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Histology > Ch. 4 - Epithelial Tissue > Flashcards

Ch. 4 - Epithelial Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Four types of tissue

A
  1. Epithelial
  2. Muscular
  3. Connective
  4. Nervous
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2
Q

Connective tissue (CT) key characteristic

A

Abundant ECM

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3
Q

Muscle tissue key characteristic

A

Elongated cells specialized for contraction and movement

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4
Q

Nervous tissue key characteristic

A

Long, fine processes specialized to receive, generate, and transmit nerve impulses

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5
Q

Most organs can be divided into _______ and _______.

A

parenchyma, stroma

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6
Q

Parenchyma

A

The cells responsible for the organs’ specialized functions

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7
Q

Stroma

A

The cells that have a supporting role in the organ

Always CT except in the brain and spinal cord

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8
Q

Epithelial tissue key characteristic

A

Tight junctions

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9
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

Cellular sheets that line the cavities of organs and cover the body surface

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10
Q

What are the three principal functions of epithelial tissue? Give an example of each.

A
  1. Covering, lining, and protecting surfaces (epidermis)
  2. Absorption (intestinal lining)
  3. Secretion (parenchymal cells of glands)
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11
Q

Basement membrane

A

Amorphous, nonvascular, nonliving material secreted by the cell made up of protein, collagen, lamanin, fibronectin, and others

Connects and anchors the cell to the CT below (lamina propria) and filters material

Light microscopy term

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12
Q

Is epithelium vascular or avascular?

A

Avascular

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13
Q

How does epithelium obtain nutrients?

A

Absorption from the surrounding tissue via simple diffusion

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14
Q

Basal lamina

A

Same as basement membrane, but a TEM term

Divided into basal lamina and reticular lamina

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15
Q

Lamina propria

A

The CT beneath epithelial cells
Provides nutrients to the cells
Gives the cell a polarity

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16
Q

Cell polarity and two examples

A

Cells have different specializations and functions at different regions of the cell

I.e. apical specializations - microvilli
basal specializations - junctions

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17
Q

The basement membrane allows the cell to do what three things?

A
  1. Differentiate
  2. Provides movement
  3. Signal transduction
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18
Q

Signal transduction

A

Aka cell signaling

Transmission of molecular signals from a cell’s exterior to its interior

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19
Q

What are the three types of cell junctions?

A
  1. Adhesion junctions
  2. Gap junctions
  3. Tight junctions
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20
Q

Adhesion junctions

A

Attaches cells to other cells and to membranes

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21
Q

Gap junctions

A

Communicating junctions
Transient
Each cell manufactures connexins

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22
Q

Tight junctions

A

Junctions that form a seal between two cells

I.e. zona occludens

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23
Q

Zona occludens

A

Tight junction found at cell apex
Cells fuse at this point
Inhibits paracellular movement

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24
Q

Zona adherens

A

Adhesion junctions found on the sides of cells
Involves interactions of integral proteins
Forms a band between the two cells

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25
Q

Macula adherens

A

Aka desmosome or “spot” junctions
Interactions of proteins
Adhesion junctions that form spot junctions, as opposed to the band junction found in zona adherens

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26
Q

Paracellular movement

A

Movement of material through small spaces between cells

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27
Q

What happens when someone has Celiac’s disease?

A

When people are hyper-allergic to gluten, their intestinal cells release zonulin, a protein that breaks down the tight junctions between the intestinal cells. Gluten passes through and causes a painful response.

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28
Q

Microvilli

A

Apical specialization of epithelium
Very small, nonmotile extensions of the surface membrane that increase the surface area of the cell
Important for absorption
Contain actin filaments

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29
Q

Brush border

A

Dark band observed under the light microscope
Site of microvilli at the apex of the cell
Can’t see individual microvilli

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30
Q

Cilia

A

Structure on the apex of the cell that aid in movement of materials across the cell surface (usually of mucous)
Have 9+2 arrangement
Shorter and more numerous than flagella
Found mainly in respiratory cells

31
Q

9+2 arrangement

A

9 pairs of microtubules in a ring around a central pair

Found in cilia and flagella

32
Q

Flagella

A

Structure on the cell that aids in movement
Have 9+2 arrangement
Longer and less numerous that cilia
Only cells in humans with flagella are sperm cells

33
Q

Dynein

A

Motor protein that binds to ATP and causes movement via sliding filament
Found in the microtubules of cilia and flagella on side arms

34
Q

What are the two main groups of epithelia?

