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Histology > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

Mucosa

A

Layer of the digestive tract facing the lumen
Absorptive, secretory (mucus), protective (microbes)

Made up of three layers
Epithelium
Lamina propria
Muscularis mucosae

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2
Q

What type of epithelium makes up the mucosa of the esophagus?

A

Stratified squamous

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3
Q

What type of epithelium makes up the mucosa of the stomach?

A

Simple columnar

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4
Q

What type of epithelium makes up the mucosa of the analrecto junction?

A

Stratified squamous

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5
Q

Lamina propria

A

Layer of the mucosa made up of loose fibrous CT

Contains blood and lymph vessels, sometimes lymph nodules, and sometimes glands

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6
Q

Muscularis mucosae

A

Thin layer of the mucosa made up of smooth muscle

Helps with movement

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7
Q

Submucosa

A

Layer of the digestive tract

Dense fibrous CT with many blood and lymph vessels, sometimes lymphoid nodules, and the submucosal or Meissner’s plexus

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8
Q

Meissner’s plexus

A

Aka submucosal plexus

Plexus of nerve fibers that control motility of the digestive tube and glandular secretion

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9
Q

Muscularis externa

A

Layer of the digestive tract made up of two layers of smooth muscle
Inner layer of muscle is circular
Outer layer of muscle is longitudinal
Responsible for peristalsis

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10
Q

Serosa

A

Layer of the digestive tract
Thin layer of loose CT covered by simple squamous epithelium (mesothelium)
Found in parts of the digestive tract that are free (not connected to other organs)

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11
Q

Adventitia

A

Layer of the digestive tract
Fibrous CT without cells that fuse with the surrounding tissue
Found in parts of the digestive tract that connects to other organs

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12
Q

Esophagus

A

Part of the digestive tract
No digestive function or glands
Connects the mouth to the stomach
Transports material from the mouth to the stomach

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13
Q

What two things move material through the esophagus?

A

Contractions of the esophagus and gravity

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14
Q

Mucosa of the esophagus

A

S squamous epithelium
Lamina propria contains lymphoid nodules
Muscularis mucosae thinnest near stomach

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15
Q

Submucosa of the esophagus

A

Contains Meissner’s plexus
Presence of GALT/MALT
Secretory glands that secrete mucus to keep the lining moist called esophageal and cardiac glands

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16
Q

Muscularis externa of the esophagus

A

Upper 1/3 skeletal muscle
Middle 1/3 mix of skeletal and smooth muscle
Lower 1/3 smooth muscle

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17
Q

Adventitia of the esophagus

A

Contained in the part of the esophagus in the neck

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18
Q

Serosa of the esophagus

A

Seen after the esophagus penetrates the diaphragm

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19
Q

Stomach

A

Organ of the digestive system
Contains gastric glands in the fundus and body
Contains pyloric glands in the pylorus

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20
Q

Gastric glands

A

Function in protein digestion

Found in the fundus and body of the stomach

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21
Q

Pyloric glands

A

Function to secrete mucus to protect the mucosal stomach lining from the very low pH
Found in the pylorus of the stomach

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22
Q

Mucosa of the fundus and body of the stomach

A

Contains gastric glands

Consists of mucous neck cells, parietal (oxyntic) cells, chief (zymogenic) cells, enteroendocrine cells, and stem cells

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23
Q

Mucous neck cells

A

Cells found in the gastric glands of the stomach

Secrete mucus

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24
Q

Parietal (oxyntic) cells

A

Cells found in the gastric glands of the stomach

Secrete HCl and intrinsic factor (vitamin B12 absorption)

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25
Q

Intrinsic factor

A

Secreted by parietal (oxyntic) cells of the gastric glands of the stomach
Important for vitamin B12 absorption
Vitamin B12 is important for hemapoiesis

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26
Q

Chief (zymogenic) cells

A

Cells found in the gastric glands of the stomach

Secrete granules containing the inactive enzyme pepsinogen that becomes active pepsins upon exposure to low pH
Pepsins then function for digestion

Produce gastric lipase that digests lipids

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27
Q

Enteroendocrine cells of the stomach

A

Cells found in the gastric glands of the stomach

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28
Q

Stem cells of the gastric glands

A

Cells that differentiate into all cells of the gastric glands

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29
Q

Chloride shift

A

Bicarbonate leaves the cell and chloride enters

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30
Q

Layers of the digestive system

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis externa
Adventitia or serosa

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31
Q

Pepsinogen

A

Zymogen of pepsin released by chief cells

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32
Q

Pepsinogen is activated by _______.

