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Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

Mucosa

A

Layer of the digestive tract facing the lumen
Absorptive, secretory (mucus), protective (microbes)

Made up of three layers
Epithelium
Lamina propria
Muscularis mucosae

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2
Q

What type of epithelium makes up the mucosa of the esophagus?

A

Stratified squamous

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3
Q

What type of epithelium makes up the mucosa of the stomach?

A

Simple columnar

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4
Q

What type of epithelium makes up the mucosa of the analrecto junction?

A

Stratified squamous

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5
Q

Lamina propria

A

Layer of the mucosa made up of loose fibrous CT

Contains blood and lymph vessels, sometimes lymph nodules, and sometimes glands

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6
Q

Muscularis mucosae

A

Thin layer of the mucosa made up of smooth muscle

Helps with movement

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7
Q

Submucosa

A

Layer of the digestive tract

Dense fibrous CT with many blood and lymph vessels, sometimes lymphoid nodules, and the submucosal or Meissner’s plexus

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8
Q

Meissner’s plexus

A

Aka submucosal plexus

Plexus of nerve fibers that control motility of the digestive tube and glandular secretion

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9
Q

Muscularis externa

A

Layer of the digestive tract made up of two layers of smooth muscle
Inner layer of muscle is circular
Outer layer of muscle is longitudinal
Responsible for peristalsis

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10
Q

Serosa

A

Layer of the digestive tract
Thin layer of loose CT covered by simple squamous epithelium (mesothelium)
Found in parts of the digestive tract that are free (not connected to other organs)

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11
Q

Adventitia

A

Layer of the digestive tract
Fibrous CT without cells that fuse with the surrounding tissue
Found in parts of the digestive tract that connects to other organs

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12
Q

Esophagus

A

Part of the digestive tract
No digestive function or glands
Connects the mouth to the stomach
Transports material from the mouth to the stomach

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13
Q

What two things move material through the esophagus?

A

Contractions of the esophagus and gravity

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14
Q

Mucosa of the esophagus

A

S squamous epithelium
Lamina propria contains lymphoid nodules
Muscularis mucosae thinnest near stomach

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15
Q

Submucosa of the esophagus

A

Contains Meissner’s plexus
Presence of GALT/MALT
Secretory glands that secrete mucus to keep the lining moist called esophageal and cardiac glands

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16
Q

Muscularis externa of the esophagus

A

Upper 1/3 skeletal muscle
Middle 1/3 mix of skeletal and smooth muscle
Lower 1/3 smooth muscle

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17
Q

Adventitia of the esophagus

A

Contained in the part of the esophagus in the neck

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18
Q

Serosa of the esophagus

A

Seen after the esophagus penetrates the diaphragm

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19
Q

Stomach

A

Organ of the digestive system
Contains gastric glands in the fundus and body
Contains pyloric glands in the pylorus

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20
Q

Gastric glands

A

Function in protein digestion

Found in the fundus and body of the stomach

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21
Q

Pyloric glands

A

Function to secrete mucus to protect the mucosal stomach lining from the very low pH
Found in the pylorus of the stomach

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22
Q

Mucosa of the fundus and body of the stomach

A

Contains gastric glands

Consists of mucous neck cells, parietal (oxyntic) cells, chief (zymogenic) cells, enteroendocrine cells, and stem cells

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23
Q

Mucous neck cells

A

Cells found in the gastric glands of the stomach

Secrete mucus

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24
Q

Parietal (oxyntic) cells

A

Cells found in the gastric glands of the stomach

Secrete HCl and intrinsic factor (vitamin B12 absorption)

