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Histology > Ch. 9&10 - Nerve Tissue & Muscle Tissue > Flashcards

Ch. 9&10 - Nerve Tissue & Muscle Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Nerve tissue

A

Made up of neurons and glial cells

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2
Q

Neuron

A

Very Labile nerve cells

No CT, rely on glial cells

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3
Q

Glial cells

A

Cells of the nervous tissue that support the neurons
Aka neuroglia
~90% of the cell population
Maintain the nervous system
Support neurons physically and metabolically
Homeostatically maintain the environment around neuron so they aren’t affected by sudden changes
Secrete neurosteroids that act locally

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4
Q

Astrocytes

A

Glial cells found in the CNS
Regulate movement between the CNS and the blood
Anatomically and physiologically protect the blood-brain barrier
Derived from the ectoderm

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5
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Glial cells found in the CNS that lay down the myelin onto axons
Derived from the ectoderm

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6
Q

Ependymal cells

A

Glial cells found in the CNS that line the brain ventricles ad the central canal of the spinal cord
Some have cilia that are used for movement of CSF
Derived from the ectoderm

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7
Q

Microglia

A

Ag-presenting glial cells found in the gray and white matter of the CNS
Highly phagocytic immune cells of the CNS
Only glial cells that are derived from the mesoderm

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8
Q

Schwann cells

A

Glial cells found in the PNS
Deposit myelin onto axons
Derived from the ectoderm

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9
Q

What are the five types of glial cells?

A

Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells, microglia, and Schwann cells

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10
Q

Nervous system

A

Deciphers, analyzes, and integrates information
Regulates and controls output and therefore behavior
Bp regulation, pH, glucose levels, etc.

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11
Q

Perikaryon

A

Area surrounding the nucleus

Don’t use interchangeably with the word “cyton”

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12
Q

Cyton

A

Cell body of a neuron

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13
Q

Nissl bodies/substance

A

Very basic ribonuclear proteins found in the cytoplasm of the neuron

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14
Q

Myelin

A 
Schwann cells (PNS) or oligodendrocytes (CNS) wrapped around the axon of a neuron at regular intervals 
Provides insulation and saltatory conduction
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15
Q

Saltatory conduction

A

Nerve impulses jump form node to node

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16
Q

Neurons can be classified based on _______ and _______.

A

structure; function

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17
Q

Classification of neurons based on structure is based on what?

A

The number of processes coming off of the cell

Unipolar/pseudounipolar, bipolar, multipolar

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18
Q

Unipolar/Pseudounipolar neuron

A

Have only one process

Sensory neurons

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19
Q

Bipolar neuron

A

Have two processes
Found in the retina of the eye and the olfactory region of the nose
Rarest of the three types of neurons based on structure

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20
Q

Multipolar neuron

A

Many processes

Motor neuron

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21
Q

Classification of neurons based on function is based on what?

A

How the impulse is transmitted

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22
Q

Neurons are _______ cells that exhibit a change in membrane _______ upon stimuli.

A

excitable; potential

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23
Q

Action potential

A

Quick depolarization and depolarization of a cell

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24
Q

CNS

A

Central nervous system
Consists of the brain and spinal cord, which are continuous with one another
Consists of white matter and gray matter

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25
Q

White matter

A

Makes up tracts of the CNS

Also has glial cells

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26
Q

Tracts

A

Collection/aggregation/bundle of axons in the CNS
Made up of white matter
Ascending and descending tracts

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27
Q

Ascending tract

A

Afferent, sensory tracts of the CNS

Carry impulses up from the brain to the spinal cord

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28
Q

Descending tract

A

Efferent, motor tracts of the CNS

Carry impulses down from the spinal cord to the brain

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29
Q

Gray matter

A

Made up of cell bodies of motor neurons, interneurons, glial cells, and axons of sensory fibers
CNS

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30
Q

Ganglion

A

Aggregation/collection of cell bodies located in the PNS

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31
Q

Nerve

A

Bundle of axons in the PNS

Analagous to a tract in the CNS

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32
Q

Mixed nerve

A

Nerve made up of both sensory and motor fibers

33
Q

Dorsal root ganglion

A

True CT structure in the PNS

34
Q

Fasciculus

A

Bundle of axons

35
Q

Perineurium

A

True CT that separates fascuculi

36
Q

Nucleus

A

Cluster of nerve cell bodies
No CT encapsulation
Equivalent CNS structure to ganglion in PNS

37
Q

Nerves are found in the _______ and tracts are found in the _______.

