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Histology > Ch. 4 - Epithelial Tissue > Flashcards

Ch. 4 - Epithelial Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Four types of tissue

A
  1. Epithelial
  2. Muscular
  3. Connective
  4. Nervous
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2
Q

Connective tissue (CT) key characteristic

A

Abundant ECM

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3
Q

Muscle tissue key characteristic

A

Elongated cells specialized for contraction and movement

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4
Q

Nervous tissue key characteristic

A

Long, fine processes specialized to receive, generate, and transmit nerve impulses

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5
Q

Most organs can be divided into _______ and _______.

A

parenchyma, stroma

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6
Q

Parenchyma

A

The cells responsible for the organs’ specialized functions

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7
Q

Stroma

A

The cells that have a supporting role in the organ

Always CT except in the brain and spinal cord

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8
Q

Epithelial tissue key characteristic

A

Tight junctions

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9
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

Cellular sheets that line the cavities of organs and cover the body surface

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10
Q

What are the three principal functions of epithelial tissue? Give an example of each.

A
  1. Covering, lining, and protecting surfaces (epidermis)
  2. Absorption (intestinal lining)
  3. Secretion (parenchymal cells of glands)
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11
Q

Basement membrane

A

Amorphous, nonvascular, nonliving material secreted by the cell made up of protein, collagen, lamanin, fibronectin, and others

Connects and anchors the cell to the CT below (lamina propria) and filters material

Light microscopy term

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12
Q

Is epithelium vascular or avascular?

A

Avascular

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13
Q

How does epithelium obtain nutrients?

A

Absorption from the surrounding tissue via simple diffusion

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14
Q

Basal lamina

A

Same as basement membrane, but a TEM term

Divided into basal lamina and reticular lamina

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15
Q

Lamina propria

A

The CT beneath epithelial cells
Provides nutrients to the cells
Gives the cell a polarity

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16
Q

Cell polarity and two examples

A

Cells have different specializations and functions at different regions of the cell

I.e. apical specializations - microvilli
basal specializations - junctions

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17
Q

The basement membrane allows the cell to do what three things?

A
  1. Differentiate
  2. Provides movement
  3. Signal transduction
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18
Q

Signal transduction

A

Aka cell signaling

Transmission of molecular signals from a cell’s exterior to its interior

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19
Q

What are the three types of cell junctions?

A
  1. Adhesion junctions
  2. Gap junctions
  3. Tight junctions
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20
Q

Adhesion junctions

A

Attaches cells to other cells and to membranes

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21
Q

Gap junctions

A

Communicating junctions
Transient
Each cell manufactures connexins

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22
Q

Tight junctions

A

Junctions that form a seal between two cells

I.e. zona occludens

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23
Q

Zona occludens

A

Tight junction found at cell apex
Cells fuse at this point
Inhibits paracellular movement

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24
Q

Zona adherens

A

Adhesion junctions found on the sides of cells
Involves interactions of integral proteins
Forms a band between the two cells

