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Histology > Digestive Accessory Organs > Flashcards

Digestive Accessory Organs Flashcards

1
Q

There are three large salivary glands, found in _______, called the _______, _______, and _______.

A

pairs; parotids; sub-mandibulars; sub-linguals

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2
Q

Salivary gland

A

Lobated gland encapsulated in CT that invades the glandular elements to form septae that separate the organ into lobules
Parenchyma of each consists of secretory units on a branching duct system, arranged in lobules

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3
Q

Salivary secretory units are comprised of three epithelial cell types: _______, _______, and _______.

A

serous cells; mucous cells; myoepithelial cells

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4
Q

Myoepithelial cells

A

Modified epithelial cells containing actin and myosin that are found in the basal lamina surrounding acini, tubules, and the proximal ends of the duct system
They contract to squeeze the contents of the secretory unit or duct

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5
Q

There are three types of ducts:

A

Intercalated duct
Striated duct
Excretory duct

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6
Q

Intercalated duct

A

Short, intralobular ducts composed of simple cuboidal epithelium that acini and tubules empty their contents into
Merge with other intercalated ducts and empty into striated ducts
Part of the intralobular duct system

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7
Q

Striated duct

A

Intralobular ducts composed of simple columnar epithelium that intercalated ducts empty into
Converge and drain into excretory ducts
Epithelia have basal membrane invaginations and an accumulation of mitochondria (characteristics of ion-transporting cells)

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8
Q

Excretory duct

A

Thick interlobular ducts (found in the septa) composed of stratified cuboidal epithelium that becomes stratified columnar epithelium

Striated ducts empty their contents into excretory ducts

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9
Q

Serous acinus

A

Somewhat basophilic due to its secretory product
Secretes zymogen granules
Watery secretion
Find all over

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10
Q

Mucous acinus

A

Slightly eosinophilic due to its secretory product
Secretes carbohydrate-rich product
Sticky, viscous secretion

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11
Q

Demi-lune

A

Cap of serous cells found on top of mucous acini

Secretes the protein product lysozyme that digests bacterial cell walls

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12
Q

The duct cells of acinus ducts can _______ secretions.

A

modify

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13
Q

Simple cuboidal cells of intercalated ducts absorb _______ and secrete _______ to modify secretions.

A

chloride; bicarbonate

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14
Q

Simple columnar cells of striated ducts reabsorb _______ and secrete _______ and _______ to modify secretions.

A

sodium; potassium; bicarbonate

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15
Q

Secretory ducts _______ modify secretions.

A

don’t

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16
Q

Parotids

A

Large, entirely serous glands found on the sides of the face
Stenson’s duct deposits saliva in upper part of oral cavity by the second molar
Key gland for oral digestion
Secretes alpha-amylase
Produces IgA

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17
Q

Why do the parotids stain basophilic?

A

All acini are serous

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18
Q

IgA produced by the parotids functions to_______.

A

defend against antigens from food

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19
Q

Name the accessory organs of the digestive system.

A

Salivary glands
Pancreas
Liver
Gallbladder

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20
Q

How do you distinguish the parotids from the pancreas?

A

The pancreas has islets of Langerhans

Facial nerve can sometimes be seen in the parotids

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21
Q

Sub-mandibular glands

A

Gland beneath the base of the mandible
Mixed gland, containing mucous acini, but predominately serous
Produces some saliva

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22
Q

Serous cells

A

Polarized, pyramidal, protein-secreting cells with round nuclei
Contain apical secretory granules
Contain abundant RER at the basal end
Joined together apically by tight junctions
Form a spherical unit called an acini with a very small central lumen

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23
Q

Acini

A

Salivary secretory unit made up of serous cells bound by tight apical junctions in a spherical shape
Has a very small central lumen
Cells secrete enzymes and other proteins

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24
Q

Mucous cells

A

Somewhat columnar cells with a compressed basal nuclei
Contain apical granules with hydrophobic mucins that provide lubricating properties to saliva but cause poor cell staining
Organized into cylindrical tubules

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25
Q

Sub-lingual glands

A

Smallest salivary glands
Located under the tongue
Mostly mucous

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26
Q

Saliva

A

Produce 120 mL in 24 hours
Starts, but doesn’t finish digestion of carbohydrates
Defense via IgA, lysozyme
Lubrication of the oral cavity
Lubrication, mixing, and softening of food to aid in swallowing
Dissolve tastant molecules in food that we taste
Buffers via bicarbonate

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27
Q

Why doesn’t saliva finish digestion of carbohydrates?

A

Food doesn’t stay in the mouth for a long period of time

28
Q

Control of salivary secretion is _______ and depends on both _______ and _______ stimulation.

A

autonomic; sympathetic; parasympathetic

29
Q

Sympathetic stimulation of salivation

A

Decreases salivation

Responsible for dry mouth in fight-or-flight response

30
Q

Parasympathetic stimulation of salivation

A

Increases salivation

31
Q

Pancreas

A

Elongated, CT-encapsulated gland under the stomach
Consists of three regions: head, body, and tail
Both exocrine and endocrine gland that produces both digestive enzymes and hormones
CT separates the parenchyma into lobules

32
Q

The pancreas has both _______ and _______ functions.