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25
Intrinsic factor
Secreted by parietal (oxyntic) cells of the gastric glands of the stomach Important for vitamin B12 absorption Vitamin B12 is important for hemapoiesis
26
Chief (zymogenic) cells
Cells found in the gastric glands of the stomach Secrete granules containing the inactive enzyme pepsinogen that becomes active pepsins upon exposure to low pH Pepsins then function for digestion Produce gastric lipase that digests lipids
27
Enteroendocrine cells of the stomach
Cells found in the gastric glands of the stomach
28
Stem cells of the gastric glands
Cells that differentiate into all cells of the gastric glands
29
Chloride shift
Bicarbonate leaves the cell and chloride enters
30
Layers of the digestive system
Mucosa Submucosa Muscularis externa Adventitia or serosa
31
Pepsinogen
Zymogen of pepsin released by chief cells
32
Pepsinogen is activated by _______.
low pH
33
Pepsin
Enzyme for digestion of proteins into peptides
34
Zymogen
Inactive form of an enzyme
35
Mucosa of the pylorus of the stomach
Contains pyloric glands that produce lysozyme, gastrin, and somatostatin
36
Lysozyme
Digests bacterial cell walls
37
Gastrin
Peptide hormone secreted by G cells of the mucosa of the pylorus that promotes secretion of gastric acid (HCl) by parietal cells
38
G cells
Enteroendocrine cells of the pylorus that secrete gastrin
39
Somatostatin
Hormone produced by D cells that inhibits secretion of other enteroendocrine cells
40
D cells
Enteroendocrine cells in the pylorus that produce somatostatin
41
Muscular external of the stomach
Three layers of smooth muscle Inner oblique Middle circular Outer longitudinal
42
The stomach is covered by a thin _______.
serosa
43
Small intestine
Site of digestive tube where the digestive processes are completed and nutrients are absorbed Consists of three segments, the duodenum, ileum, and jejunum
44
Leiomyomas
Benign tumors of smooth muscle cells Most common type of tumor in the stomach and small intestine May become large
45
Epithelium of the mucosa of the small intestine
Contains intestinal folds (plicae circulares) covered with villi that project into the lumen Villi are covered by enterocytes containing microvilli Folds, villi, and microvilli all increase surface area Goblet cells are interspersed with enterocytes
46
Plicae circulares
A series of folds consisting of mucosa and submucosa Increases surface area Covered by villi that also increase surface area
47
Enterocytes
Simple columnar absorptive cells with microvilli that cover the villi of the small intestine Microvilli are covered by glycocalyx that take nutrients into the cells after being hydrolyzed by brush border enzymes
48
Villus structure
Each villus has a core of loose CT that extends from the lamina propria and contains fibroblasts, smooth muscle fibers, lymphocytes and blood cells, fenestrated capillaries, and a central lymphatic lacteal
49
Brush border enzymes
Enzymes proceeded by enterocytes and released by the glycocalyx of the brush border of enterocytes of the small intestine Consists of disaccharidases and peptidases
50
Disaccharidases
Brush border enzyme that hydrolyzes disaccharides to monosaccharides
51
Peptidases
Brush border enzyme that hydrolyzes peptides to amino acids
52
Gland of Lieberkühn
Aka crypts of Lieberkühn Short, tubular glands between the villi of the small intestine Epithelium of each villus is continuous with that of the gland The epithelium contains pluripotent stem cells at the bottom that differentiate into all the cell types of the small intestine
53
Pluripotent stem cells at the bottom of glands of Lieberkühn differentiate into these 5 cell types.
Enterocytes, goblet cells, paneth cells, enteroendocrine cells, and M (microfold) cells
54
Goblet cells
Cells that secrete glycoprotein mucins that form mucus when hydrated and function to protect the lining of the small intestine Interspersed among enterocytes
55
Paneth cells
Exocrine cells with large, eosinophilic secretory granules in their apical cytoplasm Found in the basal portion of intestinal crypts below stem cells Function for innate immunity and regularing the crypt environment
56
Enteroendocrine cells of the small intestine
Cells that secrete various peptide hormones
57
M (microfold) cells
Specialized epithelial cells in the mucosa of the ileum overlying the lymphoid follicles of Peyer's patches Characterized by basal membrane invaginations containing many lymphocytes and APCs Selectively endocytose antigens and deliver them lymphocytes and dendritic cells that deliver them to the lymph nodes
58
Paneth cell granules release what three enzymes? What is their function?
Lysozyme, phospholipase A2, and defensins | To digest cell walls of bacteria and membranes of microorganisms
59
Defensins
Hydrophobic peptides that digest cell walls of bacteria and membranes of microorganisms
60
Lamina propria of the mucosa of the small intestine
Loose CT containing extensive blood and lymph vessels, nerve fibers, smooth muscle cells, and diffuse lymphoid tissue Penetrates the core of each villus
61
Muscularis mucosa of the mucosa of the small intestine
Helps to produce movements of the plicae circulares and to propel lymph from lacteals Contain Peyer's patches in the ileum
62
Submucosa of the small intestine
Contains larger blood and lymph vessels and the diffuse, interconnected neurons of the submucosal or Meissner nerve plexus The duodenum contains duodenal or Brunner glands Contain Peyer's patches in the ileum
63
Peyer's patches
Aggregated lymphoid nodules found in the lamina propria and submucosa of the ileum of the small intestine Distinguishing feature of the ileum Functions in immunity
64
Brunners glands
Aka duodenal glands Glands of the duodenum that contain small excretory ducts opening into the intestinal crypts Distinguishing feature of the duodenum
65
How can you distinguish the duodenum, ileum, and jejunum from one another?
The duodenum contains duodenal or Brunner glands, the ileum contains Peyer's patches, and the jejunum contains neither
66
Muscular externa of the small intestine
Well developed in the small intestine Composed of an inner circular layer and an outer longitudinal layer Between the two layers is the myenteric or Auerbach nerve plexus that produces peristalsis
67
Enteric nervous system
Autonomic | Consists of the submucosal (Meissner) and myenteric (Auerbach) nerve plexuses
68
The small intestine is covered by a thin _______.
serosa
69
Large intestine
Aka bowl or colon Large tube of the digestive tract that function for water and electrolyte absorption and forms indigestible material into feces ``` Consists of several parts: Cecum Ileocecal valve and the appendix Ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid colon Rectum ```
70
Rectum
Part of the colon where feces is stored prior to evacuation
71
Epithelium of the mucosa of the colon
Does not contain villi No major folds, except in the rectum Penetrated by tubular intestinal glands Glands and lumen are lined with goblet and colonocytes cells and a small number of enteroendocrine cells
72
Colonocytes
Columnar absorptive cells of the colon mucosa | Have irregular microvilli and dilated intercellular spaces for absorption of fluids
73
Lamina propria of the mucosa of the colon
Rich in lymphoid cells and nodules that extend into the submucosa MALT dude to large bacterial population in the colon
74
Muscularis externa of the colon
Longitudinal and circular layers of smooth muscle Fibers of the outer layer are gathered into three separate longitudinal bands called teniae coli (distinguishing feature of the colon) Forms the haustra
75
What parts of the colon are covered by serosa?
Intraperitoneal portions
76
Haustra
A series of large sacs of the wall of the colon | Formed by the muscularis externa
77
How does the muscularis externa form the haustra?
The muscularis externa is smaller than the tube (colon) so the tube condenses
78
Diverticula
Bulges in the muscularis externa that form when the wall of the muscularis externa is weak Fecal matter can get trapped
79
Which cells of the glands of Lierburkuhn secrete lysozyme?
Paneth cells

Histology (14 decks)

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