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25
Macula adherens
Aka desmosome or "spot" junctions Interactions of proteins Adhesion junctions that form spot junctions, as opposed to the band junction found in zona adherens
26
Paracellular movement
Movement of material through small spaces between cells
27
What happens when someone has Celiac's disease?
When people are hyper-allergic to gluten, their intestinal cells release zonulin, a protein that breaks down the tight junctions between the intestinal cells. Gluten passes through and causes a painful response.
28
Microvilli
Apical specialization of epithelium Very small, nonmotile extensions of the surface membrane that increase the surface area of the cell Important for absorption Contain actin filaments
29
Brush border
Dark band observed under the light microscope Site of microvilli at the apex of the cell Can't see individual microvilli
30
Cilia
Structure on the apex of the cell that aid in movement of materials across the cell surface (usually of mucous) Have 9+2 arrangement Shorter and more numerous than flagella Found mainly in respiratory cells
31
9+2 arrangement
9 pairs of microtubules in a ring around a central pair | Found in cilia and flagella
32
Flagella
Structure on the cell that aids in movement Have 9+2 arrangement Longer and less numerous that cilia Only cells in humans with flagella are sperm cells
33
Dynein
Motor protein that binds to ATP and causes movement via sliding filament Found in the microtubules of cilia and flagella on side arms
34
What are the two main groups of epithelia?
1. Lining or Covering epithelia | 2. Secretory epithelia and glands
35
Lining/Covering epithelia
Organized into one or more layers that cover the external surface or line the cavities of organs Classified according to the number of cell layers and the cell morphology in the surface layer
36
Simple epithelia
One layer of cells Simple cuboidal Simple columnar Simple squamous
37
Stratified epithelia
Two or more layers of cells Stratified, squamous, or columnar (rare) Name for the top layer of cells i.e. stratified squamous (skin)
38
Stratified squamous cells
Important for protection | I.e. skin cells are stratified squamous cells
39
The epidermis is made up of _______ cells.
keratinized stratified squamous
40
Keratin
Protein that guards against loss of water (water proof) | Found in the epidermis, hair, nails
41
Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Protects against abrasion Not water proof Kept moist by mucous I.e. vagina, esophagus
42
Transitional epithelium
Aka uroepithelium or urothelium Specialized epithelium that undergoes transition depending on what the organ is doing I.e. bladder cells stretch when the bladder is full and contract ("dome shaped") when it is empty Found in the bladder, ureters, and part of the urethra
43
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
Cells unique to the respiratory tract Nuclei are located at different planes because the cells are different heights Looks like the cells are stratified but they are simple All cells are anchored to the same basement membrane
44
Gland
Specialized cells or organs made up of epithelial cells that function mainly to produce and secrete various macromolecules
45
Secretory granules
Membrane-bound vesicles that store products to be secreted by glands
46
Unicellular gland
Secretory cells that function as a gland Usually simple cuboidal, simple columnar, and pseudostratified epithelia I.e. goblet cells (exocrine), enterochromaffin cells (endocrine)
47
Goblet cells
Cells that act as glands | Secrete mucus
48
Enterochromaffin cells
Cells that acts as endocrine glands | Secrete the hormone serotonin
49
Multicellular glands can be either _______ or _______.
endocrine; exocrine
50
Endocrine glands
Clusters of cells that secrete hormones to the blood vessels
51
Exocrine glands
Duct glands | Release produce into a duct
52
Apocrine secretion
Release from the apex of the cell The apex ruptures and the cell dies via apoptosis I.e. apocrine sweat glands (secrete into hair follicle)
53
Holocrine secretion
Entire cell breaks and becomes secretory product Secrete "oil" I.e. sebaceous glands (found in the skin)
54
The epidermis (keratinized stratified squamous epithelium) is a _______ population of cells.
renewable
55
Merocrine secretion
Exocytosis of protein of glycoprotein from membrane-bound vesicles Most common form Only form where the cell doesn't die
56
Simple glands
The glands have ducts and are not branched
57
Compound glands
Glands with ducts with two or more branches | Can have branching ducts and can have multiple tubular, acinar, or tubuloacinar secretory portions
58
Glands can be classified as _______ glands or as _______ glands.
simple; compound
59
Secretory portions can be _______ or _______.
tubular; acinar
60
Tubular secretory portions cons be either _______ or _______.
short; long and coiled
61
Acinar secretory portions
Rounded and saclike | Can be single or branched
62
Where are simple tubular exocrine glands found?
Mucous glands of the colon | Intestinal glands or crypts
63
Myoepithelial cells
Specialized epithelial cells that can contract due to actin and myosin Found on the outside of the cells of exocrine glands When they contract, they squeeze the gland I.e. mammary and salivary glands
64
Epithelioid
Not facing the lumen
65
Axoneme
The central core of cilia and flagella Has a 9+2 arrangement Has side arms consisting of dynein that allow movement
66
Where can simple squamous epithelium be found?
Alveoli | Capillaries
67
Where can simple cuboidal epithelium be found?
Kidney Nephron Thyroid gland follicles
68
Where can simple columnar epithelium be found?
Intestine
69
Where can pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium be found?
Respiratory tract
70
Where can transitional epithelium be found?
Urinary bladdar Urerters Most of the urethra
71
Neuroepithelial cells
I.e. olfactory and gustatory cells
72
Merocrine secretion from genes to product
1. Transcription 2. Translation 3. Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) 4. Golgi apparatus 5. Vesicles formed 6. Exocytosis
73
Mucous vs mucus
Mucous refers to a mucous cell | Mucus is the noun form

Histology (14 decks)

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