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Histology > Ch. 17 - The Respiratory System > Flashcards

Ch. 17 - The Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

The two portions of the respiratory system are the _______ and the _______.

A

conducting portion; respiratory portion

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2
Q

Conducting portion

A

Tubes/airways of the respiratory system
Strictly function in conducting air
No gas exchange

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3
Q

Respiratory portion

A

Alveoli

Function in gas exchange

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4
Q

What is the main tissue type of the respiratory system?

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

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5
Q

The cilia of respiratory epithelium functions to do what?

A

Move mucus up towards the throat, away from the lungs, where it gets swallowed

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6
Q

Why is swallowing mucus beneficial?

A

The low pH of the stomach kills bacteria

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7
Q

Goblet cells interspersed with respiratory epithelia produce _______.

A

mucus

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8
Q

Mucus produced by goblet cells is very _______ and functions to _______ and _______.

A

viscous; keep tissues moist; trap dust and bacteria

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9
Q

Name the 5 cell types of the respiratory system.

A 
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium 
Goblet cells
Basal cells 
Brush cells 
Granule cells
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10
Q

Basal cells

A

Stem cells of the respiratory system

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11
Q

Brush cells

A

Small sensory cells with microvilli

Probably function to sense the environment

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12
Q

Granule cells

A

Small cells with granules containing serotonin, catecholamines, and calcitonin
Endocrine function

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13
Q

What are the components of the conducting portion?

A 
Nose (nasal cavities) 
Nasopharynx/pharynx 
Larynx (voice box) 
Trachea 
Primary bronchi (2) 
Secondary bronchi 
Terminal bronchioles
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14
Q

What are the components of the respiratory portion?

A

Alveoli

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15
Q

As air passes through the conducting system, it is _______, _______, and _______ before it hits the alveoli.

A

warmed; filtered; humidified

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16
Q

Nasal cavities

A

Two nasal cavities (right and left)

Composed of external, dilated vestibule and an internal nasal cavity

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17
Q

Nares

A

Nostrils

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18
Q

Vibrissae

A

Nose hairs that filter out particulate material

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19
Q

Skin of the nose enters the nares partway into the _______ and has _______, _______, and _______.

A

vestibules; sweat glands; sebaceous glands; vibrissae

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20
Q

Within the vestibule, the epithelium loses its _______ nature and undergoes a transition to typical _______ epithelium before entering the nasal cavities.

A

keratinized; pseudostratified columnar

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21
Q

The nasal cavities within the skull are separated by the _______.

A

osseous nasal septum

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22
Q

Conchae

A

Aka turbinates
Three bony projections extending from each lateral wall of the nasal cavities
Superior, middle, and inferior conchae

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23
Q

The middle and inferior conchae are covered with _______ epithelium.

A

respiratory

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24
Q

The roof of the nasal cavities and the superior conchae are covered with specialized _______ epithelium.

