q

Why is swallowing mucus beneficial?

A

The low pH of the stomach kills bacteria

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7
Q

Goblet cells interspersed with respiratory epithelia produce _______.

A

mucus

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8
Q

Mucus produced by goblet cells is very _______ and functions to _______ and _______.

A

viscous; keep tissues moist; trap dust and bacteria

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9
Q

Name the 5 cell types of the respiratory system.

A 
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium 
Goblet cells
Basal cells 
Brush cells 
Granule cells
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10
Q

Basal cells

A

Stem cells of the respiratory system

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11
Q

Brush cells

A

Small sensory cells with microvilli

Probably function to sense the environment

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12
Q

Granule cells

A

Small cells with granules containing serotonin, catecholamines, and calcitonin
Endocrine function

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13
Q

What are the components of the conducting portion?

A 
Nose (nasal cavities) 
Nasopharynx/pharynx 
Larynx (voice box) 
Trachea 
Primary bronchi (2) 
Secondary bronchi 
Terminal bronchioles
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14
Q

What are the components of the respiratory portion?

A

Alveoli

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15
Q

As air passes through the conducting system, it is _______, _______, and _______ before it hits the alveoli.

A

warmed; filtered; humidified

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16
Q

Nasal cavities

A

Two nasal cavities (right and left)

Composed of external, dilated vestibule and an internal nasal cavity

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17
Q

Nares

A

Nostrils

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18
Q

Vibrissae

A

Nose hairs that filter out particulate material

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19
Q

Skin of the nose enters the nares partway into the _______ and has _______, _______, and _______.

A

vestibules; sweat glands; sebaceous glands; vibrissae

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20
Q

Within the vestibule, the epithelium loses its _______ nature and undergoes a transition to typical _______ epithelium before entering the nasal cavities.

A

keratinized; pseudostratified columnar

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21
Q

The nasal cavities within the skull are separated by the _______.

A

osseous nasal septum

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22
Q

Conchae

A

Aka turbinates
Three bony projections extending from each lateral wall of the nasal cavities
Superior, middle, and inferior conchae

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23
Q

The middle and inferior conchae are covered with _______ epithelium.

A

respiratory

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24
Q

The roof of the nasal cavities and the superior conchae are covered with specialized _______ epithelium.

A

olfactory

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25
Q

Olfactory epithelium

A

Thick, pseudostratified columnar epithelium containing three major cell types
Olfactory neurons
Supporting cells
Basal cells

Contain chemoreceptors for sense of smell

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26
Q

Olfactory neurons

A

Bipolar neurons present throughout olfactory epithelium
Apical pole is its dendrite end and has a knoblike swelling with ~12 basal bodies
Cilia emerge from basal bodies (nonmotile) and provide surface area for chemoreceptors

27
Q

Supporting cells

A

Tall columnar cells with broad, cylindrical apexes found in the olfactory epithelium
Contain microvilli submerged in a fluid layer

28
Q

Basal cells

A

Small, spherical, or cone-shaped stem cells near the basal lamina that differentiate into both olfactory neurons and supporting cells

29
Q

The lamina propria of the olfactory epithelium contains large, serous _______ which produce a constant flow of fluid surrounding the _______ and facilitating access of new odoriferous substances.

A

olfactory glands (of Bowman); olfactory cells

30
Q

The lamina propria of the conchae (turbinates) contains _______.

A

swell bodies

31
Q

Swell bodies

A

Plexus of small veins in the lamina propria of the nasal conchae that alternate swelling on either side (either nasal cavity) every 20-30 min
Swelling causes tissue to become thicker, allowing less air to come through
Guards against excessive desiccation (drying out)

32
Q

Why it is hard to breathe when you have a cold?