A

PNS; CNS

38
Q

A nucleus is found in the _______ and a ganglion is found in the _______.

A

CNS; PNS

39
Q

Meninges

A

Singular form is menyx
Fibrous CT surrounding and protecting the spinal cord and brain
Dura mata, arachnoid, and pia mata

40
Q

Pia mata

A

Innermost menyx
Thinnest layer of CT covered with simple squamous epithelium
there is a very thin layer of glial cells between the pia mata and the spinal cord, so there isn’t direct contact between the two

41
Q

Subarachnoid space

A

Space between the pia mata and the arachnoid

Contains CSF

42
Q

Arachnoid

A

Thinner layer of fibrous CT encapsulated with simple squamous epithelium
Has anchoring projections called arachnoid trabeculae that are continuous with the pia mata

43
Q

Subdural space

A

Space between the arachnoid and the dura mata

44
Q

Dura mata

A

Thick external menyx
Consists of dense, fibroelastic CT that is continuous with the periosteum of the skull
Simple squamous epithelium on the outside

45
Q

Epidural space

A

Space outside the dura mata, separating it from the vertebrae

46
Q

The brain has the brain layers of _______ as the spinal cord, only with less _______.

A

meninges; space

47
Q

PNS

A

Peripheral nervous system
Everything except for the brain and spinal cord
Ganglia and nerves

48
Q

Axolemma

A

Cell membrane of an axon

Produces neuroregulin that regulates thickness of myelin

49
Q

P-zero protein

A

Protein that tightens up myelin around axons

50
Q

Nerves won’t function if myelin is too _______.

A

loose

51
Q

Dentate gyrus

A

Area of the hippocampus that can generate new neurons daily due to its population of stem cells

52
Q

Muscle cells are _______; stimulus causes a _______ or contraction of the fiber.

A

excitable; shortening

53
Q

There are three types of muscle, _______, _______, and _______.

A

smooth; skeletal; cardiac

54
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

Consciously controlled muscle
Long, cylindrical cells with striations/banding patterns and multiple nuclei
Building blocks are called myofibrils

55
Q

Myofibrils

A

Building blocks of muscle cells

Stacked on top of one another, perfectly aligned

56
Q

Myofibrils consist of what components?

A

Sarcomeres

57
Q

The terms muscle cell and _______ are interchangeable.

A

muscle fiber

58
Q

How do muscle cells gain their many nuclei? What is it called when a cell has many nuclei?

A

Several early embryonic muscle cells called myoblasts fuse together to form one large muscle cell. This is called a syncitial cell.

59
Q

How can you tell the difference between skeletal and cardiac muscle cells?

A

Both are striated, but skeletal muscle cells have their nuclei pushed all the way up near the cell membrane

60
Q

Myofilaments have _______ and _______ filaments.

A

thick; thin

61
Q

What are the three proteins that are linked together of the thin myofilaments of muscle cells?

A

Troponin, tropomyosin, and F-actin

62
Q

F-actin

A

One of the three proteins of thin myofilaments

Homopolymer of G-actin

63
Q

Homopolymer

A

Polymer of one repeating unit

64
Q

Connectin

A

Z-line anchoring protein

65
Q

H band contains _______ filaments, so it shows up as a _______ band.

A

only thick; light

66
Q

I band contains _______ filaments, so it shows up as a _______ band.

A

only thin; light

67
Q

A band contains _______ filaments, so it shows up as a _______ band.

A

both thick and thin; dark

68
Q

Motor unit

A

One neuron stimulates multiple muscle cells

Each terminal innervates one muscle cell

69
Q

The neuron of a motor unit has _______ branches.

A

collateral

70
Q

NMJ

A

Neuromuscular junction

A synapse between the neuron and muscle cell

71
Q

Vesicles with _______ diffuse from the terminal to the _______.

A

NTM; end plate

72
Q

The only place to find receptors in the NMJ is the _______.

A

end plate

73
Q

Ionotropic

A

Very quick ion flow; not delayed

74
Q

Perimysium

A

Thin CT layer surrounding fasciculus

Contains bv, lv, and nerves

75
Q

Fasciculi

A

Bundle of muscle fibers packed together

76
Q

Epimysium

A

Thin CT layer surrounding groups of fasciculi

Contains bv, lv, and nerve fibers

77
Q

Endomysium

A

Thin CT layer surrounding individual muscle fibers

78
Q

Smooth muscle

A

Involuntary, subconscious muscle

Histology (14 decks)

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