A

olfactory

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25
Olfactory epithelium
Thick, pseudostratified columnar epithelium containing three major cell types Olfactory neurons Supporting cells Basal cells Contain chemoreceptors for sense of smell
26
Olfactory neurons
Bipolar neurons present throughout olfactory epithelium Apical pole is its dendrite end and has a knoblike swelling with ~12 basal bodies Cilia emerge from basal bodies (nonmotile) and provide surface area for chemoreceptors
27
Supporting cells
Tall columnar cells with broad, cylindrical apexes found in the olfactory epithelium Contain microvilli submerged in a fluid layer
28
Basal cells
Small, spherical, or cone-shaped stem cells near the basal lamina that differentiate into both olfactory neurons and supporting cells
29
The lamina propria of the olfactory epithelium contains large, serous _______ which produce a constant flow of fluid surrounding the _______ and facilitating access of new odoriferous substances.
olfactory glands (of Bowman); olfactory cells
30
The lamina propria of the conchae (turbinates) contains _______.
swell bodies
31
Swell bodies
Plexus of small veins in the lamina propria of the nasal conchae that alternate swelling on either side (either nasal cavity) every 20-30 min Swelling causes tissue to become thicker, allowing less air to come through Guards against excessive desiccation (drying out)
32
Why it is hard to breathe when you have a cold?
The swell bodies of both nasal cavities swell at the same time, allowing less air to come through
33
Olfactory/Bowman's gland
Gland found in the lamina propria of the olfactory epithelium Has a watery secretion that clears the surface of the epithelium so new odoriferous material can come in
34
VNO
Vomeronasal organ Region in the conchae May be vestigial in humans Very prominent in other mammals; used for pheromone detection
35
Paranasal sinuses
``` Spongy cavity lined with pseudostratified columnar epithelium Maxillary sinus Frontal sinus Ethmoid air cells (near eyes) Sphenoid sinuses (near temples) ``` Contain goblet cells that constantly drain into the nasal fossa (cavity)
36
The pharynx consists of the _______, _______, _______, and the _______.
nasopharynx; pharyngeal (adenoid) tonsil; oropharynx; laryngopharynx
37
The nasal cavities open up into the _______.
nasopharynx
38
Nasopharynx
First part of the pharynx located behind the nasal fossa (cavities) Lined with pseudostratified columnar epithelium Contains 2 bilateral Eustachian tubes that connect to the middle ear
39
Eustachian tubes function to do what?
Regulate air pressure
40
Larynx
Aka voicebox Short passage for air between the pharynx and trachea Has a rigid wall, reinforced by hyaline and elastic cartilage Has specialized folds that function for vocalization
41
What are the hyaline and elastic cartilages of the larynx?
Thyroid cartilages Cuneiform cartilages Corniculate cartilages Arytenoid cartilages (paired)
42
True vocal cords function to _______, while false vocal cords are _______.
make noise; vestibular folds
43
Epiglottis
Cartilaginous structure projecting from the upper rim of the larynx that prevents swallowed food from entering the larynx
44
Laryngeal prominence
Aka Adam's apple | Prominence of the larynx
45
Trachea
Fibroelastic tube of the respiratory tract that leads down the mid thorax region where it terminates Epithelium of mucosal lining is respiratory epithelium with a very thick basement membrane Contains C-shaped rings of cartilage that keep the tube open
46
Distinguishing features of the trachea.
Respiratory epithelium of the mucosal lining has a very thick basement membrane In the lamina propria, hyaline cartilage forms C-shaped rings located at regular intervals that keep the tube of the trachea open
47
The lamina propria and submucosa of the trachea contain _______.
BALT (bronchial associated lymphoid tissue)
48
The submucosa of the trachea contains _______ glands.
seromucous
49
Does the trachea have a serosa or an adventitia?
Adventitia
50
Primary bronchi
Same structure as the trachea | Branch into secondary bronchi
51
Secondary bronchi
2 on the left side and 3 on the right side Service the lobes of the lungs Cartilage is broken up (distinguishing feature)
52
Bronchioles
Tubes of less than 5 mm in diameter Terminal and respiratory bronchioles Goblet cells are only found in larger bronchioles Contain Clara cells
53
Clara cells
Large, dome-shaped cells found only in the terminal bronchioles Produce an antioxidant called Clara cell protein (CC16) and lipoprotein that prevents collapsing of bronchiole
54
There are over _______ alveoli per lung.
300 million
55
The wall of the alveoli are made up of simple epithelium called _______.
pneumocytes
56
Type I pneumocytes
Simple squamous epithelium | Define the wall of the alveoli
57
Type II pneumocytes
Aka great alveolar cell Simple cuboidal epithelium Differentiate late in development under the influence of the stress hormone cortisol produced by the fetus
58
Each alveolus has a _______ beneath it.
capillary bed
59
Type II pneumocytes produce _______.
surfactant
60
Surfactant
A wetting agent that decreases surface tension and allows the alveoli to expand
61
PAF
Platelet activating factor | Controls secretion of surfactant
62
_______ roam in the alveoli to clean them of debris.
Macrophages
63
Dust cells
Macrophages in the lungs and respiratory tract that have grainy particles in their cytoplasm
64
Brush cells detect _______.
air quality

Histology (14 decks)

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