A

The swell bodies of both nasal cavities swell at the same time, allowing less air to come through

33
Q

Olfactory/Bowman’s gland

A

Gland found in the lamina propria of the olfactory epithelium
Has a watery secretion that clears the surface of the epithelium so new odoriferous material can come in

34
Q

VNO

A

Vomeronasal organ
Region in the conchae
May be vestigial in humans
Very prominent in other mammals; used for pheromone detection

35
Q

Paranasal sinuses

A 
Spongy cavity lined with pseudostratified columnar epithelium 
Maxillary sinus 
Frontal sinus 
Ethmoid air cells (near eyes) 
Sphenoid sinuses (near temples)

Contain goblet cells that constantly drain into the nasal fossa (cavity)

36
Q

The pharynx consists of the _______, _______, _______, and the _______.

A

nasopharynx; pharyngeal (adenoid) tonsil; oropharynx; laryngopharynx

37
Q

The nasal cavities open up into the _______.

A

nasopharynx

38
Q

Nasopharynx

A

First part of the pharynx located behind the nasal fossa (cavities)
Lined with pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Contains 2 bilateral Eustachian tubes that connect to the middle ear

39
Q

Eustachian tubes function to do what?

A

Regulate air pressure

40
Q

Larynx

A

Aka voicebox
Short passage for air between the pharynx and trachea
Has a rigid wall, reinforced by hyaline and elastic cartilage
Has specialized folds that function for vocalization

41
Q

What are the hyaline and elastic cartilages of the larynx?

A

Thyroid cartilages
Cuneiform cartilages
Corniculate cartilages
Arytenoid cartilages (paired)

42
Q

True vocal cords function to _______, while false vocal cords are _______.

A

make noise; vestibular folds

43
Q

Epiglottis

A

Cartilaginous structure projecting from the upper rim of the larynx that prevents swallowed food from entering the larynx

44
Q

Laryngeal prominence

A

Aka Adam’s apple

Prominence of the larynx

45
Q

Trachea

A

Fibroelastic tube of the respiratory tract that leads down the mid thorax region where it terminates
Epithelium of mucosal lining is respiratory epithelium with a very thick basement membrane
Contains C-shaped rings of cartilage that keep the tube open

46
Q

Distinguishing features of the trachea.

A

Respiratory epithelium of the mucosal lining has a very thick basement membrane
In the lamina propria, hyaline cartilage forms C-shaped rings located at regular intervals that keep the tube of the trachea open

47
Q

The lamina propria and submucosa of the trachea contain _______.

A

BALT (bronchial associated lymphoid tissue)

48
Q

The submucosa of the trachea contains _______ glands.

A

seromucous

49
Q

Does the trachea have a serosa or an adventitia?

A

Adventitia

50
Q

Primary bronchi

A

Same structure as the trachea

Branch into secondary bronchi

51
Q

Secondary bronchi

A

2 on the left side and 3 on the right side
Service the lobes of the lungs
Cartilage is broken up (distinguishing feature)

52
Q

Bronchioles

A

Tubes of less than 5 mm in diameter
Terminal and respiratory bronchioles
Goblet cells are only found in larger bronchioles
Contain Clara cells

53
Q

Clara cells

A

Large, dome-shaped cells found only in the terminal bronchioles
Produce an antioxidant called Clara cell protein (CC16) and lipoprotein that prevents collapsing of bronchiole

54
Q

There are over _______ alveoli per lung.

A

300 million

55
Q

The wall of the alveoli are made up of simple epithelium called _______.

A

pneumocytes

56
Q

Type I pneumocytes

A

Simple squamous epithelium

Define the wall of the alveoli

57
Q

Type II pneumocytes

A

Aka great alveolar cell
Simple cuboidal epithelium
Differentiate late in development under the influence of the stress hormone cortisol produced by the fetus

58
Q

Each alveolus has a _______ beneath it.

A

capillary bed

59
Q

Type II pneumocytes produce _______.

A

surfactant

60
Q

Surfactant

A

A wetting agent that decreases surface tension and allows the alveoli to expand

61
Q

PAF

A

Platelet activating factor

Controls secretion of surfactant

62
Q

_______ roam in the alveoli to clean them of debris.

A

Macrophages

63
Q

Dust cells

A

Macrophages in the lungs and respiratory tract that have grainy particles in their cytoplasm

64
Q

Brush cells detect _______.

A

air quality

Histology (14 decks)

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