A
  1. Lining or Covering epithelia

2. Secretory epithelia and glands

35
Q

Lining/Covering epithelia

A

Organized into one or more layers that cover the external surface or line the cavities of organs
Classified according to the number of cell layers and the cell morphology in the surface layer

36
Q

Simple epithelia

A

One layer of cells
Simple cuboidal
Simple columnar
Simple squamous

37
Q

Stratified epithelia

A

Two or more layers of cells
Stratified, squamous, or columnar (rare)
Name for the top layer of cells i.e. stratified squamous (skin)

38
Q

Stratified squamous cells

A

Important for protection

I.e. skin cells are stratified squamous cells

39
Q

The epidermis is made up of _______ cells.

A

keratinized stratified squamous

40
Q

Keratin

A

Protein that guards against loss of water (water proof)

Found in the epidermis, hair, nails

41
Q

Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

A

Protects against abrasion
Not water proof
Kept moist by mucous
I.e. vagina, esophagus

42
Q

Transitional epithelium

A

Aka uroepithelium or urothelium
Specialized epithelium that undergoes transition depending on what the organ is doing
I.e. bladder cells stretch when the bladder is full and contract (“dome shaped”) when it is empty
Found in the bladder, ureters, and part of the urethra

43
Q

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

A

Cells unique to the respiratory tract
Nuclei are located at different planes because the cells are different heights
Looks like the cells are stratified but they are simple
All cells are anchored to the same basement membrane

44
Q

Gland

A

Specialized cells or organs made up of epithelial cells that function mainly to produce and secrete various macromolecules

45
Q

Secretory granules

A

Membrane-bound vesicles that store products to be secreted by glands

46
Q

Unicellular gland

A

Secretory cells that function as a gland
Usually simple cuboidal, simple columnar, and pseudostratified epithelia
I.e. goblet cells (exocrine), enterochromaffin cells (endocrine)

47
Q

Goblet cells

A

Cells that act as glands

Secrete mucus

48
Q

Enterochromaffin cells

A

Cells that acts as endocrine glands

Secrete the hormone serotonin

49
Q

Multicellular glands can be either _______ or _______.

A

endocrine; exocrine

50
Q

Endocrine glands

A

Clusters of cells that secrete hormones to the blood vessels

51
Q

Exocrine glands

A

Duct glands

Release produce into a duct

52
Q

Apocrine secretion

A

Release from the apex of the cell
The apex ruptures and the cell dies via apoptosis
I.e. apocrine sweat glands (secrete into hair follicle)

53
Q

Holocrine secretion

A

Entire cell breaks and becomes secretory product
Secrete “oil”
I.e. sebaceous glands (found in the skin)

54
Q

The epidermis (keratinized stratified squamous epithelium) is a _______ population of cells.

A

renewable

55
Q

Merocrine secretion

A

Exocytosis of protein of glycoprotein from membrane-bound vesicles
Most common form
Only form where the cell doesn’t die

56
Q

Simple glands

A

The glands have ducts and are not branched

57
Q

Compound glands

A

Glands with ducts with two or more branches

Can have branching ducts and can have multiple tubular, acinar, or tubuloacinar secretory portions

58
Q

Glands can be classified as _______ glands or as _______ glands.

A

simple; compound

59
Q

Secretory portions can be _______ or _______.

A

tubular; acinar

60
Q

Tubular secretory portions cons be either _______ or _______.

A

short; long and coiled

61
Q

Acinar secretory portions

A

Rounded and saclike

Can be single or branched

62
Q

Where are simple tubular exocrine glands found?

A

Mucous glands of the colon

Intestinal glands or crypts

63
Q

Myoepithelial cells

A

Specialized epithelial cells that can contract due to actin and myosin
Found on the outside of the cells of exocrine glands
When they contract, they squeeze the gland
I.e. mammary and salivary glands

64
Q

Epithelioid

A

Not facing the lumen

65
Q

Axoneme

A

The central core of cilia and flagella
Has a 9+2 arrangement
Has side arms consisting of dynein that allow movement

66
Q

Where can simple squamous epithelium be found?

A

Alveoli

Capillaries

67
Q

Where can simple cuboidal epithelium be found?

A

Kidney
Nephron
Thyroid gland follicles

68
Q

Where can simple columnar epithelium be found?

A

Intestine

69
Q

Where can pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium be found?

A

Respiratory tract

70
Q

Where can transitional epithelium be found?

A

Urinary bladdar
Urerters
Most of the urethra

71
Q

Neuroepithelial cells

A

I.e. olfactory and gustatory cells

72
Q

Merocrine secretion from genes to product

A
  1. Transcription
  2. Translation
  3. Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)
  4. Golgi apparatus
  5. Vesicles formed
  6. Exocytosis
73
Q

Mucous vs mucus

A

Mucous refers to a mucous cell

Mucus is the noun form

Histology (14 decks)

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