Ch. 9&10 - Nerve Tissue & Muscle Tissue

Question 1

Nerve tissue

Answer 1

Made up of neurons and glial cells

Question 2

Neuron

Answer 2

Very Labile nerve cells

No CT, rely on glial cells

Question 3

Glial cells

Answer 3

Cells of the nervous tissue that support the neurons
Aka neuroglia
~90% of the cell population
Maintain the nervous system
Support neurons physically and metabolically
Homeostatically maintain the environment around neuron so they aren’t affected by sudden changes
Secrete neurosteroids that act locally

Question 4

Astrocytes

Answer 4

Glial cells found in the CNS
Regulate movement between the CNS and the blood
Anatomically and physiologically protect the blood-brain barrier
Derived from the ectoderm

Question 5

Oligodendrocytes

Answer 5

Glial cells found in the CNS that lay down the myelin onto axons
Derived from the ectoderm

Question 6

Ependymal cells

Answer 6

Glial cells found in the CNS that line the brain ventricles ad the central canal of the spinal cord
Some have cilia that are used for movement of CSF
Derived from the ectoderm

Question 7

Microglia

Answer 7

Ag-presenting glial cells found in the gray and white matter of the CNS
Highly phagocytic immune cells of the CNS
Only glial cells that are derived from the mesoderm

Question 8

Schwann cells

Answer 8

Glial cells found in the PNS
Deposit myelin onto axons
Derived from the ectoderm

Question 9

What are the five types of glial cells?

Answer 9

Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells, microglia, and Schwann cells

Question 10

Nervous system

Answer 10

Deciphers, analyzes, and integrates information
Regulates and controls output and therefore behavior
Bp regulation, pH, glucose levels, etc.

Question 11

Perikaryon

Answer 11

Area surrounding the nucleus

Don’t use interchangeably with the word “cyton”

Question 12

Cyton

Answer 12

Cell body of a neuron

Question 13

Nissl bodies/substance

Answer 13

Very basic ribonuclear proteins found in the cytoplasm of the neuron

Question 14

Myelin

Answer 14

Schwann cells (PNS) or oligodendrocytes (CNS) wrapped around the axon of a neuron at regular intervals 
Provides insulation and saltatory conduction

Question 15

Saltatory conduction

Answer 15

Nerve impulses jump form node to node

Question 16

Neurons can be classified based on _______ and _______.

Answer 16

structure; function

Question 17

Classification of neurons based on structure is based on what?

Answer 17

The number of processes coming off of the cell

Unipolar/pseudounipolar, bipolar, multipolar

Question 18

Unipolar/Pseudounipolar neuron

Answer 18

Have only one process

Sensory neurons

Question 19

Bipolar neuron

Answer 19

Have two processes
Found in the retina of the eye and the olfactory region of the nose
Rarest of the three types of neurons based on structure

Question 20

Multipolar neuron

Answer 20

Many processes

Motor neuron

Question 21

Classification of neurons based on function is based on what?

Answer 21

How the impulse is transmitted

Question 22

Neurons are _______ cells that exhibit a change in membrane _______ upon stimuli.

Answer 22

excitable; potential

Question 23

Action potential

Answer 23

Quick depolarization and depolarization of a cell

Question 24

CNS

Answer 24

Central nervous system
Consists of the brain and spinal cord, which are continuous with one another
Consists of white matter and gray matter

Question 25

White matter

Answer 25

Makes up tracts of the CNS | Also has glial cells

Question 26

Tracts

Answer 26

Collection/aggregation/bundle of axons in the CNS Made up of white matter Ascending and descending tracts

Question 27

Ascending tract

Answer 27

Afferent, sensory tracts of the CNS | Carry impulses up from the brain to the spinal cord

Question 28

Descending tract

Answer 28

Efferent, motor tracts of the CNS | Carry impulses down from the spinal cord to the brain

Question 29

Gray matter

Answer 29

Made up of cell bodies of motor neurons, interneurons, glial cells, and axons of sensory fibers CNS

Question 30

Ganglion

Answer 30

Aggregation/collection of cell bodies located in the PNS

Question 31

Nerve

Answer 31

Bundle of axons in the PNS | Analagous to a tract in the CNS

Question 32

Mixed nerve

Answer 32

Nerve made up of both sensory and motor fibers

Question 33

Dorsal root ganglion

Answer 33

True CT structure in the PNS

Question 34

Fasciculus

Answer 34

Bundle of axons

Question 35

Perineurium

Answer 35

True CT that separates fascuculi

Question 36

Nucleus

Answer 36

Cluster of nerve cell bodies No CT encapsulation Equivalent CNS structure to ganglion in PNS

Question 37

Nerves are found in the _______ and tracts are found in the _______.

Answer 37

PNS; CNS

Question 38

A nucleus is found in the _______ and a ganglion is found in the _______.