A

exocrine; endocrine

33
Q

Exocrine function of the pancreas

A

Produces enzymes, collectively called pancreatic juice that is released as zymogen granules to prevent auto digestion
Duct cells secrete the fluid for pancreatic juice
Secrete bicarbonate and sodium that keep zymogens inactive until they get to the duodenum

34
Q

Endocrine function of the pancreas

A

Islets of Langerhans scattered through the exocrine pancreas
Consist of A cells, B cells, and D cells
Highly vascularized with many fenestrated capillaries

35
Q

A cells of islets of Langerhans

A

Alpha α cells
20% of cells
Produces glucagon

36
Q

B cells

A

Beta β cells

Produce insulin

37
Q

D cells

A 
Delta ∆ cells 
Produces somatostatin (pleiotropic)
38
Q

Glucagon

A

Peptide hormone produced by α cells of the pancreas that raises the glucose concentration in the blood

39
Q

Insulin

A

Peptide hormone produced by β cells of the pancreas that lowers the glucose concentration in the blood

40
Q

Somatostatin of the pancreas

A

Peptide hormone produced by ∆ cells of the pancreas that regulates secretion of local insulin and glucagon

41
Q

Pleiotropic

A

Having two opposite effects

42
Q

_______ can be used to identify α, β, and ∆ cells.

A

Immunolabeling

43
Q

What makes the zymogen granules of the exocrine pancreas?

A

Acini cells

44
Q

Exocrine secretion in the pancreas is regulated mainly by two polypeptide hormones produced by enteroendocrine cells of the small intestine called _______ and _______.

A

secretin; CCK

45
Q

Secretin

A

Polypeptide hormone produced by enteroendocrine cells of the small intestine
Promotes water and bicarbonate secretion by the duct cells

46
Q

CCK

A

Cholecystokinin
Polypeptide hormone produced by enteroendocrine cells of the small intestine
Stimulates enzyme secretion by acinar cells

47
Q

Mixed salivary glands have _______ secretory units with both _______ and _______ secretions.

A

tubuloacinar; serous; mucous

48
Q

What produces the digestive enzymes of the pancreas?

A

Serous acini (exocrine portion)

49
Q

Pancreatic acini

A

Consists of serous cells around a very small lumen
No myoepithelial cells
Cells are polarized, with a round basal nuclei and apical zymogen granules (typical of protein-secreting cells)
Each acinus is drained by a short intercalated duct of simple squamous epithelium

50
Q

The initial, lightly-staining cells of pancreatic intercalated ducts are called _______ and are unique to the pancreas.

A

centroacinar

51
Q

Liver

A

Encapsulated organ in the URQ (Glisson’s capsule made of fibrous CT)
Separated into 2 lobes
Peritoneum on top of capsule

52
Q

What is the function of the liver?

A

Detoxification of blood
Produces bile salta/acids that emulsify fats for digestion
Metabolizes old RBC, especially bilirubin
Stores glucose
Glycogenolysis (breaks glucose down when needed)
Gluconeogenesis (a.a. to glucose)
Vitamin A and D
Makes proteins

53
Q

Bilirubin

A

Product of RBC metabolism

Metabolized by the liver

54
Q

What proteins does the liver make?

A

Albumins (trafficking protein; iron, fats, steroids)
Globulins
Fibrinogen (blood clotting)
Lipoproteins

55
Q

The liver has two types of blood, _______ and _______ blood.

A

venous; arteriole

56
Q

Venous blood of the liver

A

75% of blood

Via SI, spleen, and pancreas via hepatic portal vein

57
Q

Arteriole blood of the liver

A

25% of blood

Via hepatic artery

58
Q

What is the distinguishing feature of the liver?

A

Cells are arranged into lobules with a central venule and hepatocytes in cords
Every hepatic lobule has a portal triad

59
Q

Portal triad

A

Every hepatic lobule has one associated with it
Bile ductule branching from a bile duct
Venule branching from the hepatic portal vein
Arteriole branching from the hepatic artery

60
Q

What is the flow of blood from the hepatic triad in the liver?

A

Central vein –> hepatic portal veins –> inferior vena cava –> heart

61
Q

Blood and bile are never _______.

A

mixed

62
Q

Hepatocytes

A 
Very large cells of the liver 
Many are binucleate 
Many are polyploid 
Regenerative capabilities 
Non-mitotic; replaced by stem cells
63
Q

Gallbladder

A

Organ that stores bile produced by the liver
Expands and contracts easily
Bile condensates

64
Q

What can happen to the gallbladder if someone is too dehydrated?

A

The bile can condensate too much and gall stones may form

65
Q

Layers of the gallbladder tube

A

Modified
Lining of simple columnar epithelium with many microvilli
DOES NOT HAVE a submucosa
Very thick muscularis externa of smooth muscle that runs in different directions
Adventitia where it touches the liver and serosa on free surfaces

66
Q

_______ induces gallbladder contraction.

A

CCK

Histology (14 decks)

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