A

low pH

33
Q

Pepsin

A

Enzyme for digestion of proteins into peptides

34
Q

Zymogen

A

Inactive form of an enzyme

35
Q

Mucosa of the pylorus of the stomach

A

Contains pyloric glands that produce lysozyme, gastrin, and somatostatin

36
Q

Lysozyme

A

Digests bacterial cell walls

37
Q

Gastrin

A

Peptide hormone secreted by G cells of the mucosa of the pylorus that promotes secretion of gastric acid (HCl) by parietal cells

38
Q

G cells

A

Enteroendocrine cells of the pylorus that secrete gastrin

39
Q

Somatostatin

A

Hormone produced by D cells that inhibits secretion of other enteroendocrine cells

40
Q

D cells

A

Enteroendocrine cells in the pylorus that produce somatostatin

41
Q

Muscular external of the stomach

A

Three layers of smooth muscle
Inner oblique
Middle circular
Outer longitudinal

42
Q

The stomach is covered by a thin _______.

A

serosa

43
Q

Small intestine

A

Site of digestive tube where the digestive processes are completed and nutrients are absorbed
Consists of three segments, the duodenum, ileum, and jejunum

44
Q

Leiomyomas

A

Benign tumors of smooth muscle cells
Most common type of tumor in the stomach and small intestine
May become large

45
Q

Epithelium of the mucosa of the small intestine

A

Contains intestinal folds (plicae circulares) covered with villi that project into the lumen
Villi are covered by enterocytes containing microvilli
Folds, villi, and microvilli all increase surface area
Goblet cells are interspersed with enterocytes

46
Q

Plicae circulares

A

A series of folds consisting of mucosa and submucosa
Increases surface area
Covered by villi that also increase surface area

47
Q

Enterocytes

A

Simple columnar absorptive cells with microvilli that cover the villi of the small intestine
Microvilli are covered by glycocalyx that take nutrients into the cells after being hydrolyzed by brush border enzymes

48
Q

Villus structure

A

Each villus has a core of loose CT that extends from the lamina propria and contains fibroblasts, smooth muscle fibers, lymphocytes and blood cells, fenestrated capillaries, and a central lymphatic lacteal

49
Q

Brush border enzymes

A

Enzymes proceeded by enterocytes and released by the glycocalyx of the brush border of enterocytes of the small intestine
Consists of disaccharidases and peptidases

50
Q

Disaccharidases

A

Brush border enzyme that hydrolyzes disaccharides to monosaccharides

51
Q

Peptidases

A

Brush border enzyme that hydrolyzes peptides to amino acids

52
Q

Gland of Lieberkühn

A

Aka crypts of Lieberkühn
Short, tubular glands between the villi of the small intestine
Epithelium of each villus is continuous with that of the gland
The epithelium contains pluripotent stem cells at the bottom that differentiate into all the cell types of the small intestine

53
Q

Pluripotent stem cells at the bottom of glands of Lieberkühn differentiate into these 5 cell types.

A

Enterocytes, goblet cells, paneth cells, enteroendocrine cells, and M (microfold) cells

54
Q

Goblet cells

A

Cells that secrete glycoprotein mucins that form mucus when hydrated and function to protect the lining of the small intestine
Interspersed among enterocytes

55
Q

Paneth cells

A

Exocrine cells with large, eosinophilic secretory granules in their apical cytoplasm
Found in the basal portion of intestinal crypts below stem cells
Function for innate immunity and regularing the crypt environment

56
Q

Enteroendocrine cells of the small intestine

A

Cells that secrete various peptide hormones

57
Q

M (microfold) cells

A

Specialized epithelial cells in the mucosa of the ileum overlying the lymphoid follicles of Peyer’s patches
Characterized by basal membrane invaginations containing many lymphocytes and APCs
Selectively endocytose antigens and deliver them lymphocytes and dendritic cells that deliver them to the lymph nodes

58
Q

Paneth cell granules release what three enzymes? What is their function?

