Ch. 2 - The Cytoplasm

Question 1

What is the functional and structural unit of a tissue?

Answer 1

The cell

Question 2

Eukaryotic cell

Answer 2

Cells with distinct membranous nuclei surrounded by cytoplasm containing membrane-bound organelles

Larger than prokaryotic cells

I.e. animals

Question 3

Prokaryotic cell

Answer 3

Cells with a cell wall around the plasmalemma and lack membranous structures

Smaller than eukaryotic cells

I.e. bacteria

Question 4

Zygote

Answer 4

The single cell formed by the merger of a spermatozoon with an oocyte at fertilization

Question 5

Blastomeres

Answer 5

Cells produced by the first zygotic cellular divisions

Give rise to all tissue types of the fetus

Question 6

Embryonic stem cells

Answer 6

Pluripotent stem cells derived from the inner mass of the embryo

Question 7

Cell differentiation

Answer 7

Specialization of embryonic stem cells

Cells synthesize increased quantities of specific proteins and become very efficient in specialized functions

Often change shape to match function

Question 8

What is an example of cell differentiation?

Answer 8

Muscle cell precursors elongate into fiber-like cells containing large arrays of actin and myosin

Question 9

Name the specialized activity of muscle and contractile cells.

Answer 9

Movement

Question 10

Name the specialized activity of epithelial cells.

Answer 10

Form adhesive and tight junctions between cells

Question 11

Name the specialized activity of fibroblasts and the cells of bone and cartilage.

Answer 11

Synthesize and secrete components of the ECM

Question 12

Name the specialized activity of neurons and sensory cells.

Answer 12

Convert physical and chemical stimuli into action potentials

Question 13

Name the specialized activity of cells of the digestive glands.

Answer 13

Synthesis and secretion of degradative enzymes

Question 14

Name the specialized activity of cells of mucous glands.

Answer 14

Synthesis and secretion of glycoproteins

Question 15

Name the specialized activity of certain cells of the adrenal gland, testes and ovaries.

Answer 15

Synthesis and secretion of steroids

Question 16

Name the specialized activity of cells of the kidney and salivary gland ducts.

Answer 16

Ion transport

Question 17

Name the specialized activity of macrophages and neutrophils.

Answer 17

Intracellular digestion

Question 18

Name the specialized activity of fat cells.

Answer 18

Lipid storage

Question 19

Name the specialized activity of cells lining the intestine.

Answer 19

Metabolite absorption

Question 20

Specialized functions _______ be performed by most cells of the body.

Answer 20

can

Specialized cells just have an expanded capacity for these functions

Question 21

Cytoplasm

Answer 21

Surrounds the nucleus

Question 22

Nucleus

Answer 22

Membrane-bound organelle found in eukaryotic cells that holds the genetic material

Question 23

Plasma membrane or Plasmalemma

Answer 23

Outermost component of the cell
Separates the cytoplasm from the extracellular environment

Selective barrier, regulating that passage of materials in and our of the cell and facilitating transport of specific molecules
Maintains the ion content of cytoplasm

Question 24

Integrins

Answer 24

Proteins of the plasma membrane that link the cytoplasm and the ECM

Question 25

Cytosol

Answer 25

Fluid inside the cytoplasm that bathes the organelles

Question 26

Organelle

Answer 26

Metabolically active structures within the cell cytoplasm | May be membranous or nonmembranous

Question 27

Cytoskeleton

Answer 27

Determines the shape and motility of eukaryotic cells

Question 28

Inclusions

Answer 28

Deposits of carbohydrates, lipids, and pigments

Question 29

What is the plasma membrane made up of?

Answer 29

Amphipathic phospholipids consisting of long-chain fatty acids linked to a hydrophilic head that bears a phosphate group Form a phospholipid bilayer Cholesterol molecules insert at varying densities among the bilayer to provide rigidity to restrict movement The outer layer contains glycolipids which contribute to the glycocalyx

Question 30

Glycolipids

Answer 30

Outer lipids of the plasma membrane Include oligosaccharide (sugar) chains that extend outward from the cell surface and contribute to the glycocalyx

Question 31

Integral proteins

Answer 31

Proteins that are directly incorporated within the lipid bilayer and permanently attached to it Can only be extracted from cells via detergents that disrupt lipids All transmembrane proteins are integral proteins, but not all integral proteins are transmembrane proteins

Question 32

Peripheral proteins

Answer 32

Proteins that are temporarily attached to the lipid bilayer | Can ge easily extracted from cells via salt solutions

Question 33

Transmembrane proteins

Answer 33

Proteins that span the bilayer (from one side to the other) All transmembrane proteins are integral proteins, but not all integral proteins are transmembrane proteins

Question 34

Carbohydrate moieties of glycoproteins project from the _______ surface of the plasma membrane and are important components of proteins acting as _______.

Answer 34

receptors

Question 35

The distribution of membrane polypeptides is _______ in the two surfaces of the cell membranes. Therefore, all membranes in the cell are _______.

Answer 35

different; asymmetric