Answer 38

CNS; PNS

Question 39

Meninges

Answer 39

Singular form is menyx Fibrous CT surrounding and protecting the spinal cord and brain Dura mata, arachnoid, and pia mata

Question 40

Pia mata

Answer 40

Innermost menyx Thinnest layer of CT covered with simple squamous epithelium there is a very thin layer of glial cells between the pia mata and the spinal cord, so there isn't direct contact between the two

Question 41

Subarachnoid space

Answer 41

Space between the pia mata and the arachnoid | Contains CSF

Question 42

Arachnoid

Answer 42

Thinner layer of fibrous CT encapsulated with simple squamous epithelium Has anchoring projections called arachnoid trabeculae that are continuous with the pia mata

Question 43

Subdural space

Answer 43

Space between the arachnoid and the dura mata

Question 44

Dura mata

Answer 44

Thick external menyx Consists of dense, fibroelastic CT that is continuous with the periosteum of the skull Simple squamous epithelium on the outside

Question 45

Epidural space

Answer 45

Space outside the dura mata, separating it from the vertebrae

Question 46

The brain has the brain layers of _______ as the spinal cord, only with less _______.

Answer 46

meninges; space

Question 47

PNS

Answer 47

Peripheral nervous system Everything except for the brain and spinal cord Ganglia and nerves

Question 48

Axolemma

Answer 48

Cell membrane of an axon | Produces neuroregulin that regulates thickness of myelin

Question 49

P-zero protein

Answer 49

Protein that tightens up myelin around axons

Question 50

Nerves won't function if myelin is too _______.

Answer 50

loose

Question 51

Dentate gyrus

Answer 51

Area of the hippocampus that can generate new neurons daily due to its population of stem cells

Question 52

Muscle cells are _______; stimulus causes a _______ or contraction of the fiber.

Answer 52

excitable; shortening

Question 53

There are three types of muscle, _______, _______, and _______.

Answer 53

smooth; skeletal; cardiac

Question 54

Skeletal muscle

Answer 54

Consciously controlled muscle Long, cylindrical cells with striations/banding patterns and multiple nuclei Building blocks are called myofibrils

Question 55

Myofibrils

Answer 55

Building blocks of muscle cells | Stacked on top of one another, perfectly aligned

Question 56

Myofibrils consist of what components?

Answer 56

Sarcomeres

Question 57

The terms muscle cell and _______ are interchangeable.

Answer 57

muscle fiber

Question 58

How do muscle cells gain their many nuclei? What is it called when a cell has many nuclei?

Answer 58

Several early embryonic muscle cells called myoblasts fuse together to form one large muscle cell. This is called a syncitial cell.

Question 59

How can you tell the difference between skeletal and cardiac muscle cells?

Answer 59

Both are striated, but skeletal muscle cells have their nuclei pushed all the way up near the cell membrane

Question 60

Myofilaments have _______ and _______ filaments.

Answer 60

thick; thin

Question 61

What are the three proteins that are linked together of the thin myofilaments of muscle cells?

Answer 61

Troponin, tropomyosin, and F-actin

Question 62

F-actin

Answer 62

One of the three proteins of thin myofilaments | Homopolymer of G-actin

Question 63

Homopolymer

Answer 63

Polymer of one repeating unit

Question 64

Connectin

Answer 64

Z-line anchoring protein

Question 65

H band contains _______ filaments, so it shows up as a _______ band.

Answer 65

only thick; light

Question 66

I band contains _______ filaments, so it shows up as a _______ band.

Answer 66

only thin; light

Question 67

A band contains _______ filaments, so it shows up as a _______ band.

Answer 67

both thick and thin; dark

Question 68

Motor unit

Answer 68

One neuron stimulates multiple muscle cells | Each terminal innervates one muscle cell

Question 69

The neuron of a motor unit has _______ branches.

Answer 69

collateral

Question 70

NMJ

Answer 70

Neuromuscular junction | A synapse between the neuron and muscle cell

Question 71

Vesicles with _______ diffuse from the terminal to the _______.

Answer 71

NTM; end plate

Question 72

The only place to find receptors in the NMJ is the _______.

Answer 72

end plate

Question 73

Ionotropic

Answer 73

Very quick ion flow; not delayed

Question 74

Perimysium

Answer 74

Thin CT layer surrounding fasciculus | Contains bv, lv, and nerves

Question 75

Fasciculi

Answer 75

Bundle of muscle fibers packed together

Question 76

Epimysium

Answer 76

Thin CT layer surrounding groups of fasciculi | Contains bv, lv, and nerve fibers

Question 77

Endomysium

Answer 77

Thin CT layer surrounding individual muscle fibers

Question 78

Smooth muscle

Answer 78

Involuntary, subconscious muscle