A

Lysozyme, phospholipase A2, and defensins

To digest cell walls of bacteria and membranes of microorganisms

59
Q

Defensins

A

Hydrophobic peptides that digest cell walls of bacteria and membranes of microorganisms

60
Q

Lamina propria of the mucosa of the small intestine

A

Loose CT containing extensive blood and lymph vessels, nerve fibers, smooth muscle cells, and diffuse lymphoid tissue
Penetrates the core of each villus

61
Q

Muscularis mucosa of the mucosa of the small intestine

A

Helps to produce movements of the plicae circulares and to propel lymph from lacteals
Contain Peyer’s patches in the ileum

62
Q

Submucosa of the small intestine

A

Contains larger blood and lymph vessels and the diffuse, interconnected neurons of the submucosal or Meissner nerve plexus
The duodenum contains duodenal or Brunner glands
Contain Peyer’s patches in the ileum

63
Q

Peyer’s patches

A

Aggregated lymphoid nodules found in the lamina propria and submucosa of the ileum of the small intestine
Distinguishing feature of the ileum
Functions in immunity

64
Q

Brunners glands

A

Aka duodenal glands
Glands of the duodenum that contain small excretory ducts opening into the intestinal crypts
Distinguishing feature of the duodenum

65
Q

How can you distinguish the duodenum, ileum, and jejunum from one another?

A

The duodenum contains duodenal or Brunner glands, the ileum contains Peyer’s patches, and the jejunum contains neither

66
Q

Muscular externa of the small intestine

A

Well developed in the small intestine
Composed of an inner circular layer and an outer longitudinal layer
Between the two layers is the myenteric or Auerbach nerve plexus that produces peristalsis

67
Q

Enteric nervous system

A

Autonomic

Consists of the submucosal (Meissner) and myenteric (Auerbach) nerve plexuses

68
Q

The small intestine is covered by a thin _______.

A

serosa

69
Q

Large intestine

A

Aka bowl or colon
Large tube of the digestive tract that function for water and electrolyte absorption and forms indigestible material into feces

Consists of several parts: 
Cecum 
Ileocecal valve and the appendix 
Ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid colon 
Rectum
70
Q

Rectum

A

Part of the colon where feces is stored prior to evacuation

71
Q

Epithelium of the mucosa of the colon

A

Does not contain villi
No major folds, except in the rectum
Penetrated by tubular intestinal glands
Glands and lumen are lined with goblet and colonocytes cells and a small number of enteroendocrine cells

72
Q

Colonocytes

A

Columnar absorptive cells of the colon mucosa

Have irregular microvilli and dilated intercellular spaces for absorption of fluids

73
Q

Lamina propria of the mucosa of the colon

A

Rich in lymphoid cells and nodules that extend into the submucosa
MALT dude to large bacterial population in the colon

74
Q

Muscularis externa of the colon

A

Longitudinal and circular layers of smooth muscle
Fibers of the outer layer are gathered into three separate longitudinal bands called teniae coli (distinguishing feature of the colon)
Forms the haustra

75
Q

What parts of the colon are covered by serosa?

A

Intraperitoneal portions

76
Q

Haustra

A

A series of large sacs of the wall of the colon

Formed by the muscularis externa

77
Q

How does the muscularis externa form the haustra?

A

The muscularis externa is smaller than the tube (colon) so the tube condenses

78
Q

Diverticula

A

Bulges in the muscularis externa that form when the wall of the muscularis externa is weak
Fecal matter can get trapped

79
Q

Which cells of the glands of Lierburkuhn secrete lysozyme?

A

Paneth cells

Histology (14 decks)

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